"Tian Jing Sha · Autumn Thoughts" Ma Zhiyuan
Withered vines and old trees are full of crows, small bridges and flowing water are home to people, and the old road has a westerly wind and a thin horse. The sun sets in the west, and the heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
This poem has only five sentences and 28 words. The language is extremely concise but has a huge capacity. In just a few strokes, it outlines a sad "Picture of a Wanderer Thinking of Returning", which vividly conveys the feeling of wandering. The wandering heart of a traveler.
This picture consists of two parts:
1. A carefully selected group of scenes that can represent Xiao Qiu forms a picture of the autumn wilderness in the twilight;
< p>2. Express the endless pain in the heart and the silhouette of a wanderer walking alone in the cold autumn.The first painting has 18 words and nine nouns. There is not a single word in it, but it is natural, smooth and rich in connotation. The author uses his skillful artistic skills to let nine different scenery be bathed in Under the clear brilliance of the setting sun, the scenes are presented to us one after another in a "montage" like a movie lens, taking readers into the late autumn season at once: a few dead vines twining around a few bare trees with withered yellow leaves. The autumn wind trembles in the rustling wind, and the sky is dotted with jackdaws, wailing... It creates a desolate autumn scene, creating a desolate and decadent atmosphere, which highlights the author's inner sadness. We can imagine how miserable and helpless it must be for the dun crow to still have an old tree to return to, but the wanderer is wandering without a home and unable to return! Next, there was a small bridge, gurgling water, and a farmyard with faint smoke rising from the kitchen. This small pastoral scene with people living in it is so quiet and sweet, comfortable and leisurely. All this can't help but remind the wandering wanderer of the small bridges, flowing water and relatives in his hometown. Here, the sad feelings are written with happy scenes, which makes people feel even more desolate, highlighting the helpless and helpless guest's sorrow in the heart of the wanderer in a foreign land.
In the second painting, we can see that in the bleak autumn wind, on the lonely ancient road, the wanderer who is full of nostalgia is riding a thin horse that has delayed his return, in the deep dusk. Walking towards the distance. At this time, the setting sun is setting in the west, casting a cold ray of light. This is the time for birds and birds to return to their nests, sheep and cattle to circle, and people to return home. However, wanderers are still "heartbroken people at the end of the world". At this moment, In this situation, when a wanderer in a foreign land faces such a bleak and desolate scene, how can he not feel sad, how can he not feel heartbroken, how can he not feel heartbroken! A wandering wanderer's heart is dripping with blood in the autumn wind...
A very short ditty expresses indescribable connotations and vividly depicts the miserable and sad inner world of a wandering wanderer. Give people a shocking artistic feeling. It makes people feel the pain even more when they read it, and makes people feel more deeply when they chant it. Those who read this song without crying do not understand its meaning.
The reason why this little poem has received such high praise is that it depicts a wonderful late autumn evening scene, which truly expresses the loneliness and sorrow of people who have fallen to the end of the world. Although the mood is low, , but it reflects the dull atmosphere of the times at that time and has certain social significance. On the other hand, the more important thing is that it has high artistic achievements. The more obvious characteristics are:
1. Simplicity and depth are dependent on each other
The ancient Song Yu once used the words "if it is increased by one point, it is too long, and if it is reduced by one point, it is too short". The beauty's figure is just right. The refinement of the text in "Tian Jing Sha Qiu Si" can also be said to have reached the point where no more words can be added or subtracted. There are only five sentences and twenty-eight characters in the whole article. There is no exaggeration or allusion. It is purely drawn in white to outline such a vivid picture: In the dusk of late autumn, a traveler who has traveled a lot, riding a thin horse, is facing the Waves of cold west wind made me walk alone on the ancient road. He walked past an old tree covered with withered vines and saw dusk crows about to return to their nests circling on the treetops; he walked across a small bridge across the stream and came to the doors of several houses by the stream. The sun was about to set, but he had not yet found a place to stay. Another long night would greet him, and he couldn't help but feel sad and heartbroken. As for why the wanderer wanders here? Where exactly is he going? These implication are left to the readers' imagination. This little order is indeed worthy of being a masterpiece that is concise and meaningful, and uses less to win more. The first three sentences of Xiaoling contain eighteen characters, and they describe nine kinds of things: vines, trees, crows, bridges, water, homes, roads, winds and horses. One word for each word and one scene for each word. "Cherish ink like gold". However, it is concise but not crude. The names of the nine kinds of things are preceded by modifiers that express their respective characteristics, such as dry, old, faint, small, flowing, human, ancient, western, thin, etc., giving each thing a distinctive Personality makes things that are originally unrelated to each other form a unity under the desolate late autumn twilight. The author did not write about the location of these things, nor the relationship between these things and the activities of the wanderers, but readers can imagine and closely connect them. Simplicity reveals depth.
