Formal style
There are various forms of Tang poetry. There are mainly five-character poems and seven-character poems in Tang Dynasty. There are also two kinds of modern poems, one is called quatrains, and the other is called metrical poems. Quatrains and metrical poems are five words and seven words respectively. Therefore, there are basically six basic forms of Tang poetry: five-character archaic poetry, seven-character archaic poetry, five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, five-character rhythmic poems and seven-character rhythmic poems. Classical poetry has a wide range of requirements for rhyme and meter: in a poem, the number of sentences can be more or less, the chapters can be long or short, and the rhyme can be changed. Modern poetry has strict requirements on rhyme and meter: the number of sentences in a poem is limited, that is, four-line quatrains and eight-line meter poems. The words used in each poem have certain rules, and the rhyme cannot be changed; Rhyme also requires that the middle four sentences become antithesis. The style of ancient poetry is handed down from the previous generation, so it is also called ancient style. Modern poetry has strict rules, so some people call it metrical poetry.
The forms and styles of Tang poetry are colorful and innovative. It not only inherited the tradition of Han and Wei folk songs and Yuefu, but also greatly developed the singing style. It not only inherited the five-character or seven-character ancient poems of the previous generation, but also developed into a long and huge system of narrative romance; It not only expanded the use of five-character and seven-character styles, but also created modern poems with particularly beautiful and neat styles. Modern poetry was a new style of poetry at that time, and its emergence and maturity was an important event in the history of Tang poetry development. It pushed the artistic features of China's ancient poems with harmonious syllables and refined words to an unprecedented height, and found a typical form for ancient lyric poetry, which has been especially loved by people so far. However, the metrical poems in modern poetry are easy to be bound because of their strict metrical restrictions, which is a major defect brought by their advantages.
grading
Early Tang dynasty
The representative writers in this period are "four outstanding writers in the early Tang Dynasty"-Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo; In addition, Chen Ziang was also a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. In terms of writing style, the works of poets in the early Tang Dynasty were magnificent and magnificent, and gradually came out of the narrow palace poems in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, opening up a new world.
In the prosperous Tang dynasty
With the prosperity of economy and the strength of national power, Tang poetry has reached its peak, with a wide range of themes and numerous schools, and there have been "Frontier Poetry School" and "Pastoral Poetry School". The great romantic poet Li Bai and the great realistic poet Du Fu are the most outstanding representatives of this period. Their poems are the highest in this generation. In their works, no matter the five laws and seven laws, the poems and ancient songs with five unique skills and seven unique skills have achieved high artistic achievements, as Han Yu said, "Du Li's articles are endless." For example, Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" and "Into the Wine"; Du Fu's Three Officials and Three Partings. In addition, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran represent pastoral school, while Gao Shi and Cen Can represent frontier school.
Zhongtang
In the mid-Tang Dynasty, poets made their own achievements. But the most outstanding achievement is Bai Juyi, who put forward the progressive theory that "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written for things" and personally participated in and led the "New Yuefu Movement". Bai Juyi's poems are clear and easy to understand, and are deeply loved by the masses. His representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel. In addition, Liu Yuxi and Li's poems are also quite successful.
late tang dynasty
Famous poets in the late Tang Dynasty were Wen, Li Shangyin, Du Mu and Wei Zhuang. Among them, Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li".
Poet title
Poetry Bone-Chen Ziang: His poems are full of passion, lofty in style and "Han and Wei style", which is called "poetry bone".
Poet-Wang Bo: His poems are fluent, generous and unique, so he is called a "poet".
Poet crazy-He: Because of his unrestrained and broad-minded poetry, he is called "Siming crazy" and is called "Poet crazy".
The poet's son of heaven (another way of saying it-the poet's master)-Wang Changling: His seven poems are called "the poet's son of heaven" because of their profound feelings and vague style.
Poet Fairy-Li Bai: Poets are known as "Poet Fairy" because of their rich imagination, bold style, gorgeous colors and fresh and natural language.
Poet Sage-Du Fu: His poems are closely related to current events and have profound thoughts. Broad realm, known as the "poet".
Prisoner of Poets-Meng Jiao: Poetry is painstakingly dedicated and poorly managed. Yuan Haowen once called it a "poet prisoner".
Jia Dao, the slave of poetry, is called "the slave of poetry" because he devoted his life to writing poetry and reciting it painstakingly.
Poet-Liu Yuxi: His poems are calm and dignified, and his style is natural and rough. Bai Juyi gave him the reputation of "poet".
Shi Fo-Wang Wei: Many of Wang Wei's poems are full of Zen, and Zen is used in them.
