A, ancestor worship carol:
Sacrificial activities prevailed in ancient times, and many ethnic groups made sacrificial songs in ráng to praise gods and ancestors and pray for disaster relief. China also paid special attention to sacrifice in ancient times, believing that "the great event of a country lies in respecting peace and glory" (Zuo Zhuan became a public figure for thirteen years). Most of the sacrificial poems preserved in Ya and San Ode mainly worship ancestors, or describe the history of the tribe's occurrence and development, or praise the virtues of the princes of the previous dynasty. In short, they are works praising virtue. But these works also have their historical and literary values. Zhou's five epics, Sheng Min, Gong Liu, Mian, Yi Di and Daming, praised the achievements of Hou Ji, Gong Liu, Wang Ji and others and reflected the history of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty. From "Sheng Min" to "Daming", the historical process of Zhou people from birth to gradual strength, and finally the elimination of merchants and the establishment of a unified dynasty was fully demonstrated. The five epics reflect the great achievements of Zhou people in conquering nature, the transformation of social system from primitive commune to slave country, and the struggle to overthrow merchant rule, which is a historical portrayal of their growth and development. Therefore, they are obviously different from the temple literature of later generations.
Explain Daya Sheng Min (ZP42)
Ke Ju Ke Si: Zheng Xuan wrote: "When it comes to cigarettes, Zhou people still stink. Those who smell cigarettes accumulate firewood and sacrifice their bodies, or jade and silk burn and smoke up, so they report yin." In summer, aquatic dishes (later thrifty in Sanjin) were still popular in Yin people (Dongyi, Zheng Wei, Song Qi and Chu), and Zhou people were heavy.
Wu Minxin: Mr. Wen Yiduo said: Walking on the Wu Min is a symbolic dance. "The so-called emperor is a corpse representing God. The corpse dances in front, followed by Jiang Yuan, dancing in the traces of the corpse. It's coke, so I said,' Walking on Emperor Wu Min' and dancing with the corpse is very happy. " You You Jie Zhi refers to Lin Guangyi as "Qi": the rest are true. After the dance, they stopped in a claustrophobic place, so they got pregnant. "(myth and poetry)
What is actually described here is the ancient courtship ceremony.
Song Zhou Zhifei's "A Spiritual Watch": Every October, people hold an activity to worship King Dubei. In front of his temple, they will meet men and women who have no husbands, and each group of men and women will dance together, which is called stepping and shaking. When both men and women agree, the man jumps forward and goes back to the person he loves, so that the husband and wife settle down. This is the relic of courtship ceremony in primitive carnival. And "brave with the emperor" should be one of many forms.
Lu Qingciyun The Journey to the West: On festivals of Miao people, men in blowing sheng drum, women follow, dance back and forth, raise their hands and stamp their feet, which is called kick-dancing. However, this dance of Miao nationality has lost its original meaning. They just symbolically performed the carnival dance of their ancestors. After the Miao people were exiled to Fuxi, it is said that Fuxi was born because of his mother Hua Xu.
The myth of "following the emperor's footsteps to have children" is actually a reflection that only Anemarrhena asphodeloides in matriarchal society does not know his father, and it also reflects the historical background of matriarchal society entering paternal society. It reflects the historical picture of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties and people's religious concept of worshipping heaven and ancestors.
Artistic: This poem eulogizes Hou Ji's achievements in narrative way, which seems to be a biography of Hou Ji. The process of Hou Ji's birth, abandonment, cultivation and sacrifice is vivid and meticulous. Ten states in the process of grain growth are described by formulas: bud, seed, bud, flower, show, firmness, goodness, glume and millet. Draw the growth of beans, cereals, hemp and melons. This paper describes six steps of grain treatment. Fine and vivid. Sun Zhen's evaluation of the Book of Songs: "The second narrative is not only to record its events, but also to describe its appearance. Its shape is like fiber and its state is unique."
Legendary color: pregnant after walking on the emperor's path, born like a meat ball, unable to open it, abandoning differences, born and standing, born with knowledge of agriculture, descended from heaven.
