Appreciation of Epang Palace Fu.
After the completion of the six kings, the four seas are one, Shushan is upright, and Afang is out. Overpressure exceeds 300 miles, isolated from the sun. Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west, reaching Xianyang directly. Erchuan dissolves and flows into the palace wall. Five steps to the first floor, ten steps to a pavilion; Corridor waist back, eaves high; Hold the terrain, intrigue. The food is unclear, but unclear (qūn), and the honeycomb vortex (chù) is unknown (the Guangdong textbook is "Hu"). What is a cloudless dragon lying on a long bridge? After the road is empty, I don't care (j) Eric? I don't know the west and the east (also known as "things"). Singing warm, spring is harmonious; Ballroom cold sleeves, wind and rain sad. Within a day, the climate is uneven between palaces.
Concubine (pín), Concubine (yō ng), Concubine (qiáng), Jun and Sun, died in the downstairs hall, Tian (ni m \u n) came from Qin, and Yege (xián) came from Qin Gong. Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying, Yingying; Lv Yun uneasy, comb small ring (huán) also; Nutrient flow is greasy, and fat water is abandoned; The smoke is foggy and the pepper orchids are also burning. The thunder shook and the palace car passed; The wheel (L) is far away, but I don't know where it is. A muscle, a capacity, extremely beautiful, looks forward-looking, but looks lucky. Have you seen it (the Guangdong textbook didn't "get it"), 36 years. Yan and Zhao's collection, Han and Wei's management, Qi and Chu's elite, several generations, piāo plundered his people and stood on the mountain. Once you can't get it, you lose it. Ding dang (chēng) jade, gold nuggets and pebbles, discarded stones (lǐ) and (yǐ) are regarded as treasures by Qin people, but they are not very precious.
Ha ha! One person's heart, ten thousand people's heart. Qin loves luxury and people are homesick. How can we use all the Thai baht (zhū) as sediment? Make the columns of negative buildings more than the farmers of nanmu; Most of the rafters on the beam are chuán workers and women workers on the plane; Onion phosphorus is more than millet (Si) in (Y incarnation); Uneven tile joints (cēnēcē) and many silk threads (bó) all over the body; Jiàn (vertical column and horizontal sill), more than nine earth piles; Orchestral strings spit (not u) dumb (yā), more than the words of city people. Let people all over the world dare not speak or get angry. The single husband's heart is getting more and more arrogant. Shout (shù) single call, letter valley closed lift, Chu people burned, poor scorched earth!
Alas, it was the six countries that destroyed them, not the State of Qin. Qin is also a Qin family, not the world. Ha ha! Make the six countries love each other, enough to refuse Qin; Let the state of Qin love the six countries again, and give it to three generations to be king forever. Who wins and who dies? Qin people feel sorry for themselves, and later people mourn for them; Later generations grieved, failed to learn from it, and let future generations mourn for future generations.
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When the six countries perished, Qin Shihuang unified the world. All the trees in Shushan were cut down and Epang Palace was built. (Weinan to Xianyang) Epang Palace covers an area of more than 300 miles, with pavilions and pavilions covering the sky. It goes north from Lishan Mountain, then turns to the west and extends to Xianyang. Weishui and floodwater are vast, and water waves ripple into the wall of Epang Palace. There is a building every five steps and a pavilion every ten steps. The corridor is wide and tortuous, and the eaves are pursed (like birds' mouths). Pavilions and pavilions are built according to the height of the terrain, as if surrounded by each other. All kinds of buildings gather in the central area, with four corners facing each other. Circling, winding, like a hive, like a whirlpool of water, standing thousands of times. The bridge spans the Weihe River. (People who see it should be surprised:) There are no clouds in the sky. How can there be a dragon? The wooden passages between pavilions and terraces are colorful. (People will be surprised to see it:) If it wasn't for the rain, where did the rainbow come from? Because of the high and low terrain, pavilions make people unable to tell the east and west directions. People sing on the stage, and the music rings, as if full of warmth, like spring. People dance in the temple, their sleeves fluttering, which seems to bring cold, as cold as wind and rain. In a day, in a palace, the weather is so different.
