How to grasp the theme of a poem
Six readings: 1, topic 2, author 3, notes 4, pictures 5, words (direct and indirect) 6, key sentences reflecting the main idea.
Common expressive techniques in poetry
1. Rhetoric: metaphor, personification, contrast, contrast, exaggeration and allusions.
2. Description techniques: dynamic and static combination, far and near combination, visual hearing, smell and touch, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination.
3. Lyric skills: direct lyric (direct expression of ideas)
Indirect lyricism: borrowing scenery to express feelings, containing feelings in the scenery, touching the scenery to give birth to feelings, writing mourning feelings with music scenes, expressing feelings with scenery, expressing aspirations with things, and satirizing the present with ancient times.
The first mode: image type analysis
Standardize answering skills:
(1) What image; (2) the basic characteristics of image; (3) the meaning of image.
Give it to yourself.
Zhang Jiuling
Now that you're out, you don't care about the disabled machine anymore.
I miss you like a full moon, and the brightness is decreasing every night.
What kind of characters has this poem shaped?
Created an image of a homesick woman who has been away from home for a long time and is increasingly haggard because of missing. The first two sentences of the poem say that the wife is empty and has no intention of working because her husband is out. The woman's face is haggard because of missing day and night, just like the full moon, which is gradually weakening its brightness and becoming a lack of moon. (Step 2) Expressed a thoughtful woman's deep yearning for her husband. (Step 3)
The second mode: artistic conception analysis
General question: What kind of artistic conception does this poem create?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
Answer steps:
(1) depicts the picture displayed in the poem. Candidates should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in their own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful.
(2) Summarize the characteristics of the environmental atmosphere created by the scenery. Generally, two disyllabic words can be used, such as loneliness and cold, tranquility and beauty, freshness and brightness, vigor and grandeur, tragic and generous, desolation and desolation. , and should pay attention to accurately reflect the characteristics and emotional appeal of the scene.
(3) Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to answer the author's sentimental feelings, but also to answer why he is sad.
Solution analysis: Artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the poet's feelings. Including scenery, emotion and environment. Three aspects are indispensable when answering questions.
Common mistakes: Students often make two mistakes when answering such questions:
One is to describe the scenery by literal translation, and change the description into translation;
Second, students often focus on the positive contrast mode of context and scene blending, but suddenly some poems contrast their thoughts and feelings through scenery, which leads to mistakes in their understanding of their thoughts and feelings.
In this case, we should pay more attention to the poet's life, ambition or title to avoid making mistakes.
Read the following Tang poem, then answer this question. (8 points)
Two quatrains (Part I)
Du Fu
Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers. Swallows are busy nesting in wet mud and sleeping in pairs on the warm beach.
Note: This poem was written by the poet when he temporarily stayed in Chengdu Caotang after the one-year four-line war.
What kind of scenery does this poem depict? What kind of feelings did the poet express? Please analyze it briefly.
A: This poem depicts a beautiful scene of early spring: the spring is bright, the fields are green, the river reflects the sunshine, the spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants, the mud melts, the soil is wet, the swallows are busy building their nests with mud, the sun is bright, the beach is warm, and Yuanyang is still sleeping on the sandbar (the first step). This is a beautiful spring scene (step 2). It shows the poet's happy and carefree state of mind after his wandering life (the third step).
The third mode: analytical skill type
Q: What kind of artistic technique is used in this poem?
Title change: please analyze the expression (or artistic technique, or technique) of this poem. How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect?
Artistic skills are the means used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expression skills. Artistic techniques can be divided into three categories: lyrical techniques, expressive techniques and rhetorical techniques.
There are two kinds of lyric techniques: direct expression and indirect lyric. Indirect lyricism can be divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending feelings into the scenery, touching the scenery to create feelings, blending scenes, expressing aspirations with things, and combining things with reason.
Second, the expression techniques mainly include: (1) set off, divided into positive contrast and negative contrast; (2) Lenovo and imagination, also called the combination of reality and reality; (3) comparison; (4) draw lines; (5) rendering; (6) symbol; (7) combination of static and dynamic; (8) Dynamic lining is static; (9) Expressing grief with musical scenes; (10) Zhang Xianzhi; (1 1) If you want to improve, suppress it first.