Second, farming poems:
China has a long history of agriculture, and agricultural planting activities started very early. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture in the late Neolithic period marked the initial development of agriculture. Zhou people linked their ancestors with the invention of agriculture, which shows the position of agriculture in Zhou people's social and economic life. In the era of The Book of Songs, agricultural production has occupied an important position. The works in The Book of Songs are not only branded with agricultural civilization in moral concepts and aesthetic tastes, but also produce some agricultural poems that directly describe agricultural production and life and related political and religious activities.
In the early Zhou Dynasty, the rulers attached great importance to agricultural production. At the beginning of a year's farming activities, a grand ceremony will be held to pray for a bumper harvest from God. The emperor personally led his ministers, doctors and agricultural officials to the symbolic ploughing field of the Zhou Emperor. After the autumn harvest, a grand ceremony will be held to thank the gods for their gifts. The works in The Book of Songs, such as Gongchen, Xixi, Fengnian, Zaiheng and Liang Zhen, are all sacrificial songs when plowing, praying for the valley in spring and summer and offering sacrifices in autumn and winter. This kind of works truly records the religious activities and customs related to Zhou people's agricultural production, and reflects the mode and scale of production, the prosperity of agricultural economy and the development level of productive forces in the early Zhou Dynasty.
Explain "July"
July is a farming poem and the longest poem in the wind, with 8 chapters, 88 sentences and 380 words. Its greatest value is the value of historical materials, which scholars who study ancient agricultural development and ancient climate must refer to.
In art, this poem is praised too much, saying that it is "without preparation, beauty will achieve." "This is the best in the world" and "This is a great product", all of which lack the vision of development. Cui Shu in the Qing Dynasty said, "Reading July is like entering a paradise. plain clothes is plain and innocent, and it is prosperous in ancient times." The evaluation is more pertinent. Indeed, this poem was inadvertently constructed and blurted out. Fu was written in July, combining customs and scenery with farmers' lives in the order of farming activities, and simply and vividly describing the living conditions of farmers in the Western Zhou Dynasty. This is the artistic feature of July.
Third, Yan Yan's poems:
There are also Yan Yan's poems in The Book of Songs, which mainly reflect the joy and harmony of the upper class. The Zhou Dynasty was an agricultural patriarchal society, and the clan relationship was an important link to maintain the society. Most of the princes and ministers in the Zhou Dynasty were children or in-laws. The Zhou rulers attached great importance to consanguinity and used this patriarchal relationship to strengthen their rule. Yan Yan has a political purpose, not just for pleasure. In these feasts, the way of kissing and the meaning of patriarchal clan system are brought into play. Many other works in The Book of Songs also show a strong patriarchal concept and blood relationship.
Explain Xiaoya Luming Literature.
This poem is a poem for emperors to entertain guests, and later it was also used for nobles to entertain guests. The ceremony in the banquet embodies the rules of ceremony and people's inner moral demeanor. Yan Yan's poems praise the orderly and harmonious relationship between the host and the guest; But for those banquets that can't control themselves according to etiquette and indulge in wine, it is negative. Rites and music culture is an important part of Zhou culture, and The Book of Songs is the carrier of Zhou culture to a great extent. Yan Yan's poems reflect some aspects of the ritual and music culture in the Zhou Dynasty in the form of literature.
The whole poem begins with Luming Literature. The first chapter is about playing music, the second chapter is about drinking, and the last chapter is about playing music and drinking. Emotionally speaking, it is closer from chapter to chapter; In terms of atmosphere, each chapter is more enthusiastic than the next. At the end of the chapter, it reached the climax of "harmony and joy", and the levels were very clear.
