Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden (I)

Back in the garden, one of them

Author: Tao Yuanming

Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature.

I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years.

Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past.

I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields.

The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages.

Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital.

The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village.

Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster.

There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely.

Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.

Precautions:

1, Shao: refers to youth.

2. adapt to the secular: adapt to the secular. Rhyme: artistic conception and demeanor.

3, dust net: refers to the world, the official life is dirty and introverted, such as a net. This refers to official career.

4. ostrich: a bird in a cage. Pond fish: fish in the pond. Birds miss the old forest and fish miss their hometown, which means they miss their hometown.

5. Ye Nan: A book is Nanmu. International: between.

6. Defensive: Defensive. There are two sentences in Pan Yue's Preface to Idleness: Smart officials are good at making profits, and stupid officials are upright and upright people. Clumsiness means integrity.

7. Fang: read as one side. There are more than ten acres of land around the house.

8. Shadow: Shadow.

9. Rolfe: List.

10, warm: dull appearance.

1 1, according to: gentle appearance. Market: village.

12, these two sentences are translated into the meaning that the chicken Screaming Trees is high and the dog is called Gong Shen in Ji Ming by Han Yuefu.

13, family: family. Trivia in the world.

14, virtual room: a quiet room. Leisure: leisure.

15, Fan: Fence. Fan Long: Birds store tools, which is a metaphor for official career. Return to nature: refers to return to farming and gardening. These two sentences mean that I am like a caged bird, returning to nature and free.

Translation:

I have never appealed to the secular temperament since I was a child.

I like Shan Ye.

Fall into a human trap,

It will be thirty years once you go.

Birds in cages cling to the Woods where they live,

The fish raised in the pond miss the deep pools where they lived.

Reclaiming land in southern Yuan Ye,

Go home and farm according to your foolish idea.

There are more than ten acres of land around the house.

There are eight or nine thatched houses.

Elms and willows covered the back eaves,

Peach and plum trees are listed in front of the hall.

In the distance, inhabited villages are faintly visible.

The smoke on the tree fluttered gently with the wind.

Dogs bark in deep alleys, and mulberry trees crow.

There are no worldly chores in the door,

There is a lot of free time in the empty room.

Trapped in a cage for a long time,

Now I can finally return to nature.

Appreciate:

In 405 AD (the first year of Emperor Yi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Tao Yuanming worked as a county magistrate in Pengze, Jiangxi Province, but for more than 80 days, he claimed that he was unwilling to bow down to the children in the village and hang them home. From then on, I ended my seclusion and official life, and finally went to the countryside. After I came back, I wrote a group of five poems, * * *, which described the beauty of rural scenery and the simplicity and loveliness of rural life and expressed my happy mood after retirement. This is the first song.

Tao poetry is usually plain, and there is no organized carving work. Su Dongpo, on the other hand, said: His poems are solid and full of reality. Supplement (the one with Su Zhe's book): At first glance, Yuan Ming's poems are slow, and when they are ripe, there are strange sentences. (Quoted from Lengzhai Poetry Talk) Dongpo prefers Tao Gong to be a man, and especially praises his poems. He thinks that since ancient times, no one can match him, reciting them repeatedly, knowing them by heart and singing them one by one, and writing them has a deeper experience than ordinary people. This song mainly embodies the deep charm in simplicity and the exquisiteness in relaxation.

The first four sentences, first talk about the conflict between personality and past life trajectory. Rhyme and sex refer to people's character and spiritual temperament. The so-called custom rhyme is nothing more than the modality and skills that poets have never learned to cater to the secular, play with social parties and seize opportunities. As a sincere and frank person, his nature seems to be intrinsically related to the simple countryside and quiet nature, so he loves Akiyama. The first two sentences reveal the author's lofty and aloof personality, which sets the tone for the whole poem and is also a foreshadowing. It is the fundamental reason why the poet finally resigned after entering the officialdom. However, life is often a necessity. As the official's children, entering the official career is the usual choice; As an intellectual who is familiar with Confucian classics, if he wants to succeed in society, he must also enter the power organization of society; Just to support a small family and maintain a comfortable daily life, you also need to be an official. Therefore, we have to go against our own rhyme and sexuality and rush about in the officialdom. Looking back, it was misguided and strayed into the dirty and boring secular net that bound human nature. Thirty years is a mistake of thirteen years. It happened to be thirteen years since Tao Yuanming began to be an official and finally retired. This sentence seems prosaic, but it is meaningful. The poet sighed to the countryside, just like to an old friend with deep friendship: Ah, this farewell is thirteen years! There is infinite emotion and attachment in it, but it is still hidden when written.