2. Silent scenes and moving scenes complement each other
The artistic effect of "Autumn Thoughts on the Pure Sky and Sand" is also due to the successful use of contrasting techniques.
The author combines many relatively independent things into one picture at the same time, thus forming a mutual contrast between movement and stillness, light and darkness, background and subject: the "flowing water" in motion, and the "small bridge" and "people's houses" in static state. "The contrast between the "west wind" and the "ancient road" makes the road more desolate; in the autumn landscape sketched by the author, one side is full of withered vines, old trees, and dusky crows, which look gloomy in the rustling autumn wind. On one side, the afterglow of the setting sun paints the withered vines, old trees, and dusky crows with a golden color; the "small bridges and flowing water and people's houses" present an elegant and comfortable scene, which contrasts with the wanderers who have fallen into a foreign land, making the "heartbroken people" even more Adding sadness. Looking at the entire composition, the first four sentences describe the scenery, and the last sentence describes the people. But people are the main body, and scenery is the background of people's activities. If the background is fully written, the main body will be highlighted. This is the wonderful effect of complementing each other.
3. Scenery and emotions blend together
Poetry expresses aspirations. This little order is intended to express the misery of people who have fallen to the end of the world. But human thoughts and feelings are abstract things and difficult to express. The author uses the traditional writing method of placing feelings on things to vividly depict this miserable and sorrowful feeling. Withered vines, old trees, dusky crows, west winds, thin horses, and sunsets. These tangible and sensible things have obvious late autumn colors and are similar to the intangible and abstract sadness. They use the tangible to express the intangible. It makes people feel concrete and vivid. Just like "How much sorrow can you ask? Just like a river of spring water flowing eastward", "sorrow" and "water" have nothing to do with each other, but the author uses the abundance of river water to describe the amount of sorrow, and there is a "similarity" between the two. , using the scene of the river flowing eastward to express the infinite sadness, which is very profound. Natural scenery originally has no thoughts and feelings, but when poets incorporate these objective things into aesthetic understanding and feelings, these things are given emotional colors and integrated with people's thoughts and feelings. "Small bridges and flowing water with people's houses" is just a very common ordinary scenery, but when it is in the same scene as "Heartbroken Man at the End of the World", it is no longer an isolated scene, but becomes a heartbreaking scene for "Heartbroken Man" The trigger of heartbreak gives the picture a sad atmosphere. The so-called "emotions appear due to scenery, and scenery arises due to emotion", this is the truth. "Autumn Thoughts on the Pure Sky" can be called a masterpiece of love in the scenery, scenery in the love, and a wonderful combination of scenes.
