-Yang Guifei in Tang Poetry
There is only one poem written by Yang Guifei herself in The Whole Tang Poetry, but there are more than 100 poems involving her.
A, about Yang Guifei into the palace.
Bai Juyi wrote in Song of Eternal Sorrow: "Until a child of the Yang family grew up in the inner room before she grew up, no one knew her. But grace did not hide, and finally one day was elected royal. " It seems that Yang Yuhuan entered the palace by choosing or accepting gifts.
According to the New Tang Book Biography of Empresses:
Yang, the imperial concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, began as a long-lived princess. In the 24th year of Kaiyuan, Wu Huifei was left out in the backyard. Or the princess's posture is natural, so she calls the Forbidden City. If she is different, she is a beggar woman official. The figures are too real. Fortunately, Shouwang hired Wei to support her.
As for how Yang Guifei changed from Shoufei to Xuanzong Guifei, Mr. Chen Yinque made a detailed textual research in the first chapter of Bai Yuan's Poems, denying that Zhu Yizun's books "Book Pavilion Collection 55" and "Biography of Yang Taizhen" thought that "a concubine entered the palace from the Taoist temple, not from Shoudi." According to the statement, it was confirmed that Yang Guifei was a long-lived princess. After Wu Huifei's death, she was regarded as a female Taoist. On August 17, four years of Tianbao, Yang Taizhen was the imperial concubine.
There are two references to "Shouwang" in the whole Tang poetry. Li Mao, the birthday girl, is the first 18 son of Xuanzong, and his mother is Wu Huifei, who is deeply loved by Xuanzong.
Li Shangyin's thought of Mount Li: "The flying spring of Mount Li is warm and fragrant, and Gu Yulian House in Kowloon. The luck of Pingming Wanshoutang is not due to the golden jade but to the longevity king. " Xuanzong and Yang Guifei were lucky, and Shouwang deliberately avoided them.
Li Shangyin's Dragon Pool: "Dragon Pool gives wine to open the cloud screen and stop the drums. In the middle of the night, the banquet returned to the palace forever, and Wang Xue was drunk. " Wang Xue was drunk, but Shouwang was sober. At such a noisy and lively banquet, Shouwang was preoccupied and didn't want to eat.
The attitude of Shouwang in the poem reflects the helplessness of his wife being taken away by his father.
Second, about Yang Guifei's beauty and talent
"Biography of Empresses in the Old Tang Dynasty": "It's so graceful, good at singing and dancing, fluent in melody and brilliant. Every time I look forward to welcoming you, I will move to Italy. "
Regarding the beauty of Yang Guifei, Li Baiyou's Three Songs of Qingping Tune and Chen Hong's Legend of Eternal Sorrow introduce the writing methods of this group of poems:
At the beginning of the Kaiyuan period, it was forbidden to attach importance to the peony, which is today's peony. Several books in red, purple, pink and white were planted in front of Chenxiang Temple in the east of Dongchi, Xingqing. Flowers will bloom, the best will shine at night, and the princess will step by step. The disciples who are recruited into the pear garden will get sixteen colors of joy. In the name of being good at singing, Li Guinian held an ebony board in his hand, put the music score in front of him, and wanted to sing. The master said, "When appreciating famous flowers, why don't you use old music words for concubines?" Then he ordered the Year of the Tortoise to hold golden flower stationery, and announced that Li Baili, an academician, had the word "qingpingle". Inheriting the imperial edict, he still stayed in the cave and gave it by pen. The first song: "Clouds want clothes, flowers want capacity, and spring breeze blows the threshold. If it weren't for Yushantou, I would meet Yaotai under the moon. " The second song: "A piece of red dew is fragrant, and the clouds and rain are heartbroken." Excuse me, who looks like Han Palace? The poor swallow relies on new cosmetics. "The third song:" Famous flowers pour into the country, admire each other and look at you with a smile. Explain that the spring breeze is infinitely hateful, and the agarwood pavilion leans against the fence in the north. "In the Year of the Tortoise, the disciples of the Pear Garden were instructed to touch the silk and bamboo, thus promoting the singing of the Year of the Tortoise. The princess is holding the glass Qibao Cup, drinking the wine from Xiliang Prefecture, laughing and singing, which is meaningful. On the tune of Yu Di's leaning on songs. If you change every song, you won't have time to charm it. Drink it, princess, and fold the embroidered towel before you worship. Naturally, Li Hanlin is different from his bachelor.