The following four sentences are the transition of two kinds of life. Although it was a mistake, it was emotional. Birds miss the old forest, and fish in the pond miss the old garden. The two sentences mainly describe the mood of being an official. From the above, the tone is smooth and there is no gap. Because of the use of two similar metaphors and antithesis sentences, the mood of being tired of the old life and longing for a new life is strengthened; Then turn from here to the following: land reclamation in the south, returning to the garden, logical, without trace. Clumsy response is becoming less and less vulgar, because you don't know how to take advantage of opportunities, so it's better to seize your own stupidity and don't have to reluctantly integrate into the world; Back to Tian Yuan's responsive nature, I love Akiyama because I have this nature to let this life stretch naturally and get what I want. The conflict written at the beginning is solved here.

Get rid of the conflict, the heart is happy and the mood is open. In the following eight sentences, sing the scenery around your home with Xinxin's pen. Everything described here is ordinary. Land, straw house; Elm, peach and plum; Village, smoke curled up; Dogs crow and chickens crow. But it is these ordinary things that, in the poet's pen, constitute a very quiet and beautiful, fresh and gratifying picture. In this picture, the pastoral scenery is presented to readers with its light and simple natural beauty, which makes people feel leisurely and fascinated. It's kind of like heaven. The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo. The traffic in the building is so busy that chickens and dogs hear each other. Among them, men and women dress like strangers; The yellow hair hangs low and enjoys itself. (Peach Blossom Garden) In fact, both the imaginary taoyuan and the real rural areas show one of Tao Yuanming's ideals: a reasonable society should be a society without competition, hypocrisy, external etiquette constraints, and everyone is self-employed and self-reliant. This kind of society is of course impossible to realize; Tao Yuanming's rural areas also deliberately ignored the hard and cruel side of life. But as the structure of poetry, it gives people beautiful comfort. Literature often plays such a role.

At first glance, this paragraph only feels natural and plain, but it is actually quite ingenious. There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine thatched houses, all of which are simple sketches, showing the simplicity of the owner's life. However, although there is no grandeur of carved beams and painted buildings, the elm trees behind the house and the peach blossoms and plum blossoms in front of the hall are fascinating. The first four sentences form close-ups. But this close-up is not enough for Tao Yuanming to paint a peaceful and peaceful artistic conception. So I moved my pen to the distant scene: the warm and distant village, the smoke from the kitchen in the yiyi market. Warm, it is fuzzy, and the villages are far apart, so it is fuzzy, just like a painter in China often draws a few strokes of pen and ink when he paints a vision. Yiyi described the slowly rising smoke. The scenery described in these two sentences gives people a sense of calm and serenity, as if the world is not disturbed by any force. From four close-range sentences to two long-range sentences, it is like the focal plane slowly pulling away, melting a cottage full of peasant flavor into a far-reaching background. The picture is very light, but the taste is very strong, which makes people open-minded and relaxed. After reading this, you may feel that something is missing. Yes, this scene is too quiet, it seems a little less angry. But the poet has not forgotten this. Listen, dogs bark in the deep alley, chickens crow and mulberry trees bounce, and suddenly this beautiful pastoral picture is vivid. These two sentences are paraphrased from the "cock crow" in Han Yuefu. The chicken Screaming Trees is high and the dog Gong Shen, with a slight change. But the poet never shows off his knowledge, but he can get it at hand. Instead of writing insects and birds, he wrote a very common cock crow and dog bark, because cock crow and dog bark are the most distinctive in the rural environment and the most harmonious and unified with the whole picture. In the darkness, it is hard to say whether the ideal social concept of Laozi is permeated, that is, a small country with few people, the voices of chickens and dogs are heard, and the people are miserable. Judging from the poetic context itself, these two strokes are indispensable. It properly shows the flavor of rural life, without destroying the quiet mood at all, and will not make you feel noisy and irritable. In this way, compared with Wang Ji's famous sentence, cicadas sing in Lin Jing and Tonamiyama are quieter. The well-known so-called pen-writing technique is too stressful and laborious.

