Qichang Zhao: Yangye Temple in Gubeikou

Gubeikou is a pass of the Great Wall in the north of Miyun County, Beijing. There is a temple on the hillside, which was built in memory of Yang Ye, a famous Song Dynasty. It's called Yangye Temple. Although the temple is small, with more than a dozen houses, it is famous and has a long history. There was also a renovation after liberation. Comrade Deng Tuo also introduced it in Yanshan Nighttalk. Regrettably, it was destroyed again in ten years of turmoil. Yangye Temple is not only an important historical site in Beijing, but also a physical witness in the history of Song-Liao relations. Yang Ye is the legendary Yang Gong Ling. The 272-volume Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty said: "karma is older than the frontier ... Qidan entered Yanmen, led thousands of riders, went out from the west, went from the path to the north gate of Yanmen, and attacked it from south to north. Qidan was defeated. " Yang Ye's real name is Yang Jiye, which is expensive. He was originally a general in the Northern Han Dynasty, but later he was named Yang Ye in the Song Dynasty. He has repeatedly made meritorious military service, so he is called "invincible Yang". But Yang Ye did not die in Gubeikou, but died of hunger strike after Chen Gugu was captured in Yanmen, Shanxi. The battle of Chen Gugu in Song and Liao Dynasties was fought in Yang Ye under the condition that the troops, terrain and fighters were completely unfavorable. The coaches Wang Shu and Pan Mei fought for each other's credit and refused to help, which led to Yang Ye's "being hit by dozens, and his foot soldiers were exhausted, and dozens of people were still fighting for their cause. The horse was seriously damaged and could not enter, but it was captured by the Khitan and died on the third day. " His son Yang Tingyu also died. It seems that Yang Ye fought bravely and died heroically. According to the records in Liao History and Song History, Yang Ye died in Liao Dynasty in four years (Song Yongxi in three years, 986). Shortly after his death, this shrine in memory of Yang Ye was established. During the confrontation between Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty, the capital of Song Dynasty was in Kaifeng, and the capital of Liao Dynasty was in Beijing, near Huang (in today's Zhaowudamang, Liaoning Province). Beijing belongs to Liao country. Today's Beijing, then called Nanjing, is one of the capital cities of Liao country. At that time, Gubeikou was not only the traffic artery between Liao and Beijing, but also the only way for Song and Liao to hire envoys to return. 1055 (the second year of He Zhi in Song Dynasty, the first year of Qing Ning in Liao Dynasty), the poet Chang Lu of Song Dynasty was here when he went to Liao country. He saw Yangye Temple and left a poem. There is a poem "Invincible Temple of Yang" in Volume 28 of his Collection of Public Poems, which says, "The westward flow does not return to Japan, and there is still a song of seven feet and one knife on Gansu." Weep should know what Jia Yi means. Life and death are two hairs in the world. According to the explanation, the temple is at Gubeikou, and the water flows west. Gubeikou is very high and surrounded by two mountains. The inlet water flows south and turns west, forming a small bend, which is still the case today. The author is Liu Changzi's original father, and The History of Song Dynasty (Volume 3 19) has been circulated. He is well-read and good at natural history and archaeology. He is a famous scholar. As far as poetry is concerned, he witnessed the arrival of water in the west, which implied the death of Yang Ye and sent him admiration and condolences. He likes scenery, pun intended, and his artistic conception is good. As a matter of fact, it explains the existence of Yangye Temple, and leaves us with a little record of landform characteristics. ..... often traveled here by land, witnessed Yangye Temple, and was moved by this sight. He remembered the loyalty and righteousness of his predecessors, lamented and felt it: loyalty and treachery in the world, and death is different from Mount Tai, so naturally he felt it. When Liu Chang became a poet, it was only sixty-nine years since Yang Ye died. 1079 (ten years of Song Xining and three years of Liao Dakang), Su Song, a poet of the Song Dynasty, was ordered to send Liao to congratulate the Khitan on his birthday. I also visited Gubeikou, and there is a poem "He Zhongxuan's Invincible Temple of Gubeikou Yang" (official Su Wei, volume 13): Xiong Bi, general of Han Jiafei, swore to defend me in Yanshan. The reputation of the great enemy is immortal and still remains in the temple. Su Song Zi Rong was also