Xiang Yu’s story
Xiang Yu
Xiang Yu, who was “a hero in life and a hero in death”, had experienced more than seventy battles and was invincible; he raised his troops. In three years, "the five princes destroyed the Qin Dynasty and divided the world. They were granted the title of prince, and the government was promoted by Yu, who was called the Overlord."
What is the fatal weakness of the character Xiang Yu? Lack of political foresight and blind pursuit of fame are Xiang Yu's Achilles' heel. He wanted to conquer the world, but he also wanted to gain fame. He was ready to overthrow King Huai's agreement, but he was also afraid of the world's criticism. He did not use Fan Zeng's plan, which reflected his stubbornness and superstition of force, and the fundamental reason lay in his psychological fragility.
Liu Bang’s evaluation of Xiang Yu: “I am not as good as Zifang (that is, Zhang Liang) in strategizing and winning battles thousands of miles away. He governs the country, cares for the people, provides food and supplies, and never stops food supply. , I am not as good as Xiao He. With an army of millions, I can win in battle and capture in attack. I am not as good as Han Xin. These three are all outstanding people, and I can use them. This is why I conquer the world because of Xiang Yu's increase. This is why I captured it."
In the second volume of high school, we studied the text "Hongmen Banquet", which gave us a deeper understanding of the character Xiang Yu.
Original text reproduced
Pei Gong came to see King Xiang from more than a hundred horses on the first day. When he arrived at Hongmen, he thanked him and said, "I and the general are fighting hard to attack Qin. The general is fighting in Hebei. I am We are fighting in Henan, but we don't expect to be able to enter the pass first and defeat the Qin Dynasty. I can see the general here again. Now I have a villain's words, so the general and his ministers have to give up..." King Xiang said: "This Pei Duke's left commander, Cao Wushang. Otherwise, why would we be here?" King Xiang left Pei Gong to drink with him that day. King Xiang and Bo Xiang sit facing east, and Yafu sits facing south. The sub-father is Fan Zeng. Pei Gong sat facing north, and Zhang Liang waited on him facing west. Fan Zeng counted the kings of Xiang and held up the jade ornaments he wore to show the three kings. King Xiang responded silently. Fan Zeng rose up, summoned Xiangzhuang, and said, "The king is unbearable. If you come forward for longevity, and your life is over, please use your sword to dance, because you will strike Pei Gong sitting down and kill him. If you don't, everyone will be captured." "Zhuang Ze entered for longevity. After his birthday, he said: "The king is drinking with Pei Gong. There is no joy in the army. Please dance with your sword." King Xiang said: "No." Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and danced. Xiang Bo also drew his sword and danced, often covering Pei Gong with his wings. , the villager cannot attack.
——Excerpted from "The Banquet at Hongmen"
Material Analysis
From the excerpt above, it can be seen that Pei Gong personally endured humiliation and submitted. This is the ambition of a man and also his ambition. Character factors that can later lead to an imperial career. However, Xiang Yu, who has always been self-willed and arrogant in his life, not only had no doubts in his heart when Pei Gong came to the Hongmen Banquet to apologize, but instead betrayed Cao Wushang, who was his informant. Not only that, he was sitting in an honorable position at the banquet, showing an arrogance that he was the only one in the world, but he ignored Fan Zeng's signal that he was determined to kill Liu Bang, thinking that Liu Bang would have to surrender to him sooner or later.
Applicable topics
Certain shining points in Xiang Yu’s character, such as not fearing power, not playing tricks, and being aboveboard, should be affirmed. This character trait is suitable for the topic "Choice of the Soul" ", "Integrity", "Expressing personality", "Listening", "Happiness and way of thinking", etc.; character shortcomings such as stubbornness, lack of vision, weakness, indecisiveness, etc. should be discarded. This character trait is suitable for the topic "Tolerance" ", "People and Roads", "Talk about Spirits", etc.