From the scene, there are two sentences: the home is clean and miscellaneous, and the virtual room is more idle. Dusty refers to mundane chores, and virtual rooms are quiet rooms. As an official, there are always a lot of stupid things that you don't want to do, and a lot of boring entertainment. Now I have got rid of all of them and lived a leisurely life in a quiet place. However, the most pleasant thing is not to do nothing here, but to live according to your own wishes from now on. The whole poem ends with two sentences: stay in the cage for a long time and return to nature. Nature not only refers to the natural environment, but also refers to a natural and undistorted life. These two sentences echo the beginning again, that is, nature's love for hills, and at the same time, they are the pens that point out the theme of "returning to the garden". But this kind of echo and direction does not feel reluctant at all. The whole poem, from the intense boredom of official life to the beautiful rural scenery and the joy of a new life, naturally reveals a feeling of relief. This ending is both exquisite and logical.

Self-criticism of Tao's poems emphasized its natural and simple style, to the point where Tao Yuanming spent all his money, borrowed his calligraphy, and didn't know it as a language at first, so he was complacent and didn't bother Suo Fa. In fact, poetry is always poetry, and natural art is still art, even an art that is hard to get. It's really free, never sculpted, maybe it can be called nature, but it's by no means a natural art. Judging from this poem, it's not sloppy in planning the layout of the article, advancing step by step, and even depicting every detail. It is the crystallization of careful conception, careful choice of words and repeated tempering. There is only one emotion that really runs through the whole poem, presenting a complete artistic conception. The language of poetry is entirely to present this artistic conception, without seeking superficial beauty, so poetry appears natural. In short, this is the nature achieved through artistic pursuit and artistic efforts.

Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden (3)

Back to the garden, third place.

Author: Tao Yuanming

I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas.

Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night.

The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes.

It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.

Precautions:

1, Nanshan: refers to Lushan Mountain.

2, rare: rare.

3. Xing: Get up.

4. Desolation: Adjectives are nouns, referring to weeds in bean sprouts. Dirty: dirty. Here refers to the weeds in the field.

5, lotus hoe: carrying a hoe. Oh, take it.

6, the morning is ridiculous: get up in the morning and go to the field to remove weeds.

7, narrow: narrow.

8. Vegetation length: Vegetation. Wet (dew).

9. Feet: Worth it.

10, but: only.

1 1. wish: it means longing for rural life, not bending over for five buckets of rice and not going with the flow.

12, but do what you want: as long as you don't go against your wishes. Violation: violation.

Translation:

There is a bean field I planted at the foot of Nanshan.

Weeds are overgrown, but bean sprouts are scarce.

Get up in the morning and go to the fields to weed.

Go home with a hoe in the moonlight in the evening.

Narrow roads and lush vegetation,

The dew in the evening wet my clothes.

There is no shame in getting wet.

As long as it doesn't go against your wishes.

Appreciate:

The last two sentences of "returning to the garden and living in a small place is not suitable for vulgar rhyme" are that I have stayed in a cage for a long time and returned to nature. The so-called nature, not only refers to the rural natural environment, but also refers to the natural way of life. In Tao Yuanming's view, duplicity, taking social values as his own code of action, and blindly pursuing wealth and fame are behaviors that distort human nature and lose oneself. The natural way of life is to cultivate one's self-cultivation, eat by oneself, be satisfied with a simple life and abandon the competition and struggle between people. No matter how this understanding should be evaluated in sociology, it is an idea repeatedly put forward at all times and in all countries. Of course, as a descendant of a noble, Tao Yuanming, a scholar-bureaucrat who rarely experienced the hardships of real life, relied entirely on his own physical strength, which was actually difficult to support his family. And in fact, his family also has servants and apprentices with personal attachment to farm for him. But he is really trying to practice his special understanding of life and society, often taking part in some agricultural labor, and praising the happiness and beauty of this kind of labor in his poems. Readers should pay attention to: Tao Yuanming's farming can't be equal to that of ordinary farmers, because it is not his main economic means to maintain family life; Nor can Tao Yuanming's feelings about labor be equated with those of ordinary farmers, because this feeling contains profound thoughts about life and society. In ancient times, it could only appear on a few outstanding intellectuals. If you want to find a similar expression, readers can see it in Tolstoy's famous novel anna karenine. Levin in the novel is the embodiment of the author to some extent. He also personally participated in agricultural labor, seeking the truth of life, in order to criticize the hypocrisy, emptiness and boredom of aristocratic society.