There are often three figures of speech in ancient poems: (1) Bi Xing, that is, saying something else first causes what is sung; (2) metaphor; (3) Metonymy; (4) personification; (5) exaggeration; (6) pun; (7) duality; (8) allusions. There are rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, irony and so on.
Answer steps:
(1) Point out exactly what technique was used;
(2) Explain how the author uses this technique by combining poems;
(3) How can this technique effectively convey the poet's feelings?
Example: Read the following poem and then answer this question. (8 points)
I went to Chen long ago.
Dewdrops invaded the camel's brown, Han Xiao was bright, and the stars were dry and bright.
Lonely bridges and dreams, grass insects in the depths of rice fields are singing.
What does this poem mainly express? What's the effect?
A: Mainly use the method of comparison (the first step). The sky is not bright, the stars are vertical and horizontal, especially bright, which sets off the darkness of the night; The sound of grass insects reflects the silence of the environment (step 2). The contrast between the two highlights the loneliness brought by the poet's early travel and inner wandering (the third step).
The fourth mode: analytical language type
Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem?
Question variant: Please analyze the language style of this poem. On the language art of this poem.
Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous and graceful, clear and smooth, euphemistic and implicit, bold and unrestrained, graceful and graceful in style, concise and vivid, etc.
Answer steps:
(1) Use one or two words to accurately point out language features.
(2) Analyze this feature with relevant sentences in the poem.
(3) Point out how the author's feelings are expressed.
Example of answer:
Yue Nv's Ci (III)
li po
Girls Picking Lotus If the girls picking lotus in Yexi saw the guests, they sang back to the boat. He smiled and hid in the lotus, pretending to be ashamed.
Please analyze the linguistic features of this poem.
A: The language of this poem is fresh and natural. (Step 1) The poet used a series of seemingly ordinary verb phrases to create a beautiful and moving image of a lotus picker, and naturally wrote the word "shame" about her psychology and modality. (Step 2) The poet expressed his praise for pure love in the language of clear water lotus. (Step 3)
The fifth mode: one-word collar full poem style.
Q: One word is the key to the whole poem. Why?
Ancient poetry is very particular about conception, and often a word or a word constitutes the clue of the whole poem. Grasping this word proposition can often test the examinee's grasp of the whole poem.
Answer steps:
The role of the word (1) in highlighting the main idea.
(2) Consider the role of words in the structure of poetry.
Example of answer:
On a spring night, I smell the flute in Los Angeles.
li po
Yu Di's dark flying sound scattered into the spring breeze in Los Angeles. Who can't get homesick when they hear that there is another village in the serenade?
The word folding willow is the key to the whole poem. What does folding willow mean? Do you agree with the key point? Why?
A: The moral of breaking willow is to bid farewell to the distant future, and the theme of poetry is homesickness (the first step). This homesickness is due to hearing the flute sound of Liu Zhele (step 2). It can be seen that folding willows is the key to the whole poem.
The sixth mode: exquisite fonts and poetic eyes.
Q: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Problem variant: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Answer steps:
(1) Explain the meaning of this word in the sentence.
(2) Expand the association and put the word in the original sentence to describe the scene.
(3) point out what kind of artistic conception the word sets off, or what kind of feelings it expresses.
Example of answer:
Nanpubie
Bai Juyi
In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak.
Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back.
It is thought that reading words seems ordinary, but it is actually very vivid, which can really reveal the image of the lyric hero. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
A: I agree. Look, in the poem, it means to look back (the first step). I left people, and I often looked back. Every time I look back, I feel deeply grieved. This word makes us seem to see the tearful image of the lyric hero (step 2). Just reading the words vividly shows the sadness of leaving (step 3).
The seventh mode: different views
Question: Some people think so, others think so. What do you think?
Question variant: Some people think that a word is well used, while others think that a word is well used. what do you think?
Answer steps:
Find the key points in the original words and sentences and answer them in the form of translation.
Read the following Tang poem, then answer this question. (6 points)
Du fu of Jianghan
I am wandering in Jianghan belt, and I miss my homeland and can't return. In the vast world, I am just a pedantic old Confucian. The sky is far away, and the moon is always lonely.
The heart of the setting sun is still strong, and the autumn wind is sick. Since ancient times, the old horse has not spent its physical strength because of its wisdom. Therefore, although I am old and sicker, I can still do it.