Four, hatred thorn poem:
After the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty declined, the dynasty was scattered, the society was turbulent and the politics was dark. There are a lot of bitter poems that reflect the chaos and criticize the current politics. These poems are called "changing wind" and "changing elegance" by later generations. (The so-called "change the wind" and "change the elegance": The Book of Rites says: "Be gentle and honest, and teach poetry". Gentle and sincere is the subjective interpretation of the works of The Book of Songs by later scholars after they were brought into the ethical track, that is, "being happy without lewdness, being sad without injury". There are indeed many obscure works in The Book of Songs, but there are also some outspoken and abusive works. These works are called "changing wind" and "changing elegance" by later generations. Its characteristics are "worrying about the world" and "worrying about life". Liu Xizai's "Art Outline" such as "Sacrifice to Nanshan" and "Rain without Meaning in Xiaoya" reflect the reality that Li Wang and Wang You have heavy taxes, dark and decadent politics, numerous social ills and poor people. Feng Wei's Cutting Tan, His Storytelling, Gao Feng's New Terrace, His Metric Wall, His Watching the Mouse, Qi Feng's Nanshan and Chen Feng's Zhu Lin are all national traditions, or satire can be obtained for nothing. Under the background of the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the collapse of rites, the lack of politics and religion, the abolition of human relations and the harsh criminal law, officials, nobles, doctors and people from all walks of life sympathized with the troubled times, worried about the country and the people, criticized the shortcomings of current politics and society with poems, and lamented their life experiences.
Five, the war corvee poem:
Narrative poems and lyric poems about war and corvee are called war corvee poems, and there are about 30 such poems. War and corvee are generally called "king's affairs" in his works: the king's affairs are vague and not mentioned. Wang is too busy to be an artist. ("Tang Tiyu") Wang is anxious, anxious for my parents. ("Xiaoya Beishan")
Participating in the war corvee is an obligation that Zhou people must fulfill. Theme of War Corvee Poems: As Zhou people attach importance to agriculture and respect their relatives, on the whole, most of the war corvee poems show war-weariness and strong homesickness and affection. This highlights the strong psychological characteristics of Zhou ethnic farming culture. The Book of Songs reflects the war corvee from two aspects:
First, resist and attack neighboring ethnic groups (active defense). Since the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been invaded by foreign countries, such as the armadillo in the north, Xu Rong and Huaiyi in the southeast, and Jingchu in the south. These tribes are still in the nomadic stage and have not yet entered the door of civilization. The difference in educational level and the greed for their children's wealth (sages) made them crack down on the relatively rich Zhou nationality with agriculture as the main body. So there are war poems. Zhou people in Xiaoya, Qin Feng, Wuyi (with ghosts), Daya Changwu and Daya Jianghan (with Jingchu) created agricultural civilization, and they loved the peaceful and stable agricultural living environment. Therefore, more war poems show weariness of war and yearning for peace, full of sadness. For example, "Xiaoya Cai Wei" was sent by soldiers who participated in the war on their way home. The northern armadillos invaded the Zhou Dynasty, and the soldiers went out to defend the country. The author's crying that "the shame of being alone is a ghost" shows that he hates ghosts, not Zhou Tianzi. The poet is full of anger at the invaders, and his poems are full of agitation to defeat the invaders, but at the same time he is tired of not returning for a long time and fighting for a long time, and he is infinitely sad about his own suffering.
Second, suppress the rebellion at home. After the destruction of Yin, his son Wu Geng was appointed as Yin Taishou, and Uncle Cai and Uncle Huo were appointed to supervise Wu Geng. After his death, the Duke of Zhou came to power, and Wu Geng, Cai Shu, Hou Guo betrayed him one after another. Duke Zhou led his army to the East. After three years of fierce fighting, the rebellion was finally put down. Such as Dongshan. "The East Mountain of Guifeng" completely reflects the war-weariness of foot soldiers. Soldiers who have been in the war for three years are sad and happy on their way home, imagining the situation in their hometown and how they feel when they get home. "I" was requisitioned for a long time, and now I finally took off my military uniform and put on casual clothes, and I don't want to March and fight any more. On my way home, I saw the desolate scene after the war. The countryside was deserted, turtles and spiders were circling the house, elk were wandering and fireflies were flashing. But this scene is not terrible. What is more painful is that my wife lives alone in the house, looking forward to the return of "I". Looking back on the wedding, beaming, lively and beautiful scenes, reunion after a long separation, maybe better than the wedding? Here, there are both happy yearning for reunion with relatives after returning to China and worries about the uncertain future. The whole poem combines reality with the poet's imagination and memory, and describes the psychological activities of "I" such as excitement, sadness, joy and anxiety in a very delicate way. The poet's weariness of war and longing for a peaceful life are fully reflected.