This group of poems compares Yang Guifei's appearance with the blooming peony flowers, praising her extraordinary charm, as if meeting in a fairyland. The Wushan Goddess for whom King Xiang of Chu heartbroken can't compare with the beauty of the imperial concubine, and Zhao, the favored concubine of Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty, can compare with disheveled clothes. Although she is unhappy to compare Yang Guifei to Ryan, who has brought disaster to the country and the people, she really can't see Yang Guifei's plump figure compared with those who are as light as a swallow.
The relationship between Yang Guifei and dance has been mentioned many times in Tang poetry. She not only likes watching music and dancing, but also is very good at acting, and even teaches the disciples in the pear garden herself. Needless to say, demonstration is inevitable in dance teaching. From this point of view, Yang Guifei should be light.
Yang Guifei's talent is mainly reflected in music and dance. The only poem she wrote in the whole Tang Dynasty was written for Zhang.
"Dancing for Zhang": "The sleeves are fragrant, and the red fragrance lingers in autumn smoke. At the beginning of the light cloud ridge, the tender willow pool blows water. "
Lightweight sleeves dance, emitting bursts of body fragrance, just like red hibiscus flowers blooming gracefully in smoky autumn colors, just like a breeze blowing the clouds on the mountain, just like tender wicker beside the pond sweeping over the water.
Zhang is Yang Guifei's servant. "This name doesn't look like the real name of a maid-in-waiting. It may be given to her by her master, the imperial concubine, and the inspiration may come from Li Bai's poem' Clouds want clothes and flowers to make up'. " (Xiaofeng "Yang Guifei and Her Poems")
Yang Guifei and Xuanzong took Zhang to the palace. Zhang performed a dance, and the imperial concubine wrote a poem as a gift, sincerely praising the beautiful young dancer. Perhaps Zhang's dance was taught by the imperial concubine herself, and her performance can lead the idea of choreography to a trickle like a spring, like the wind like a lotus, like a weeping willow exploring the water. The soul of the imperial concubine has been integrated with Zhang's dance.
The poem mentions the relationship between Yang Guifei and various dances.
Zhang Hu's "Spring Warbler": "The willow in the south of Xingqing Pool is not in bloom, so it is really a plum blossom first. My wife has sung the Spring Warbler and the flowers are dancing gently. " Spring warbler is a gentle dance, dealing with plum blossoms is too real, stepping on the beat and carefree.
There are also famous dresses and feather dances.
"Biography of Yang Taizhen" on the volume: "Princess drunken dance" Nishang Feather ",great joy." Yang Fei also said: "The song" Nishang Feather "can cover up the past and the past."
Bai Juyi's "Jiangnan meets Tianbao Music": "The imperial concubine turned to your side, weak and numerous. The winter snow is warm and the spring breeze is rippling. " Yang Guifei, who is good at dancing in clothes and feathers, is so weak that even jewelry feels heavy, which shows that her figure is light.
Wang Jian's "Dancing Ten Songs on Clothes" (8): "It is a new grace not to do it. It should be the imperial concubine upstairs, and my wife won the prize. " This is the scene of watching the rehearsal dress dance.
The fifth part of Wang Jian's "colorful plumage" also wrote: "You have a lady to accompany you to teach you how to dress, from beginning to end." This is Yang Guifei, dancing with the mysterious religion.
Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow": "The cloud bun hangs down because it is too urgent, and the flower hat is scattered with the stage. The wind blows the fairy, as if she were dancing in a rainbow skirt and feather clothes. " The skirt is swaying, and walking is like dancing in a skirt. The sense of lightness can be seen.
Besides dancing in clothes and feathers, Yang Guifei is also good at performing dances, such as Hu Xuan. Hu Xuan Dance is a famous minority dance in northwest China. It jumped up and turned left and right, as fast as the wind. It spread to Chang 'an in the eighth century. Yang Guifei and An Lushan are good at this kind of dance.
Bai Juyi's Hu Xuannv: "If you want to change in Tianbao season, everyone will learn to change. Among them, there is too real Lushan, and the two are the best. "
In addition, Yang Guifei is also proficient in many musical instruments.
Zheng Chuhui's Miscellaneous Notes on Ming Taizu and Wen Yi not only praised Yang Guifei's pipa playing skills, but also mentioned that she accepted disciples and taught her skills. "Every time the imperial concubine holds the pipa, it plays in the pear garden, and its rhyme is sad and clear, floating like a cloud." "The princes under Guo competed to be disciples of Pipa Guifei, and each made his own contribution."