Zhang Xancao borrowed arrows
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty escaped from Chang'an, the Anlushan rebels invaded Chang'an. Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi heard that Chang'an had been lost and had to abandon Hebei. Li Guangbi retreated to Taiyuan, and Guo Ziyi returned to Lingwu. The counties and counties in Hebei that had been recovered fell into the hands of the rebels again. Before the rebels entered Tongguan, Anlushan sent Linghuchao, a surrendered general of the Tang Dynasty, to attack Yongqiu (now Qixian County, Henan). Linghu Chao was originally the magistrate of Yongqiu County. When An Lushan occupied Luoyang, Linghu Chao had already surrendered. There was Zhenyuan County near Yongqiu. The county magistrate Zhang Xun was unwilling to surrender, so he recruited a thousand strong men and occupied Yongqiu. Linghu Chao brought 40,000 rebels to attack. Zhang Xun and the Yongqiu soldiers held on for more than sixty days. The soldiers wore armor, ate, bandaged their wounds and fought again. They repelled more than 300 attacks by the rebels and killed a large number of rebels, forcing Linghu Chao to retreat. The second time, Linghu Chao gathered people and horses to attack the city. At this time, news of the fall of Chang'an had reached Yongqiu. Linghu Chao was very happy and sent a letter to Zhang Xun, urging him to surrender. News of the fall of Chang'an spread among the Tang army officers and soldiers. There were six generals in Yongqiu City, all of whom turned out to be very prestigious people. Looking at this situation, they were all shaken. They went to Zhang Xun together and said, "There is a huge difference in power between the two sides. Besides, we don't know whether the emperor is dead or alive. We might as well surrender." When Zhang Xun heard this, his lungs exploded with anger. But on the surface, he pretended to be nonchalant and promised to discuss it with everyone tomorrow.
On the next day, he summoned all the officers and soldiers in the county to the hall, called six generals to him, announced that they had committed the crime of betraying the country and shaking the morale of the army, and beheaded them on the spot. When the soldiers saw it, they were very excited and expressed their determination to resist to the end. The rebels continued to attack the city, and Zhang Xun organized soldiers to shoot random arrows at the top of the city to push the rebels back. However, as time went by, the city ran out of arrows. Why isn't Zhang Xun anxious about this matter? Late one night, it was dark above Yongqiu City, and there were hundreds or thousands of soldiers in black clothes, climbing down the wall along ropes. This incident was discovered by Linghu Chao's soldiers and they quickly reported it to the general.
Linghu Chao concluded that Zhang Xun sent troops for a sneak attack, so he ordered the soldiers to fire arrows at the top of the city until the sky turned white. When the rebels took a closer look, they saw clearly that all the people hanging on the city walls were straw figures. Over there at the head of Yongqiu City, Zhang Xun's soldiers happily pulled the draftsman away. Those thousand straw men were densely packed with arrows. The soldiers were a bit rough and had hundreds of thousands of them. In this way, you don’t have to worry about arrows in the city! A few days later, just like that night, another "straw man" appeared on the city wall. Linghuchao's soldiers were angry and amused when they saw it, thinking that Zhang Xun had come to deceive them again. No one paid any attention to it. Little did he know that the people hanging on the city this time were not straw men, but 500 warriors sent by Zhang Xun. These five hundred warriors took advantage of the rebels' unpreparedness and launched a surprise attack on Linghu Chao's camp. It was too late for Linghu Chao to organize resistance. Tens of thousands of rebels lost their command and ran in all directions. They fled more than ten miles away before taking a breath and stopping. Linghu Chao fell into the trap one after another and was so angry that he gritted his teeth. After returning, he increased his troops to attack the city. Zhang Xun sent his general Lei Wanchun to command the defense at the top of the city. When the rebels saw a general appearing at the top of the city, they fired their arrows. Lei Wanchun was unprepared and was hit by six arrows in the face. In order to calm the morale of the army, he endured the pain and stood motionless. The rebel soldiers thought that Zhang Xun was full of tricks and must have put some kind of dummy to deceive them this time. Later, Linghu Chao learned from a spy that the "wooden man" who stood still after being hit by an arrow was General Lei Wanchun, and was shocked. Linghu Chao shouted outside the city, asking Zhang Xun to meet him. Zhang Xun went to the top of the city. Linghu Chao said to him: "I saw General Lei's bravery and knew that your military discipline is indeed strict. But it's a pity that you don't understand the destiny!" Zhang Xun sneered and replied: "You can't even be human beings." You don’t even understand the truth, so why talk about destiny!” After saying that, he ordered the soldiers to rush out of the city. Linghu Chao was so frightened that he turned his horse and ran away. The fourteen rebel generals under him were all captured alive by Zhang Xun. After that, Linghu Chao stationed troops in the north of Yongqiu and continued to harass Zhang Xun's grain road. The rebels often numbered tens of thousands, while Zhang Xun's troops numbered only a thousand. However, Zhang Xun attacked when he saw the opportunity and always won the battle. A year later, Xu Yuan, the prefect of Suiyang (now Shangqiu, Henan, Suī in Suī), sent an urgent document to Zhang Xun, saying that the rebel general Yin Ziqi would lead an army of 130,000 to attack Suiyang. Zhang Xun received the urgent document and quickly led his troops to Suiyang.