Some people think that this poem is full of the poet's spirit of self-improvement, while others think that this poem expresses the poet's resentment. What do you agree with? Please provide a justification for the answer. You can also express your views.
Answer: (Self-improvement people need to contact the sunset, and angry people don't need to walk long distances. )
The first answer: I agree with the poet's statement that he is full of self-improvement. As mentioned in the poem, the heart is still strong and sick.
Save the old horse, etc. It can be seen that the poet is not afraid of illness, refuses to accept the old age and hopes to serve the country.
The second answer: I agree to express the poet's resentment. In the poem, homesick guests, corrupt scholars, clouds and sunset are written. , especially at the end of two sentences; Am I not as good as an old horse pedant? Expressed the poet's vicissitudes of life and the resentment of serving the country.
From a global perspective, some of them are well written. Which word do you think is more appropriate? Why? (3 points)
The eighth mode: refining sentence patterns
Question method: What's so good about this poem?
Problem variant: 1. What is the significance and function of this poem?
2. What are the performance characteristics or briefly analyze the function and artistic effect of this poem.
Steps to answer questions: ① clarify the meaning of language, and sometimes explore its deep meaning; (2) Analyze the expressive function of poetry in writing scenery, words or people. (3) Sometimes you can briefly explain the artistic effect.
Read the following poem and then answer this question.
Two Poems on Water Threshold (I)
Du Fu
When you go to Guo Xuan, no village can overlook this honor. Clear water, almost drowning both sides; Green trees and flowers in full bloom in the evening.
It was drizzling, and the fish jumped out of the water happily; The breeze is blowing gently, and the swallows slant across the sky. The city is crowded with thousands of people; There are only two Three Lamps District here, and it's free.
[Note] Water sill: The railing by the river can be used for fishing or overlooking. Near Du Fu's Chengdu Caotang. Credit: far.
The fifth and sixth sentences of this poem are well-known sentences, and Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua in the Southern Song Dynasty called it a sentimental thing, which has its own natural beauty. Please talk about the beauty of these two poems, and talk about what kind of feelings the author expressed in combination with the whole poem.
A: These two poems are about drizzle and fish frolicking on the water. The breeze blew and the swallows glanced obliquely across the sky. If the rain is fierce, the fish will dive to the bottom; If the wind is urgent, the swallow can't stand it. Write about the joy and inclination of fish and the lightness of swallows. The poet's observation is meticulous, and his words are natural, simple and delicate. The poem describes the natural environment of the thatched cottage, and between the lines contains the author's love for nature, spring and leisurely mood.
The ninth mode: analytical concept type
Question method: How was this poem conceived?
Question variant: Please analyze the ingenious conception of this poem.
Solution analysis: there is thought in poetry, and a poem is closely related to a sentence. Then, to analyze the structure of poetry, we must grasp the relationship between poems. Some poems write scenery first and then express feelings, others write scenery first and then express feelings, and there are also theories of bedding, transition, contrast and transition.
Steps to answer questions: ① Reveal the relationship between poems. ② Summarize the content described in the poem. (3) Point out what thoughts and feelings this idea conveys.
Read the following poem and then answer this question.
Dongpo ① Su Shi
The rain washed Dongpo, the moonlight was clear, and the city people walked like savages.
Don't doubt the slope head road, love to drag the stick.
[Note] ① This poem was written by Su Shi when he was relegated to Huangzhou. Dongpo is where Su Shi lives and cultivates in Huangzhou.
It is true that there are many mountains and stones.
What is the function of the first sentence of the whole poem? Please enjoy it briefly.
A: The first sentence is the basis of the whole poem. It depicts a moonlit picture of Dongpo after the rain, creating a clear and quiet atmosphere to reflect the spiritual realm of Ming Che in the author's mind.
The tenth mode: emotion and theme.
Q: What kind of thoughts and feelings are expressed? What is the theme of this poem?
Question variant: What kind of social reality does this poem reflect? What kind of interest does this poem show? Or ask questions in combination with artistic conception, or ask questions for a sentence or a couplet.
Answer steps: (1) What is written in each sentence (or related sentence) of the poem (2) What expressive skills are used (3) What emotions are expressed.
For example, read the following Song lyrics and then answer this question. (8 points) (2006 National Volume II)
Nankezi Rebecca
The mountains are dark and the weather is cold and rainy. Several branches were bright and wet, and they were red with tears. Don't feel sorry for the east wind. ? The hat faces outwards and ditches are everywhere. Hard work is a problem concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers. Get a plow and look forward to a good year.