So this poem looks very simple, as if it is just a fragment of daily life, but in fact there are many connotations that need to be deeply understood.

First of all, this poem subtly contains the works of predecessors, that is, a poem by Yang Yun (the grandson of Sima Qian) in the Han Dynasty:

The field is in the south of Shannan, and the filth has not been treated. Plant a hectare of beans and they will be preserved. Eat, drink and have money!

This poem was written by Yang Yun to vent his dissatisfaction after offending and dismissing officials. According to Yan Shigu's quotation of Zhang Yan in Hanshu, Nanshan is the image of the emperor, and filth is more than the chaos of the imperial court, and beans are scattered in the wild. I give up my opinion. This statement is generally good.

Comparing the poems of Tao and Yang, the similarities are obvious. Planting beans at the foot of Nanshan is Tianbi Nanshan; When the grass is full of beans and seedlings are sparse, it is filthy and incurable; And for the saying that filth can't be cured in the morning. Considering Tao Yuanming's familiarity with ancient books, this obvious similarity can be concluded to be no coincidence.

So, what is Tao Yuanming's intention of stealing Yang's poems? First of all, this application transplanted some meanings of Yang's poems into his own. For those who are familiar with Hanshu, they will immediately think of the chaos of the imperial court and the uselessness of sages.

However, this poem is not simply detached from previous works. Planting beans and weeding written in the poem are all things in the author's real life. Tao Yuanming not only transplanted a certain meaning of Yang's poems to express his views on real politics, but also showed his attitude towards life by planting beans in Nanshan personally. In view of the metaphorical meaning that Yang's poems were far away from Nanshan and died of filth, it is a desirable choice to lead an honest and clean life and cultivate the countryside in a dirty and chaotic society. At the end of the poem, Yang said, "If you want to be happy in life, when should you be rich?" . On a certain premise, this is agreed by Tao Yuanming. However, through his own poems, he also shows that working life contains rich joy in life. Sowing the harvest when you are busy, drinking a glass of wine to entertain yourself, jumping into the big picture and forgetting the world, this is the real life, eating, drinking and having fun.

By analyzing the connotation of allusions used in this poem, we can further analyze the poem itself.

Some people say that this is because Tao Yuanming first returned to the countryside and was unfamiliar with farming. In fact, his fields are mainly not cultivated by himself, but only part of the labor, which is meaningless. There is a sentence in the first poem of the group poem "Living in the Garden for a Few Habits", which can prove that the land under Nanshan is newly reclaimed. So it is not suitable for planting other crops, so we have to plant beans that are easy to grow. Everyone who tills the fields knows this truth. If you don't consider the use of allusions, these two sentences are like an old farmer's gossip, which sounds bland and gives people a sense of intimacy.

I had to hoe when the grass was full, so I went to the fields early in the morning. This is a documentary. But the word "reasonable waste and filth" is widely used and seems to have ulterior motives. In Yang Yun's poems, filth is dead, which is a metaphor for the chaos of the imperial court. So, in Tao Yuanming's view, what caused the social chaos? That's because many people are divorced from the natural way of life, playing clever thinking and fighting for benefits. So there are wars and bloodshed all over the world. Life belongs to the Tao and food and clothing are solid. No camping, please protect yourself! This poem shows that Tao Yuanming regards self-cultivation as the fundamental principle that everyone should follow. Therefore, the treatment of garbage and filth also contains the profound meaning of rectifying the filth of the whole society through self-cultivation and self-feeding.