Qu Yuan’s Story
Qu Yuan
Qu Yuan’s period was the eve of China’s imminent unification. “The emperor of Qin was the emperor horizontally, and the king of Chu was the emperor vertically. "Qu Yuan was born into a noble family, and he was good at managing chaos and adept at rhetoric. Therefore, he was deeply favored by King Huai of Chu in his early years, and he was promoted to Zuo Tu and San Lu Dafu. In order to realize the great cause of the unification of Chu State, he actively assisted King Huai to reform and strengthen himself internally, and firmly advocated uniting Qi to resist Qin externally, which made the Chu State become rich and powerful, and powerful among the princes. However, due to sharp conflicts between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in domestic and foreign affairs, and due to the jealousy of Shangguan officials and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a small group and alienated by King Huai of Chu. He was eventually expelled from the capital of Ying. Hanbei. In the 21st year of King Qingxiang's reign, Qin general Bai Qi attacked the capital of Ying. Qu Yuan was so sad and angry that he drowned himself in the Miluo River, sacrificing his political ideals. During his more than 20 years of exile, Qu Yuan was always concerned about the fate of the Chu State, and wrote poems such as "Li Sao", "Heavenly Questions", "Calling the Soul", and "Sorrow" one after another, expressing his unwillingness to decay with darkness. position and determination to collude with other forces.
High school texts "The Biography of Qu Yuan", "Li Sao", "Mrs. Hunan", etc. all mention Qu Yuan.
Original text reproduced
King Qu Pingji did not listen to what he heard, the frame-up obscured the light, the evil tune harmed the public, and the uprightness was not tolerated, so he wrote " "Li Sao". "Li Sao" means "Li Sao". Heaven is the beginning of human beings; parents are the foundation of human beings. When a person is poor, he goes against his roots, so when he is extremely tired from work, he does not stop calling out to heaven; when he is sick and miserable, he does not stop calling his parents. Qu Ping went straight on the right path, devoted his loyalty and wisdom to serve his king, and slandered the world. He was poor. If you are trustworthy but you are doubted, if you are loyal but you are slandered, how can you not feel resentful? Qu Ping's "Li Sao" is based on self-pity. He is called Emperor Ku at the top, Qi Huan at the bottom, and Tang and Wu are mentioned in the middle to clarify world affairs. The morality of the Ming Dynasty is widely respected, and the order of governance is endless. His writing is simple, his words are subtle, his ambition is clean, and his conduct is honest. It is said that the text is small but its meaning is huge, and its meaning is far-reaching. His ambition is pure, so he is called "Fang Wu"; his behavior is honest, so he will not tolerate death. From the dredging mud, cicadas are sloughed off from the filth, except for the floating dust, and do not get the filth of the world, and they are immersed in the mud but not soaked. If you push this ambition, you can compete with the sun and the moon for glory.
——Excerpted from "The Biography of Qu Yuan"
Material Analysis
In Qu Yuan's poem "She Jiang" he wrote: "I and the heavy I traveled to the gardens of Yao, climbed to Kunlun and ate jade flowers. I live as long as the heaven and the earth, and shine with the sun and the moon." This was written by Qu Yuan in anger when he was framed by traitorous ministers and exiled by the king of Chu. As Sima Qian said: "If you are trustworthy but you are doubted, if you are loyal but you are slandered, how can you not have any resentment?" So he wrote the poem "Li Sao" to vent his anger. However, the noble thing about Qu Yuan is that no matter what kind of blows and flattery he suffered, he always persisted in his own integrity. Therefore, Sima Qian praised: "If you push this ambition, it will compete with the sun and the moon."
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Applicable topics
Applicable topics include “shoulders”, “position and value”, “I want to hold your hand”, “emotional closeness and cognition of things”, “ "Responsibility", "ideal", "persistence", etc.
The story of Li Qingzhao
Li Qingzhao
Li Qingzhao's girlhood and girlhood life were happy , but in 1127 AD, Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, fled south, and a large number of literati and poets fled with him. At this time, Li Qingzhao's husband was dead, he had no fixed place to live, and half of his country was in exile. The monarch was driven away, and the people were displaced. As a talented woman with a wealth of knowledge and an intellectual at the commanding heights of social thought, how could she not be "sad" in the face of this situation? There were also Lu You and later Xin Qiji. But these men could go to the court to discuss politics and fight on the battlefield, and they could make wine and drink and fight. She traced the history for thousands of years, but she could never find a close friend. , this "how can the word "sorrow" be so big? So, a delicate woman had no choice but to borrow a bold poem and wrote "Be a hero in life, and be a hero in death. "I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross the Yangtze River" to express the tragic patriotic feelings of a man.