【 Note 】 ① Agriculture, countryside and farmers: refer to spring ploughing, summer sowing and autumn harvest.
(2) Try to analyze the content of Xiaque and the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author in the poem.
A: It describes the hard life of farmers without shelter from the wind and rain, and gives a sigh that the hardships on the earth are related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers. (Step 1) (Skip step 2 because there is no special expression skill) It expresses farmers' desire for good weather and abundant crops. (Step 3)
The eleventh mode: evaluation problem
Question: the evaluation question is to list one or several poems first, and then quote the comments of ancient poetry critics or later generations on the characteristics of poems, asking you to judge whether this comment is correct or reasonable first, and then explain the reasons. This kind of question is similar to the judgment and reasoning question in the political history exam. In fact, this type of question is only a variation of the previous types of questions, and there is no direct question. Students need to analyze whether they are asking about content, theme or expression skills, and then make appropriate expressions by combining questions and poems.
Thinking of answering questions: (1) Carefully examine the questions (2) Deeply read and understand the poems (3) Answer questions in combination with the contents of the poems and comments. Note: closely follow the content of poetry and analyze it point by point; When explaining the reasons, you should stick to the key words of the comments.
Example of answer:
Red Wall
Du Mu
A broken iron halberd sank into the sand and disappeared, only to find that it was the remnant of Battle of Red Cliffs after grinding and washing. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
Someone once quoted a grain of sand to see the world and a half-petal flower to say human feelings to summarize the artistic characteristics of this poem. Do you agree with this view? Please briefly explain.
Analysis: This is a typical poem evaluation question. The original intention of the poem is very clear, but the proposer borrows a western poem to summarize its artistic characteristics, so he should change his mind when answering. The so-called world in a grain of sand, human feelings in a half-petal flower, is to see the big from the small and see the leopard from the tube. This paper takes unearthed cultural relics and Er Qiao, the second daughter of Wu State, as examples to show the political changes in the Three Kingdoms period.
This is an epic poem, which expresses feelings about the rise and fall of the country. It can be said that the content is big and the theme is big, but the poet expresses it through small things. A small cultural relic in the poem is reminiscent of the undivided and chaotic era of the Han Dynasty, and the hero in the Chibi War can be described as seeing the world in a grain of sand. The last two sentences relate Er Qiao's failure to get caught to the big theme of Wu Dong's hegemony and tripartite confrontation, which is tangible, affectionate and charming.
The twelfth mode: comparative evaluation questions
Question: Give two or more poems for students to compare and read, and then analyze and evaluate their similarities and differences.
Thinking of answering questions: (1) Read through these poems and master their ideological content and main writing methods, including the background knowledge of the writer's works. (2) It is necessary to combine the perspectives of comparison (ideological content, feelings, artistic techniques, writing methods, rhetorical methods, etc. ) Seek the difference of poetry in the stem. (3) pay attention to the combination of point and surface, both overall analysis and specific analysis. Pay attention to clarity and hierarchy when expressing.
For example: 16. Read the following two ancient poems and then answer this question. (6 points) (2005 Zhejiang Volume)
The Event Problem in Qi 'an County
Du Mu
On the bridge of Erji Sunset Creek, half a ray of light smoke is in the willow shadow. How many violets depend on each other and hate each other, looking back at the west wind for a while.
Murgeyou and Ikekami
Yang Wanli
The grass shook its head and suddenly reported Nong, and the shawl stopped a westerly wind. The lotus is still hot at dusk, and its lower face is hidden in a blue umbrella.
(2) What expressive techniques are used in these two poems to depict the image of lotus? Please point out the different emotional characteristics of Holland in the two poems and make a brief analysis. (4 points)
Analysis: There are two problems in the topic. The first question is about the similarities in expression, so we don't need to analyze them, just write them out. Of course, if you specify them, that's right. The second question needs to analyze the emotional differences expressed in these two poems, so we should answer these two aspects according to the emotional theme mode when answering questions.