Taking the hoe home means that it has been working all day. Tao Yuanming is not a real farmer after all. He has servants to go to the fields with him. Even if he is not so nervous and tired at work, this day is enough. But he is in a very happy mood. I can't write such a beautiful poem because I'm not in a good mood. Moonlight filled the fields, carrying hoes, and walking home along the field path. What a beautiful picture! In another poem, Tao Yuanming said this about field work: four bodies are sincere and tired, and ordinary people are no different. Although I was very tired, I avoided a lot of injuries. This includes not only fierce fighting, but also deception between people. Living in labor is practical and powerful, so it is pleasant and beautiful.

Because it is newly reclaimed land, the roads are narrow, but the vegetation grows very high. It was getting late, and a little dew condensed on the grass leaves, which made the clothes wet. Clothes are not cherished enough. It seems that there is no need to mention or emphasize such a trivial matter. It's really a pity that the clothes are wet. Tao Yuanming, who is so open-minded, should not say anything. But clothes stains are not only a sign that clothes are wet, but a symbol. I used to be an official. Although uncomfortable, there is always a salary to support the family and lead a drunken life. Life is naturally much more difficult to resign and live in seclusion, and it is not easy for a scholar like him to work in the fields, and this situation will continue. It's easier said than done. Not many people can do it. Tao Yuanming himself is at war with the rich and the poor. It's just that the poet doesn't want to talk too far and too openly, destroying the atmosphere of the whole poem and only focusing on the small things in front of him.

However, making wishes go against wishes is the conclusion and theme of the whole poem. Desire is to maintain the integrity of personality, adhere to the ideal of life, and complete this short life with sincere attitude and natural way. This is too important. So everything is difficult, compared with it, it becomes insignificant. And I really did what I wanted to do, which is quite worthy of self-appreciation.

It is Tao Yuanming's specialty to express profound thoughts with simple words and gentle tone. Even if the reader doesn't know what allusions are used in the poem, the artistic conception and atmosphere in the poem alone can convey what the author wants to express to the reader's heart.

Poets plow fields and write poetically about labor. What a simple spoken language it is to plant beans in Nanshan; What a beautiful picture it is to bring the lotus home with the moon. Plain language and mellow artistic conception are the unique styles of Tao's poems.

Gui Tian Yuan ju Wuqi

Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden ranks fifth.

Alone in a sense of loss, I returned to my hometown with a staff member. The road was bumpy and in shock.

The mountain stream is shallow and meets my feet.

I'm drinking my newly cooked wine, and two chickens attract the latest game.

When the sun sets, the candle is lit instead.

The height is high and the height is short, and the east is getting white.

Translation and annotation

It's rough to go home alone on crutches. The mountain stream is crystal clear, so rest and wash your feet on the way. Filter the newly brewed wine at home and cook a chicken to entertain the neighbors. When the sun goes down, the room is dark, so light firewood instead of candles. High interest, short resentment, the east is turning white, and the dawn is dawning (xθ).

Make an appreciative comment

Tao Yuanming became an official at the age of 29 and has been an official for thirteen years. He always hates officialdom and yearns for the countryside. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was forty-one, and became an official for the last time. After more than eighty days, Pengze County ordered him to resign and go home. I never came out to be an official again. According to Tao Qian Biography of Song Dynasty and Tao Yuanming Biography of Xiao Tong, Tao Yuanming retired out of dissatisfaction with decadent reality. At that time, the county tour visited Pengze, and officials asked him to greet him with a belt to show his respect. He said angrily, I don't want to bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice! Tao Yuanming loves freedom by nature, but at that time, the official atmosphere was extremely corrupt, flattering his superiors, arrogant and arrogant, rampant and shameful. An upright scholar had no place in the political society at that time, let alone realized his ideals and ambitions. After thirteen years of twists and turns, Tao Yuanming finally realized this completely. The fundamental opposition between Tao Yuanming's character and political society doomed him to retire at last. From then on, he ended his life of seclusion and being an official and lived in seclusion in the countryside. After coming back, I wrote a group of poems entitled "Returning to the Garden". Gui Tian yuan ju qi San

Tao Yuanming returned to the garden, ranking third.