The concubines, daughters and granddaughters of the governors of the six countries bid farewell to the pavilions of their respective countries and came to Qin by car. Play the piano and sing in the morning and evening, and become a maid-in-waiting of the Qin Dynasty. The shining stars are the mirror of dressing. Dark clouds filled the air. It turned out that they were combing the bun in the morning. There is a layer of dirt floating on the Weihe River, which turned out to be powder water sprinkled by them; The air is full of smoke, and they are burning pepper orchid spices. The thunderous voice suddenly surprised people, and it was the emperor's palace car that passed by; Listening to the car drifting away, I don't know where it went. Any part of the skin, any kind of appearance, is extremely charming, standing patiently for a long time, hoping that the emperor can come in person. However, many ladies-in-waiting have waited for 36 years and have not seen the emperor. The treasures collected, accumulated and sought by Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu have been plundered from the people for generations and years, piling up like mountains. The country died overnight, and all the jewels were transported to Epang Palace. Qin people did not feel sorry when they saw Baoding as an iron pot, beautiful jade as a stone, gold as clods and pearls as sand.
Alas! One person's idea is the same as that of millions of people. Qin Shihuang loved luxury, and ordinary people also cared about their possessions. Why don't you spare every penny of the property of ordinary people, but don't cherish it when you squander it? Let more columns bear the beams than farmers in the fields; There are more rafters with side beams than women workers on looms; There are more conspicuous nails than rice in the barn; There are more lines on clothes than ordinary people. There are more vertical and horizontal railings than battlements in the world; Musical instruments play louder than people in downtown areas. The rulers of the Qin dynasty were arrogant and extravagant, which made the people in the world dare to be angry but dare not speak. Qin Shihuang became more and more arrogant and stubborn. Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up and responded. Hangu Pass was breached and Xiang Yu set fire to it. Unfortunately, Epang Palace has become a scorched earth.
Alas! It is the six countries themselves that destroy the six countries, not Qin; It was Qin himself who destroyed Qin, not everyone in the world. Alas! If the rulers of the six countries can care for their own people, then they have enough strength to resist the state of Qin. If the rulers of the State of Qin can also take care of the people of the six countries, then the State of Qin can be handed down from the third generation, and even passed down to generations as kings. Who can destroy Qin? Qin people had no time to lament their own demise, so they had to let later generations lament for them; If future generations just lament and don't learn from the lesson, they should be lamented by future generations.
Writing background and purpose
"A Fang Gong Fu" was written in the Yuan Dynasty of Bao Li, Jing Zong, Emperor Taizong, that is, in 825 AD, Du Mu said in "Intimate Articles": "Bao Li has a big palace, so she calls herself" A Fang Gong Fu ". Tang Jingzong Li Zhan 16 years old succeeded to the throne. He is good at hitting the ball and likes unarmed combat. He often hunts foxes in the middle of the night, plays with eunuchs all day long, covets debauchery, builds great buildings, throws banquets and visits strangers, hoping to get the immortal elixir. He once had a grand plan to build a palace in Luoyang, Chang 'an. Later, Chengde, Pinglu, tried to seize Luoyang under the pretext of "soldiers and craftsmen repairing the eastern capital" and gave up. The author foresaw the dangerous situation and dark reality of the Tang Dynasty and wrote this article. On the surface, it was written that Qin was profligate, lustful and extravagant, wasting people's money and eventually dying. In fact, he used the story of Qin to satirize the current affairs of the Tang Dynasty and advised the rulers of the Tang Dynasty to learn from the past, not to mourn and not to learn from the lessons. In the end, it can only end with the result that "later generations have poems to sigh and later generations mourn". Through the writing of the construction and destruction of Epang Palace, the extravagant enjoyment of the rulers of Qin Dynasty was revealed, and the truth of the rise and fall of the world was expounded through the irony of the present. I hope that the rulers of the Tang Dynasty will not only pursue their own luxury enjoyment and repeat the same mistakes. But Du Mu's suggestion did not change the ruler. Two years later, Wang died, and half a century later, after the Huang Chao Uprising, the Tang Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty perished.
From the content structure, this fu can be divided into four sections.
The first paragraph is about the grandeur of Epang Palace.
The opening begins with four short three-character sentences with compact syllables and extraordinary momentum, achieving the phonetic effect. The word 12 not only describes Qin Shihuang's heroic spirit of unifying the whole country, but also describes the extraordinary architecture of Epang Palace. The language is so concise that it cannot be abridged. Next, from panorama to ontology construction, write the grandeur of Epang Palace. "Covering an area of more than 300 miles, isolated from the sky of the sun and the moon" outlines the magnificent Epang Palace, which covers a vast area and is hidden by Lingyun, giving people an overall impression. The four sentences of "Li Mountain is built in the north and folded in the west" describe that Epang Palace was built according to the mountain trend and went down the river, which still highlights its style of taking from nature and being longer than nature. The following description of Wei Shui and Fan Chuan's "flowing into the palace wall" naturally transits to the architectural features of Epang Palace. Among them, pavilions and verandahs are actually written and described in detail; Fictitiously wrote a long bridge and a complicated road, and imagined it as magical and magnificent. Then, through exaggeration and contrast, by writing about the warmth and coldness of songs and dances, it describes the strange phenomenon of Epang Palace "in one day, between palaces, but the climate is uneven", which sets off its grandeur and broadness.