a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, and the History of the Song Dynasty was circulated. He saw Yangye Temple, which was still intact when he was doing Liao more than 20 years ago. There is a phrase in the poem "Flying Admiral of the Han Dynasty", which refers to Li Guang, the flying admiral of the Han Dynasty. Li Guang fought the Huns dozens of times and made meritorious military service, but he was held back by Wei Qing, the royal family's in-laws, and committed suicide with a knife. General Li is recorded in Historical Records. Li Guang's death was blamed on Wei Qing. Here is obviously intended to allude to the in-laws and treacherous court officials of the DPRK, Pan Mei and Wang Shu, who bridled their horses when they resisted the enemy, while Yang Yede's death was blamed on Pan Mei and Wang Shu. There is also a sentence in the poem "A teacher who will defend our Yanshan Mountain to the death". Yanshan refers to Youzhou at that time, which is Beijing today. Poetic and picturesque, Yang Ye seems to have participated in the Battle of Gaolianghe during the Song and Liao Dynasties. In the fourth year of Song Taiping, in the first year of Liao Ganheng, that is, in May 979, Song Jun went to Taiyuan and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty. In July, he attacked Youzhou in the north, that is, today's Beijing, and fought with the Liao army in the Gaoliang River (now outside Xizhimen in Beijing). Liao army once lost, and then combined with tens of thousands of nights, carrying torches rushed into Song Ying. Song Jun was defeated, and Song Taizong fled south on a donkey. Yang Yeyuan was a famous soldier in the Northern Han Dynasty. Judging from the time, it is possible to surrender the Song Dynasty first and then lead the army to attack Liao. In the name of loyalty and courage, it is also natural for Yang to protect the army in the battle of Gaolianghe, which is exactly what Yanshan Nanny said. Su Shi's poems are not far from the Battle of Gaolianghe, so what he wrote should be regarded as a true record, credible and can also supplement history. 1089 (in the fourth year of Song Dynasty and the fifth year of Liao Da 'an), Su Zhe, a poet of Song Dynasty, passed through Gubeikou again as the messenger of the Song Kingdom, and he also paid a visit to Yangye Temple. His book "Luan" (Volume 16) contains the poem "Invincible Temple of Gubeikou Yang": the temple is isolated, but the weeds still know the blood stains. Fiasco is not a war crime, and it is too just to be afraid of others. Chiqu was originally used in the Central Plains, and enjoying it can make other cities respect it. I want to be more hidden than Zhou Zi, and chatting with him is to comfort my loyal soul. There is also the origin of the word Su Zhe in the History of Song Dynasty (Volume 339). He is Su Dongpo's younger brother and two older brothers, and his father, Su Xun. Both of them are famous for their poems, so-called "Three Sus". He went to Yangye Temple to pay his respects, once again expressing his reverence for the Englishman Xun, and at the same time expressing regret for his unfortunate experience. There is a sentence in Su Zhe's poem, "I want to be more quiet than Zhou Zi, and chatting with him is to comfort my loyal soul." Zhou Zi Yin, that is, the early Zhou Dynasty in the Western Jin Dynasty, has a hidden word, which is compared with the early Zhou Dynasty in Yang Ye. Zhou lost his father in his early years and the teenager dropped out of school. He was taught by famous Lu Ji and Lu Yun, and he repented. The drama "Eliminating Three Harms" came out, which is about Zhou's repentance. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Sima Tong, a former imperial adviser, viceroy and king of Liang, broke the law and was corrected by him, holding a grudge. In 296 AD, Qi Wannian, the clan leader, opposed Jin, and Sima Tong, together with the courtiers, urged the early Zhou Dynasty to lead troops to fight together. 70,000 soldiers, 5,000 soldiers, knowing that they will die. I could have refused my life on the grounds that my mother was ill, but I was finally ordered to go out. As a result, I was outnumbered, my backup didn't continue, and I died. At the beginning of the week, he was persecuted to death by Sima Tong, the queen mother of the West. Obviously, the so-called "killing children" or "killing Pan" is a condemnation of the traitor Pan Mei being trapped in Yang Ye. Only killing Pan Mei can be enough to comfort the loyal soul. Pan Mei was not only the minister of North Korea, but also the emperor's in-laws. In 985, his second daughter married Wang Han Yuan Kan, the third generation prince of Song Taizong, who was later Song Zhenzong. In 997, when Zhenzong ascended the throne, Pan