"Autumn in the Pure Sky" Bai Pu
Sunset in an Isolated Village The remaining clouds, the light smoke and jackdaws on the old trees. Under the shadow of a little Feihong. Green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
The first picture is what is depicted in the first two sentences. The author picked out six kinds of natural scenery: village, sun, clouds, smoke, trees, and crows, and dyed them with six words with the same emotional color: lonely, fallen, disabled, light, old, and cold. The juxtaposition of six images makes the whole picture enveloped in a bleak atmosphere, making people feel a strong sense of autumn, which corresponds to the title "Autumn". "The sunset" not only points out that it is evening, but also conveys a helpless and melancholy feeling of "the sunset is infinitely beautiful, but it is almost dusk". An isolated small village, with old trees, infested by crows, completely lifeless, and surrounded by misty "smoke", makes people feel desolate and confusing. Here, the author uses realistic techniques to depict a dark, bleak, and deserted late autumn landscape.
However, not all places are so bleak and deserted. Look at the scene "under the shadow of a little flying red", "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers." This picture is colorful, bright and full of vitality, forming a strong contrast with the previous picture in terms of environmental atmosphere.
The same autumn scene, why is there such a big contrast? What kind of thoughts and feelings does the author want to express? A clear answer cannot be found just by comparing these two scenes. If we link Bai Pu's reluctance to be an official in the Yuan Dynasty, the answer is not difficult to understand. The "little bit of Feihong" in the picture is the same as the one in Li Bai's "Sending Pei Shibatu South to Songshan Mountain Part 2": "It's hard to describe the feeling of flying with a finger. There is no sooner or later when we return together, and there is Qingyuan in Yingshui." "Feihong" has different meanings but the same purpose, both are metaphors for the author himself. Bai Pu did not want to seek a position in the court, but he hoped that he would be like a wild goose soaring high, flying away from that bleak, deserted and lifeless place, and find a paradise where he was satisfied and full of life. Therefore, we can understand the land of "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" "under the shadow" as the author's place of retreat and the scene in the author's heart. The mood is cheerful and peaceful, without any sense of negativity. It shows the author's love for the secluded life, and it should be a fictional writing. In this piece of music, the author very cleverly and discreetly puts the "scenery in his heart" together with the real environment at that time, creating a strong contrasting effect and implicitly revealing his love and hate.
The differences between the two poems:
1. Qiu Si is the most famous (at least one of the) poems describing autumn. It opens with three consecutive sentences, and through each sentence Three nouns, that is, three simple descriptions of things in each line, finally highlight the mood of "the sun sets in the west, and the heartbroken person is at the end of the world", from the outside to the inside, from things to me, there is a smooth transition from things to feelings. , and full of emotions and objects, it is indeed a rare good poem;
Autumn also writes about things, but there is not a single sentence of emotion in the whole article, it just plays the pictures of the beautiful autumn scenery, but there is no The dubbing of the last line in Xiangqiu Sili's "Heartbroken people are at the end of the world" can only be experienced by the audience through the picture.
2. Qiu is also very different from Qiu Si in the description of autumn scenery. It also writes about autumn scenery. Qiu Si is to feel the melancholy in the author's heart through the description of several subtle things from the beginning. , "withered vines", old trees, dusky crows, small bridges, flowing water, people's houses, ancient roads, west wind, and thin horses are all close-up views, but autumn is from the distant view "the sunset in an isolated village" to the close-up view: "the light smoke old age" "Jackdaws on trees, under the shadow of a little flying dragon", then the distant view of "green mountains and green water", and then the close-up view of "white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers". It shows that there is a difference between the mood of the author of Qiu and the mood of the author of Qiu Si.
3. Differences in color sense: There is no word for color in the whole poem "Qiu Si", but the whole poem is indeed gray; but there are "green, green, white, red, yellow" in autumn, etc. Color also shows that the author's mood is different!
4. The degree of emotional catharsis is different! Compared with Qiu Si, the majority of people know Qiu Si, which also shows that the poem Qiu Si is more recognized by everyone. The main reason is that this poem uses line drawing to describe those things that make people feel cold and gloomy. , to point out the chilling sadness in the author's heart (and in fact all ordinary people) towards autumn. Autumn, which is much more cheerful emotionally, is slightly less powerful than Qiu Si in terms of the impact of emotional catharsis. So it is easier for everyone to remember Qiu Si.