Poet-Bai Juyi: He works hard in poetry. "The drunkard's intention is not to drink, but to attract the poet's hair, and it is sad to go to the west in the afternoon." He is called a poet.
Five-character Great Wall-Liu Changqing: Good at five-character poems. His five-character poems account for 78% of all his poems, and he calls himself the "Five-character Great Wall".
Shi Gui-Li He: His poems are good at casting ci, galloping imagination, using myths and legends to create colorful images, so they are called "Shi Gui".
Shixiong-Cen Can
Master of Seven Temperaments-Li Shangyin
Among them, Li Bai and Du Fu are called "Du Li", while Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li".
group
Shanshui Tianyuan school
Representatives: Wang Wei, Meng Haoran,
Features: many themes, green mountains and white clouds, secluded people and hermits; Quiet and elegant style, full of feminine beauty; There are many ancient poems, five verses and five laws in form.
Representative works:
Wang Wei: Autumn Night in a Mountain Residence, Xi Shi Yong, Brothers Silu in a Mountain Residence Holiday, etc.
Meng Haoran: Passing the village for the aged, etc.
frontier fortress poem factions
Representative figures: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Li Yi, Wang Zhihuan and Li Qi.
Features: Describe the war and battlefield, show the heroic spirit of defending the country, or describe the magnificent frontier scenery and strange customs, or describe the cruelty of war, the darkness of the army and the hardships of garrison, and express the yearning and feelings for national harmony.
Representative works:
Gao Shi: Ge Yanxing, Don't Move Big, Five Poems of Chicken Walking, Cezanne and Xia Sai Qu.
A song "Snow White" sent Tian Shuji Wu home.
Wang Changling: "Out of the Plug"
Li Yi: Join the army and head north.
Wang Zhihuan: Liangzhou Ci
Li qi: ancient meaning
Romantic school of poetry
Representative: Li Bai.
Features: mainly expressing personal feelings, praising the desire and pursuit of personal value in free life. Poetry is free, unrestrained, fluent, imaginative and magnificent. Language advocates nature and opposes carving.
Representative works:
Li Bai: Drinking the Bright Moon Alone, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Difficult Road to Shu, etc.
School of realistic poetry
Representative: Du Fu.
Features: the artistic style of poetry is gloomy and frustrated, often showing feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's realistic style was inherited from the Middle Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty.
Representative works: Three Officials, Three Farewells, Military Vehicle Shop, etc.
Reasons for prosperity
When it comes to the reasons for the prosperity of Tang poetry, (of course, the academic circles are constantly discussing) the more common view is:
One: Tang society solved many constraints in its development and made great progress in some political and economic changes. More importantly, the situation of "gentry isolated from politics" has basically ended, which has greatly liberated people's thoughts in life practice, broadened their horizons for poetry creation, one of the forms of cultural life, and the art of poetry has gained "flowing water from the source".
Second, due to the general improvement of economy, it provides material conditions and a wide source for the prosperity of literature.
Third, the accumulation of previous generation literature; It was well inherited, so it laid a solid foundation for Tang poetry. Based on the cultural heritage of predecessors, it is possible for poets in the Tang Dynasty to be eclectic, learn from others, bring forth the old and bring forth the new, and push China's poetry culture to a new peak.
Fourth; The imperial examination system was implemented in the Tang dynasty, and the contents of the examination included poetry (poetry is general) and fu (rhyme). The emperor also loved poetry, (this is very important! ) will inevitably lead to pay attention to the' social atmosphere' of poetry, thus improving the social status of literati.
Five: very important; The politics of the Tang Dynasty was more liberal, especially in religion and culture, advocating Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Allowing foreign religions to spread in China is a favorable factor for people to broaden their horizons, activate their thinking and promote the formation of various styles and schools of literature and art. At the same time, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong and the rulers were full of confidence in themselves, so there was basically no "literary inquisition", so the literati were more courageous; (for example; When Li Bai is slandered, it means "paying back the money". Scholars and poets have a wide range of genres, and the social problems they reflect are rapid and sharp. (Not a celebration)
Sixth, the Tang Dynasty implemented the policy of economic and cultural exchanges with neighboring countries and border nationalities; Music, dance, painting, architecture and other new things, such as accepting the western regions and foreign influences (India, Central Asian countries), also give the poet a spacious and good artistic influence.
The development tradition of Tang poetry can be divided into early Tang (6 18-7 12), prosperous Tang (7 13-770), middle Tang (77 1-835) and late Tang (836-907).
* * * four issues. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of the prosperity of Tang poetry, and great poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu have experienced this period all their lives. Now talking about this topic, the focus is also on the development of "poetry" itself. This point compares the historical process of Tang society; Development, ups and downs, and decline are basically the same.