Shi died and was made queen. Pan is a member of the royal family, powerful and hated, and dare not tell anyone. Su Zhe arrived in Gubeikou 34 years later than Liu Chang. After more than 30 years of ups and downs, the glory of the temple has not been eroded. It still stands on the hillside, enjoys "foreign respect" and is respected by people of all ethnic groups. According to historical records, almost all the poems written by Song people who passed by Gubeikou to pay homage to Yang Ye Temple are consistent. Both Bi Xing and honest and frank praised Yang Ye's loyalty and courage and Pan Mei's treacherous hero. Yang Ye in history, although he didn't know books, was a soldier all his life, and he was very strict in running the army. Often practice with the sergeant, * * * share joys and sorrows, so the soldiers are willing to use their lives and be invincible. After his death, Song Taizong wrote that Yang Ye was "sincere, firm and inspiring". Give his family a thousand silks of millet stones as a posthumous gift for autumn. According to the grace system at that time, Yang Ye's son Yan Lang, that is, Yang Liulang, who is often mentioned in operas, was promoted to be an agreement to worship ceremonies, and was also promoted to other scholars. The imperial edict also said that "the group commanders failed to keep their promises, the reinforcements stopped, and they were alone and died without returning." This means that * * * fight together, Pan Mei and others are not willing to help. Pan Mei, the royal family, was demoted from a false title to Taibao, but his real role remained unchanged, and his surname was restored the following year. Head coach Wang Shu was relieved of his post. Yang Ye's loyalty and bravery were remembered by people at that time, and were widely loved by people later. Because of this, the novel about "Yang Jiajiang" has been circulated for a long time, and the opera has been staged for a long time. It should be noted that the death of Yang Ye, Yanmen Chenjiagu, is by no means Gubeikou, and the two places are separated by hundreds of miles. Gubeikou belonged to Liao at that time, not to Song Dynasty, but Yang Ye died fighting Liao. Isn't it strange that a temple in Yang Ye was built in Liao country? In fact, the strange thing is not strange, and the reason is simple: the local people worship him very much. Including * * *, the Khitans deeply admire his heroic deeds, so they have to risk their lives to build a shrine to commemorate them, that's all. The war was launched by the upper class of the ruling class, but people of all ethnic groups have the same respect for heroic deeds. But this truth is often not understood later, which is even more strange. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, famous scholars were dissatisfied with foreign rule and practiced "keeping records of political affairs and observing people's feelings". He also made a field trip to some Guancheng and made some practical preparations for the restoration of the Ming Dynasty. He has been to Gubeikou and seen Yangye Temple. His "Chang Ping Shan Shui" said that Chen Gugu, who fought with the Khitan in Yang Ye, was not Gubeikou, but "went to the temple by mistake". His textual research on Chenjiagu is undoubtedly correct, but he does not understand the establishment of Yangye Temple in Gubeikou. He never imagined that heroes would be universally respected and would never be restricted by nationality, place or region. What about Chenjiagu and Gubeikou? Gubeikou not only has Yang Ye Temple, but also has a "Gong Ling Village" in the west of the county seat, which is said to be named after Yang Ye's refusal to station troops in Liao. Lao has never been to Gubeikou in Feng Run County, which is even more incomprehensible to Gu. The original text contains the World Garden 1 series,1982 65438+February Author's brief introduction: Qichang Zhao (1926-20 10), a native of Anguo County, Hebei Province, a research librarian of the Capital Museum, was awarded a special contribution expert by the State Council. 1953 after graduating from the history department of Peking University, he was assigned to the cultural relics investigation and research group of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Culture and Education, and later transferred to the Capital Museum, where he worked in archaeology and history research for a long time. 1956 participated in the excavation of Dingling in Ming Dynasty and served as the captain of the archaeological excavation team. 1985-1988 curator of the capital museum. 1988 retired and later served as the director of the expert Committee of the Capital Museum. His major works include Jing Hua Ji and Historical Records of Beijing in Ming Dynasty.