We are all familiar with Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice" and "One Cut Plum", and even sing loudly.
Original text reproduced
Slow voice
Looking for it, deserted and miserable, it is most difficult to stop drinking three cups and two cups when it is warm and cold. How can light wine defeat him? The wild geese are passing by, but it is an old acquaintance.
The ground is covered with yellow flowers, and there is no one left to guard the window. How can it be dark when you are alone? The phoenix trees are covered with drizzle, and at dusk, how can you be so sad this time?
Material Analysis
"Slow Sound" is Li Qingzhao's masterpiece in his later years. At that time, the Jin army invaded and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. Her husband Zhao Mingcheng, who had similar interests, also died of illness while in office. During the process of fleeing to the south, all the gold and stone cultural relics that the couple had collected during their lifetime were lost. What Can Qiu sees, hears, and feels expresses his loneliness, desolation, and melancholy. The author's deep sorrow is not the kind of sorrow, but the invasion of Jin soldiers, the loss of the country, the displacement of the people, and the corruption of the government. Produced under a social background, this gives the emotional color of this poem a basis of the times and a certain degree of reality and social significance.
Applicable topics
Even in the modern era. In the face of national hatred and family feud, Li Qingzhao still did not forget his mission and wrote "I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong" to use self-discipline. This example is suitable for the topics "Carving the Angel in the Heart", "Remembering and Forgetting", "Specialized "One and Forgetting Love", "Spiritual Water", "Memorial", etc.
The story of Ruan Ji
Ruan Ji
Ruan Ji, a writer and thinker in the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty. He has a wide range of interests, is well-read, and is versatile. He studies Confucian classics, also loves to read Lao Zhuang, and learns martial arts, can whistle, is good at playing the piano, and also likes to drink. Ruan Ji despises etiquette and looks down upon people with customs. ; In the later period, he became a "non-verbal person" and often resorted to drunkenness to protect himself in the complicated political struggles at that time.
Ruan Ji retired to the mountains to avoid being implicated in the political struggle between Cao Wei and the Sima clan. A representative of the famous celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he was also a representative figure of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove". He escaped from reality, leaving people with infinite confusion and being unable to realize the realm of life that dances between dreams and reality.
Ruan Ji, there is an article in the second volume of the high school Chinese textbook that says "Ruan Ji does not adhere to etiquette"
Original text reproduced
Ruan Ji does not adhere to etiquette
The most filial nature, mother's death. I was playing chess with someone, and I wanted to stop the opponent. I drank two fights, raised a trumpet, and vomited several liters of blood. Before I was buried, I ate a steamed gizzard, drank two fights of wine, and then said my farewell. When he raised his voice, he vomited several liters of blood, destroyed his bones, and almost died. When Ji is happy and comes to pay homage, he rolls his eyes and retreats without feeling happy. When my younger brother Kang heard about it, he made it with wine and a harp. He was so happy that he saw blue eyes. This is why people of etiquette and law are as angry as enemies.
Ji’s sister-in-law tastes return to peace, and Ji’s sister-in-law meets and says goodbye. Or they may ridicule her by saying, "How can I be tricked by etiquette?" The young woman next door is pretty and should just buy wine. Ji tasted Yi drink and became drunk, so he lay down on his side. Ji does not doubt himself, and his husband observes it and does not doubt it either. The military girl was talented and beautiful, but died before marrying. He didn't know his father and brother, so he went to cry for him and returned with all his sorrow. It is magnanimous on the outside but honest on the inside, all of this kind of thing.
Material Analysis
Ruan Ji’s character is particularly unique. On the one hand, he lives a very wild life, is endowed with a bold will, and is not bound by all external etiquette; on the other hand, , In order to preserve oneself through humiliation in a world of decline and chaos, one is very restrained in one's heart. This can be seen from the behavior above when his mother died and his behavior after being drunk. And his open-minded and restrained character can still gain people's understanding and trust. Ruan Ji's poems have profound meanings, and his joy and anger are invisible, precisely because he has two seemingly contradictory personalities that can be unified in one person.
Applicable topics:
Ruan Ji pretends to be crazy and sings, despising etiquette and being clean and self-respecting. These are examples for us to learn from. Applicable topics: "Symbols", "Going and Stopping", "Carving the Heart" "angel", "road", etc.