Zhang Hu's "Yuhuan Pipa": "There is pipa in the palace building, and Yunshan is a brigade. Looking back, Duan was not your intention, and Yuhuan did not clearly hate it. " This Yuhuan player refers to the pipa, but it can be seen that Xuanzong is very concerned about pipa performance, so Tang, who is good at playing pipa, can be described as a bosom friend. In addition, this poem may have a pun meaning, writing the pipa openly and writing the infinite hatred for Ma Wei who is good at playing the pipa secretly.
Zhang Hu's "Wang Tai Xiaoguan": "Guo Qian went south, and Yichun Shenyuan reflected flowers. Fortunately, no one saw him today. He stole the small tube of King Tai. " Although there are many speculations about the theme of this poem by later generations, at least it can be seen that Yang Guifei still has some skill in playing the flute.
Chen Hong's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" also mentioned that "the princess is easy to strike, the voice of Bo is loud, and there are many new voices. Although she often works as a prostitute in the pear garden, she can't reach it. "
Third, about the love between Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei.
Tang is proficient in music and dance, often creating his own music, and is good at playing flute and Jie drum. Yang Guifei is also quite proficient in melody. They can be called bosom friends in the art of music and dance. Tang loves Yang Guifei very much, which is described in detail in Bai Juyi's poem Song of Eternal Sorrow. "But the nights in spring are short and the sun rises too fast. Since then, the emperor has given up his early hearing. He wastes all his time on parties and revelry. He is the lover of spring and the tyrant of night. There are other ladies in his court, 3,000 of whom are stunning beauties, but his love for 3,000 is concentrated on one person. When the decorations in the Golden Temple are used at night and the banquet is packed in the Jade Tower, she will hang around and drink wine slowly. "
"Biography of Empresses in the Old Tang Dynasty": "The palace is called a lady, and the etiquette is the same as that of the queen."
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there were three concubines under the empress, namely Hui, Li and Hua, and there was no "imperial concubine" level. "At the beginning of Kaiyuan, the queen was deposed." After Wu Huifei's death, Xuanzong spoiled Yang Guifei.
"Xuanzong this person has a lucky trip, the imperial concubine is squire, while riding a horse, while holding a whip Gao Lishi. There are 700 people in the palace engaged in brocade embroidery for the palace, and hundreds of carving workers. Yang, Yi, and Ling show their history, and they must ask for good work and strange clothes to congratulate your wife because of their prominent position. "
According to historical records, Xuanzong really doted on Yang Guifei, which was also reflected in his poems.
Du Fu's Mourning for the Head: "The first lady of the kingdom, from the Sun Palace, waited on the emperor's royal chariot." Ban Jieyu is a concession and Yang Guifei is a colleague.
The article "Twenty-two Rhymes of the Huaqing Palace": "Recalling the past and opening the sky, it is better to make peace than to travel far. The imperial concubine is specially transported, and the son of heaven is rich in spring and autumn. Moonlight Nishang Hall, air-dried and ancient building. "
"The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Biography of Empresses": "My concubine loves litchi, and she will be born, so she rode it for thousands of miles, but her taste has not changed, and she has reached the capital."
Du Fu, Han Wo, and others all wrote poems on the theme of Gong Lizhi, among which Du Mu's poems are the most famous.
One of Du Mu's "Three Poems of Crossing the Qing Palace": "Chang 'an looks back at the embroidered pile, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand times. Riding the world of mortals and laughing, no one knew it was litchi. "Yang Guifei loves litchi. In order to make litchi, a tropical fruit from the south, be transported to Chang 'an in a fashionable and fresh way, she ordered it to be sent to Machi quickly at the expense of people and money.
Zhang Hu's Mawei Po: "The standard is not complete, but there are few people in the south and many people in the north. The dust is fragrant, and Litchi Yuda Maweipo. " When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to the west with the imperial concubine, litchi may not have been chased to Maweipo, but Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty tried his best to satisfy her appetite.
Xie Qian's "Even Topic of Shu State": "I suddenly remember Ming Di's Western Paradise Music, but who knows that there are hidden injuries and hidden grievances?" Perrin should talk to the courtiers, and don't put litchi in the golden plate. "When you see Xuanzong of litchi, you will be moved by that scene and Miss Yang Guifei who died in Ma Yupo.
Chen Hong wrote in "Song of Eternal Sorrow": "Same as above, just sharing a room, having a special banquet and sleeping. Although there are three ladies, nine ladies, twenty-seven ladies, eighty-one imperial concubines, harem talents and prostitutes in Yuefu, the son of heaven has no worries. There are no lucky people in the Sixth Hospital. "
One of Zhang Hu's Two Lingtai Poems (the last one is a poem by Du Fu): "Last night, the emperor gave me a new gift, and I entered the curtain with a smile." Xuanzong just held a grand ceremony to teach Taoism, and the imperial concubine dared to meet the emperor without paying attention to rules and regulations. (Some people say that conferring the imperial concubine is a ceremony, and Yang Taizhen, a female Taoist, can finally justify herself with Xuanzong. )
In Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, he also described in detail Xuanzong's sad mood and unforgettable lovesickness after the death of the imperial concubine, and tried to convey the message through the alchemist and reaffirm their eternal love.