A: The first question: They all use personified expressions. The second question: the violet in the last song has a grudge, and her back is west wind. (the first step) contains the hatred of the poet, showing the feeling of grief and indignation, and the tone is sad and low. (Step 2) The lotus flower in the back curve was blown by the west wind and hid in the lotus leaf, seemingly hot but shy. (Step 1) Reveal the author's love and joy, with a lively and interesting tone. (Step 2)
Special note: No matter what kind of questions you answer, you should try to cover three aspects: poetry-related content, expression skills and poetry theme. For example, in the example of the fifth mode, the answer already contains the content and the main idea. If you add pun rhetoric to folding willow, it means both the music you hear and the life scenes associated with folding willow in real life, then it is foolproof.
The thirteenth question mode of situational appreciation
1. is what kind of feelings are shown in what kind of scenes. If you want to answer the relationship, you must use one word to express the situational relationship. For example, the second question of Tianjin Volume: What kind of scenery and feelings are written in the last four sentences of the poem?
2. Scenario appreciation question: Remember that the following formula should be related to+scenario+emotion.
Relational terms:
1) purely describes the blending of scenery and scenes, and the feelings are in the scene.
2) After the prospect, the situation is touching.
3) Before and after, the scenery sets off feelings.
3. Examples of situational appreciation problems:
Read the following poem and answer the questions. (5 points)? (Tianjin Volume)
Living in the mountains is a good thing.
Wang Wei?
The door of the hedge is closed, looking at the oblique sunlight in the evening. Crane nests and pine trees are everywhere, and few people come to visit.
The bamboo knot has added a new layer of powder, and the old lotus leaf is red and red. Fishing boats on the ferry are shuttling little by little, and there are people coming and going everywhere.
(2) What kind of scenery and feelings are written in the last four sentences of the poem?
A: The last four sentences of the poem are harmonious. He wrote fresh scenery with green bamboo and red lotus smoke, and wrote people returning home with spirit, expressing the author's love for rural life and his leisure feeling intoxicated with natural beauty.
Reference answer: I wrote about the setting sun, the smoke curling, the tender bamboo lotus flowers fresh and lovely, and people coming home with diamonds. Show the author's carefree mood.
Analysis: The standard answer of this kind of question must be related to the answer, and the reference answer gives the choice point. Because the requirements of different provinces and cities are different, it is always invincible for our candidates to master the standard answers. Especially when answering the author's emotions, we should consider two aspects: 1, the emotions of foreign objects; 2, the author's own mood.
4. What kind of scenery is used to express what kind of feelings: scenery+characteristics+artistic conception+(effect)+feelings. The expression method is: describing the scenery, creating artistic conception and expressing feelings.
Appendix: Solution Skills
(A), solve the problem into the case
1. Poetic image: the meaning of identity+character+image.
2. The image and meaning of poetry: surface meaning+deep meaning (that is, explaining poetry)
3. Expressed feelings: What content+lodge/reveal what feelings.
4. Experience the artistic conception: what artistic conception is the objective image+subjective feeling+integration?
5. Taste keywords: meaning+technique+expression (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
6. Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
7. Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
8. Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
9. Appreciate the emotions of poetry: the feeling of worrying about the country and the people, the pain of the country's ruin and death, the desolation of wanderers, the bitterness of seeking a husband and thinking of a woman, the loneliness of not meeting talents, the resentment of serving the country without a door, the heroic spirit of making contributions, the indifference of freedom and leisure, the love of beautiful mountains and rivers, the sincerity of family and friendship, the joy of returning to the field to live in seclusion, the pain of dark officialdom, the feeling of parting and missing, and the demotion of officials
10, sum up the content of the poem: what is this poem+what is written in each sentence of the poem+what means are used+what emotions are expressed+evaluation (total score)
(2) Answering procedures
What to write: lyrical description of scenery, emotional expression of things, nostalgia for the past and history, that is, feelings about things, frontier battles, landscapes, images, artistic conception, background and theme.
How to write: Romanticism, realism, poetry, lyricism with scenery, emotion with scenery, direct expression, combination of reality and falsehood, drawing and coloring, combination of dynamic and static, turning static into dynamic, refining words, connecting the past and present, and enriching the future.
Why write: express thoughts and feelings, reflect social reality, express interest, and place feelings (love, sadness, melancholy, depression, etc. ), expressed the pursuit, revealed the tendency, expressed feelings, exposed the heart and created feelings.
This poem adopts the technique of (expression, rhetoric, expression), writes out the characteristics of (image), shows (highlights) (feelings) and plays a (certain) role.