The second paragraph describes the beauties and treasures in Epang Palace, exposing the luxurious life of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty, laying the groundwork for the following discussion.
Write the origin of "concubines" first, and explain that it is the result of "the six kings are perfect and the four seas are one", taking care of the first one. The author uses six sets of parallelism sentences, such as "the stars shine and the makeup mirror is open", to write the miserable life of ladies-in-waiting dressing up and "standing far away to see happiness". The mirror is like a star. It is like Lv Yun. "Abandoning fertilizer" will increase Wei water and burn pepper into smoke. These vivid descriptions not only show the tragic fate of ladies-in-waiting, but also reveal the arrogance and extravagance of Qin Shihuang's life. Under Zhao Yan Ji, the author was bullied and his works were trampled on. Here, the jade jinding, originally collected by the six countries, was piled up and abandoned like clods and iron pots. "Qin people regard it and don't cherish it."
The third paragraph, from description to discussion, explains the original intention of writing this essay.
First, sigh with "harmony and Hu", and point out that "Qin loves luxury and people also miss home", and then ask: "How can it be regarded as sediment?" Then, six sets of figurative sentences "make ... more than ..." are all used to fully reveal the profound disasters brought by the extravagance of the Qin Dynasty to the people. After a lot of preparation, the style of writing changed, and the "people in the world" who dared not speak but dared to get angry competed with the "increasingly arrogant and impregnable" rulers. As a result, Epang Palace became a scorched earth.
The fourth paragraph summarizes the historical lessons of the Six Kingdoms and the demise of Qin, and warns the contemporary rulers.
The author can't help sighing. After "Alas", he put forward an argument to clarify the truth of self-taking; Shen Fu states the following arguments, pointing out that loving the people is closely related to long-term stability. Finally, it is meaningful to use the euphemism "descendants" to remind the rulers of the Tang Dynasty not to repeat the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty.
From an artistic point of view, this poem uses the following techniques.
First, imagination, metaphor and exaggeration
Epang Palace was destroyed by the war, and its shape has long been unknown, and the records in Historical Records (see the quotation in Huo's Appreciation of Epang Palace Fu for relevant information) are not very detailed. This makes the writing of Epang Palace more difficult, but it leaves the author room for imagination. It can be said that Du Mu artistically reproduces Epang Palace in this sketch. Whether it is the exquisite carving under the eaves of pavilions or the splashing ink on the long bridge, it all comes from imagination. These strange imaginations not only do not give people a feeling of affectation, but can guide people to vividly present the grand occasion of this palace in their minds along the road he has opened up. The achievement of this effect is directly related to the vivid metaphor and bold exaggeration used in this paper. For example, the passage "Make the pillar of the negative building more than the farmer of Nanmu" is both metaphorical and exaggerated out of imagination, which has a strong artistic appeal.
Second, description, arrangement and discussion
From the overall structure, the first two paragraphs of this fu are mainly about description, while the last two paragraphs are mainly about discussion. The foregoing description is to pave the way for the following discussion. However, no matter the description or discussion, the arrangement is widely used, and the narrative is romantic, extremely exciting and refreshing. Examples of layout in description, such as "Starlight Glimmer, makeup mirror is also open"; Examples arranged in the discussion, such as affirmative and negative statements in the last paragraph. This is, of course, the traditional way of writing Ci Fu, but what is commendable is that Du Mu didn't pile up the same words like compiling a book, but wrote it in an uncomplicated and just right way.
Third, compound sentence dispersed.
This fu gives play to some advantages of parallel prose, such as layout, antithesis and rhyme. , but also a large number of single sentences are used to spread out lines and enhance expressiveness. If you use "five steps to the first floor, ten steps to a cabinet;" Corridor waist back, eaves high; After the six words "each holds the terrain and intrigues", it is followed by the long sentence "How many times, how many times, the honeycomb vortex, I don't know how it will fall". In this way, the sentences are integrated, the length is unlimited, the rhythm is clear, and it is more expressive.