Fourth, about the prominence of the Yang family.
Biography of Empresses in the Old Tang Dynasty: "(Yang Guifei) has three sisters, all of whom are gifted scholars and beautiful women. Xuanzong and the title of Mrs. Guo: Aunt Long, South Korea; Third aunt, sealing the country; Auntie Ba, seal the State of Qin. Thanks to grace, he walked into the palace and devoted himself to the world. At the beginning of Tianbao, I entered the imperial concubine. The concubine's father, Xuan Zang, gave the gift to Qiu and Qi Guogong. Mother sealed Mrs. Guo Liang; Uncle Jessica Hester Hsuan, Guang Luqing. Then from my brother, I will tell you the truth; Kun, an imperial envoy, Princess Taihua, the daughter of a military commander princess, gave up the first place to all princesses, even to the princesses in the palace, with maternal love and courtesy. Mrs. Han, Mrs. Guo, Mrs. Qin, and five families, including Pei and Yan, have all been invited to help, and the prefectures and counties have accepted them as imperial edicts, and the doors are like a city. "
In the five years of Tianbao, "the more pets meet, the longer it takes." Mrs. Han, Mrs. Guo, Mrs. Qin 18 years old to Qian Qianguan, is the capital of powder. Give three products, go to the column country, private halberd. The five sisters of Kunzhong, the first one, spread the flames, seized the palace, rode horses and chariots, shone on Beijing and praised each other. Every building costs more than 1000 million. If the system is stronger than itself, it will be completely rebuilt, and the civil works will be abandoned day and night. Xuanzong bequeathed the four directions, and the five families were one, and China's envoys were endless. Since the beginning of the new century, there is no match for Yang. "
The most famous poem about Lady Guo is Du Fu's "Lady Guo" (one of Zhang Hu's "Lingtai Collection"): "Lady Guo owes a debt to the Lord, and she rode into the palace gate in peace. However, I think the color of the powder is dirty, so I sweep the moth eyebrow to the supreme. " When I rode into the palace, I met the emperor with a straight face.
Du Fu's two sentences are: "But power can be as hot as a flame, burning people's fingers. Beware of the Prime Minister and his frown." The whole poem describes Yang's luxurious life and reflects his family's "longing".
Liu Ming listened to Luan and said, "Two for the road is to write thorn poplars." As a consort, Yang Jiahao's luxurious life is revealed in this poem.
Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow: "Brothers and sisters are all dead, because she lit up her family. She brought happiness to every father and mother in the whole empire, because she gave birth to a girl instead of a boy. " I wrote about Yang Jiazhi's resplendence and envy of the world.
Five, about the death of Yang Guifei
Biographies of Empresses and Concubines in the Old Tang Dynasty: "Tongguan fell, and from Fortunately to Ma Wei, the imperial general Chen secretly instigated the Prince and his son. Before the fourth army dispersed, Xuanzong sent Lux to ask, saying that the thief was still there, referring to the imperial concubine. Lux played again, but the emperor refused to take it. He consulted with the princess and hanged himself in the Buddhist temple. At the age of 38, he was lying on the side of the road in Yixi. " Regarding Xuanzong's reburial of the imperial concubine, "the imperial edict ordered him to be reburied in a different place. When the first boil was wrapped in a purple mattress, the skin was rotten, but the sachet was still there. When the official offered it, the emperor regarded it as sorrow and made it shaped in another temple, looking at it day and night. "
There are more than 40 references to the word "Ma Wei" in The Whole Tang Poetry, almost all of which are related to Yang Guifei.
Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow": "All the soldiers are motionless until the horseshoe steps on the moth eyebrow. The gorgeous hairpin fell to the ground, and no one picked it up, a green and white Hosta and a golden hairy bird. The emperor couldn't save her, but covered his face. Later, when he turned to look, there was blood and tears. " "From the soil along Mawei slope, the buried, the memory, the depression. Where is her white face? . "
The sachet is also reflected in the poem.
Zhang Hu's "Too Real Fragrant Sacks": "A small flower bag for a golden concubine consumes old fragrance from the chest. Those who get it back for the king will regret it for life. "
About the death of Yang Guifei, most of them come from the Book of the Tang Dynasty, which is considered to be hanging, but there are other versions.