If there are several exciting works in war poems besides the feeling of homesickness for war, then the corvee poems in The Book of Songs are completely tired of the grief and indignation of the corvee. Whether doctors serve the emperor or officials, or the lower people serve the monarch, they all show strong dissatisfaction from the soldiers. For example, Feng Wei Percy is about a woman who is miserable because she misses her husband far away. What's the point of dressing up when women are pleasing themselves and their loved ones are not in sight? Frank and simple wrote the homesickness and sadness of homesick women. Mr. Feng Wang in the Service also expresses his dissatisfaction with service politics in the tone of thinking about women. At dusk, cattle, sheep and other livestock go home on time, but the husband can't come back. This is an emotional situation. The idyllic rural scenery is permeated with the endless lovesickness and sadness of homesick women.
Sixth, love poems. Poems reflecting marriage and love life occupy a large proportion in The Book of Songs, which are not only abundant in quantity, but also rich in content, including love songs reflecting the love between men and women, marriage and family poems reflecting wedding scenes and family life, and abandoned wives poems expressing the pain brought to women by unfortunate marriage. These works are mainly concentrated in the "national style" part, which is an important part of the Book of Songs and the most exciting and moving chapter.
The love poems in The Book of Songs widely reflect the happiness, joy and frustration of men and women's love life in that era, and are full of frank and sincere feelings. Unrequited love poem: Nan Zhou Guan Ju; A poem about love between men and women: Jingnv at Gaofeng; Women's yearning for men: Zheng Fengji, Zheng Fengchu's East Gate; Poem for Freedom of Marriage: Yan Feng rice congee: Poem on Abandoning a Wife: Meng and.
Explain the meaning of Meng and Meng.
Self-protection describes the process from love, marriage to abandonment in the tone of an ordinary woman. The whole narrative and lyric are integrated into one, which skillfully integrates the event process with the thoughts and feelings of the abandoned wife. In the heroine's remorse description of her love, marriage and the experience of being abused and abandoned after marriage, she shows a strong, self-loving and decisive character.
Gu Feng tells the story of her diligence, virtue and her husband's infidelity with concrete facts, and accuses her husband of his bad behavior of liking the new and hating the old, and getting the new and donating the old. Objectively reflects the tragic fate of women.
The Artistic Features of The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is the beginning of China s realism;
The Book of Songs pays attention to reality and expresses the true feelings caused by real life. This creative attitude makes it have a strong and profound artistic charm. It is the first milestone of China's realistic literature.
Fu, comparison and xing techniques;
The application of Fu, Bi and Xing is not only an important symbol of the artistic features of The Book of Songs, but also opens the basic techniques of China's ancient poetry creation. There have always been many arguments about the meaning of Fu, Bi and Xing. In short, what Fu Shuo meant was the truth, that is, the poet expressed his thoughts, feelings and related things in a straightforward way. Comparison is a kind of analogy. Comparing one thing with another, the poet has skill or emotion and uses one thing as a metaphor. Xing is touching things to stimulate words, and objective things trigger poets' emotions and cause poets to sing, so it is often at the beginning of poems. In poetry creation, Fu, Bi and Xing are often used together to shape the artistic image of poetry and express the poet's feelings.
The application of "Xing" in The Book of Songs is complicated, and some of them only play the role of regulating rhythm and arousing emotions at the beginning, and the connection between Xing sentences and the following paragraphs is not obvious. Such as "Xiaoya Yuanyang": "Yuanyang is in the beam, hitting its left wing, and a gentleman will be happy for a thousand years." Xing sentence has no meaningful connection with the blessing words in the following two sentences. Xiaoya Baihua begins with the same sentence, but expresses resentment: "Yuanyang is in the beam, patting its left wing." The son is unscrupulous, and his virtue is two or three. "This has nothing to do with the original intention, but coordinates the rhyme of the first poem, causing the following rise, which is a relatively simple sentence in the Book of Songs. There are many sentences in The Book of Songs, which are euphemistic and obscure and related to the following. It is an indispensable part of the artistic realm of poetry to set off the surrounding atmosphere or attach a symbolic central theme. " Zheng Fengye squirms "a delicate and charming girl, as fresh and lovely as grass dripping with dew." The green and interesting scenery and the joy of meeting the poet just complement each other. Another example is "Nan Zhou Yao Tao", which begins with "Plum and Yao Yao, sparkling". The lush peach branches and gorgeous peach blossoms are in harmony with the bride's youthful beauty and lively wedding celebration. Peach blossom ("burning its glory"), bear fruit ("solid") and flourish ("its Ye Zhenzhen"), which can also be understood as the bride's beautiful wish of having many children and grandchildren and a happy family. Poets get excited as soon as they touch things, and the sentences and words they sing are connected through artistic association, which is a symbolic relationship. In The Book of Songs, many images are vivid and memorable. Bixing is an indirect way to express feelings. Later generations often refer to Bixing as Bixing, which refers to the creative technique of expressing thoughts and feelings in the Book of Songs through association and imagination.
The most ingenious works in The Book of Songs, which use fu, bi and xing techniques, have reached the artistic realm of blending scenes and harmony between things and me, and have a direct inspiration for the creation of poetic artistic conception in later generations, such as Qin Bamboo Slips, in which the subtle changes of scenery are written in three chapters, which not only indicate the time and place for the poet to pursue "Yiren", but also render three late autumn mornings. In the narrative, the poet repeatedly lamented the sad mood that the right person could not expect, find or get because of the river barrier, and the sad autumn scenery and the sad mood merged into one, forming a lonely and intriguing artistic realm.
Third, repeat chapters and sentences: the sentence pattern of The Book of Songs is mainly four characters, four independent sentences, two to eight characters. The two-beat four-sentence has a strong sense of rhythm and is the basic unit that constitutes the neat rhythm of the Book of Songs. Four-sentence rhythm is clear and short, while complex sentence and double-tone rhyme seem to be reciprocating, and the rhythm is relaxed and slow. The repetitive structure of repeated chapters and sentences in The Book of Songs is not only convenient for repeated singing around the same melody, but also has a good effect on meaning expression and rhetoric. Many repeated chapters in The Book of Songs are all overlapped by the same chapter, and only a few words are changed to express the process of action or the change of mood. For example, Nan Zhou's Secret only changed six verbs in three chapters, describing the whole process of picking tangerines. The structure of repeated circulation and flexible use of words puts the different links of picking lotus seeds in three chapters, which complement each other and form a whole in meaning, singing and sighing, which is very graceful. Fang Yurun's "The Book of Songs Primitive Man" has a saying: "The reader tries to calm down and recite this poem, and suddenly listens to the Tian family woman. Plain embroidery field, sunny, group songs answer, lingering sound. If it is far away, if it is broken, I don't know why it is moving and why it is so bleak. Then this poem need not be detailed and complacent. "
Some overlapping sentences in The Book of Songs use the same poem in different chapters. For example, the four chapters of Dongshan use "I'm afraid of Dongshan, I won't go back." I'm from the east, and it's raining heavily. The three chapters of Nan Zhou Hanguang all end with "Han, you can't swim and think, Jiang Yongyi, you can't think". Have a plenty of in the same chapter, overlapping the same or similar poems, such as "Zhao Nan Jiang Yousi", is not only a heavy chapter, but also a refrain. In the penultimate sentence and the third sentence of the third chapter, the words "without me", "without me and" without me "are repeatedly used.
Method "Fu Bixing". The form is mostly four words.