Liu Yuxi's "Ma Wei Xing": "The nobles drink gold scraps and suddenly obey the English." Speaking of swallowing gold and dying.
Du Fu's Mourning for the Head: "Where are those perfect eyes and that pearl-like tooth?" A blood-stained soul has no home and nowhere to go. "
Zheng Bi's Poems on Jinyang Gate: "If the horse can't drive ahead, the Prime Minister will shoot the unjust. Long eyebrows and temples are used to coagulate blood, and there are kings hidden in tears. "
Wen Tingyun's "Ma Wei Yi": "Returning to the soul is smokeless, and burying blood is sad." Hanging should be bloodless. According to the poems about "blood" mentioned above, some people think that the imperial concubine died of mutinous soldiers.
Xuanzong and Yang Guifei loved singing and dancing, which attracted many poets' accusations that their indulgence led to the Anshi rebellion, and colorful feathers were often regarded as the voice of national subjugation together with the flowers in Yushu back garden. In the comments of these poets, Yang Guifei is often regarded as a typical example of a femme fatale.
Li Yi's "Two Poems of Passing Ma Wei (the second poem is Li Yuan's poem)": "The world does not pay attention to the song of Nishang, which has led to war."
Li Yue's "Crossing the Huaqing Palace": "Jun's amusement is light, and a song is exhausted."
Du Mu's "Three Poems of Crossing the Qing Palace in China" (Part II): "The top of a thousand peaks, the original clothes in the dance."
Wu Rong's "Four Poems of Huaqing Palace" Part II: "I still hate the flowing water when I can't hear a feather coat."
Luo Yin's Mawei Po: "Those who know beauty are rare, and those who don't break the Central Plains are not human."
Zheng Yi's Mawei Po: "Xuanzong died in the horse, although he died in the rain. After all, this is a sacred thing. Who is Jingyang Palace View? "
There are also some poets who plead for Yang Guifei, who think that this beautiful and versatile woman is just a palace doll who can't control her own destiny. Because of the "rebellion" of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, she finally abandoned it and became a victim of political struggle.
The second part of Li Shangyin's Ma Su: "How about the Emperor of Four Seasons? It's not as good as the Lu family." Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was emperor for more than 40 years, but he was not as able to save his wife as ordinary people.
Wei Zhuang's Daily Events in beginning of spring: "When the Emperor removes dust, the willows are still ruthless in spring. Today is none of my business, and I know that I have failed Ma Wei. " In the winter of the first year of Guangming (880), the Huang Chao Uprising Army entered Tongguan and Xiahuazhou, and Tang Xizong fled to Chengdu. Wei Zhuang wrote this poem in beginning of spring the following year, arguing that the guilt of national subjugation should be attributed to the monarch, not because the woman mistakenly committed the country. I can't help feeling that Yang Guifei lived in vain.
Xu Yin's "Ma Su": "Where are Zhang Jun's brothers, but Yang Fei is dead, I will report it to you." According to the Biography of Zhang Shuo in Old Tang Dynasty, Zhang Jun and Zhang Ge were the sons of Zhang Shuo, an important official and prime minister of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty. Zhang Jun was the secretary of Dali at that time. Zhang Ge preferred to kiss the princess and worshipped Ma Xu as a captain. In the Anshi Rebellion, the Zhang Jun brothers did not follow Xuanzong, but assumed the pseudo-post of Anshi Rebellion. Serving the country, serving the country, is indeed a woman.
The high-profile "Ma Yi Yi Yi": "Although Yu Yan hid the dust of Ma Yi Yi Yi, the grievances locked the Wei and Jin Dynasties." The death of the imperial concubine pacified Ma Wei's coup, but her grievances permeated between heaven and earth.
Li Yi's Ma Guowei: "Han Jiang is like a cloud. If you don't say anything, you will be blamed. I ask you not to wash lotus blood again, leaving a thousand-year-old concubine tears. "
Yu Juan's Ma Weiyi: "As soon as I joined Tu Guifei, I gave birth to a daughter who was concerned about the country and the people. It's hibiscus, not as good as autumn grass. "
Xu Yin's "Kaiyuan is a matter": "A moth may not throw a fire, but an eyebrow can break the country, and Ma Yupo will not be hated for a thousand years."
Yang Guifei is a typical favorite princess. She has beautiful appearance and talent for singing and dancing. Her love with Xuanzong was exaggerated by the poet. At that time, Yang's dignitaries were also regarded as the object of ridicule. The unfortunate death of Yang Guifei was thought-provoking and won the sympathy and regret of many poets.