First, write landscape poems.
There are many excellent poems describing the scenery in Tang and Song Dynasties, but few of them are as naive as the poems about Journey to the West.
As an illusory story, there are bound to be many descriptions of illusory scenery. Because it is illusory, the poems in this book are less bound by reality than ordinary landscape poems. This is more convenient for the author to play. One of the most representative is the description of heaven, such as:
..... Golden red neon, Richie thousand spray purple fog. I saw the worse gate, blue and heavy, made of glass; Bright and beautiful, Baoyu is dressed up. ..... In the glass plate, there are many overlapping Taiyidan; Put some winding coral trees in agate bottles. ..... The fourth time: Why is the official seal horse heart, pay attention to fate?
Combining reality, this poem vividly depicts a paradise that does not exist in itself, as if there really is a paradise. The worse gate is "blue and heavy, made of glass; Bright and bright, Baoyu dressed up as "neat and simple" to describe the magnificent environment. "
Water curtain cave described it as follows:
From Bai Hong, thousands of snow waves fly;
The sea breeze kept blowing and the moonlight shone on the river.
The air conditioner is green, and the rest is moist and delicate;
The famous waterfall is like hanging a curtain.
Once again:
Moss piles green, white clouds float jade, and misty clouds shake gently. Virtual window quiet room, sliding stool plate flower. The dragon ball in the milk hole hangs on the ground and is full of exotic flowers and plants. There are traces of fire on the cliff near the cooker, and you can see the dregs by the case. The stone bed on the stone platform is really lovely, and the stone bowl in the stone basin is even more impressive. Look at that one-pole, two-pole pruning bamboo, 3.5 clubs. A few pine trees often bring rain, just like a family. The first time: Linggen pregnancy comes from the cultivation of mind and nature.
The beauty in it is appreciated by readers.
Of course, the scenery on the westbound road: villages, Woods, rosy clouds, sunset photos, temples, palaces ... are all wonderful and charming. Quote a poem about autumn as follows:
Maple leaves are red all over the mountain, and yellow flowers are resistant to the evening breeze.
Old cicadas become lazy and worry about crickets.
Lotus broken green fan, orange gold bullet cluster.
Poor goose, it's a little far to empty. Twenty-third session: Three Monks Don't Forget Books and Four Saints Try Zen.
"Maple leaves all over the mountain" is about autumn, chrysanthemums swaying in the evening breeze, cicadas "laughing" and "singing lazy" in the long journey, which seems a little sad and homesick. Love your country? Tang Sanzang may be thinking about the words of the Tang King, "I would rather twist the soil in my hometown than love two thousand gold in my hometown". Indeed, he is "endless". "Lotus broken green fan, orange fragrant gold bullet cluster" is the best sentence. In the ten words, Qiu's "killing" and "happiness" are all revealed. On the one hand, "lotus broken" is a symbol of destruction. In ancient times, autumn was the time when Guan Xing was executed. From four o'clock, autumn is cloudy; Autumn is also a symbol of war. From the five elements, autumn belongs to gold. Ouyang Xiu said, "The loyalty between heaven and earth is always based on Xiao Sha." . The other side is "orange fragrance", which shows another feature of autumn. The so-called "spring flowers and autumn fruits", autumn is the harvest season, so the poet uses the word "gold" to express his joy. The last sentence, "Poor Goose, it's a little far", expresses the emotional tone of the whole poem: No matter how much joy autumn fruit brings, after all, there is a bright future on the westbound road, and I don't know when to return to my hometown. Monks in the Tang Dynasty were homesick when they saw the geese returning.
Wu Cheng'en also has a classic, which is about snow:
Clouds are gathering and the fog is heavy. The clouds are dense and the wind is cold and empty; The fog was heavy and the ground was covered with heavy snow. It's really six flowers, and a piece of dancing Joan; Thousands of trees, each with its own jade. Powder accumulates instantly and turns into salt instantly. A white parrot loses its element, and a white crane has its feathers. In addition, thousands of rivers in Wu Chu flooded several trees in the southeast. However, it's like fighting back against Yulong 3 million, and it's really like black sheep flying all over the sky. There, Dong Guolu, Yuan Anwo and Sun Kangying studied; Not to mention the dining experience of Zhou Zhou, Wang Gongbi and Su Wu. But only a few huts are made of silver, and Wan Li is like jade. What good snow! Catkin is full of bridges and pear blossoms are full of houses. Catkin overflows the bridge, and fishermen at the bridge hang hemp fiber; Pear blossoms fill the house, leaving wild Weng to simmer. It is difficult for a guest to sell wine, but it is difficult for a pale head to Xun Mei. Sprinkle and cut butterflies, float and cut goose clothes. Round after round, rolling with the wind, layered road fans. Cold air wears a small curtain, and cold air passes through you. It is auspicious to have a bumper harvest, and it is good to congratulate the world. The forty-eighth time: the magic beckons the cold wind and heavy snow, the monk worships the Buddha and walks on the ice.
Among them, the words are very gorgeous and accurate, "six flowers, flying Qiong; Thousands of trees, each with its own jade ","short powder, instant salt ","white Ying Ge song element, Hao crane feather with. In addition, thousands of rivers in Wu Chu flooded several trees in the southeast. However, it seems that Yulong has retired 3 million, and it really flies like a broken shell. " With exaggerated metaphors, the combination of reality and reality is vivid and vivid, and the scenery of heavy snow flying all over the sky is vividly described, which makes people immersive. At the same time, a large number of allusions, such as Dong Guo Lu, Yuan An Wo, Sun Kang Ying Du, Zi You Zhou, Wang, Su Wu Rice Blanket, are used to expand the limited capacity of poetry to infinite space.
Another word that describes a painting is also highly praised by me:
Seven sages pass through the customs, fishing alone in the cold river, and layers of snow; Su Wu eats blankets, folds plums, and Lin Qiongyu writes in cold language. I can't tell you how easy it is to buy fish near Shuige, but it is difficult to sell wine on the snowy mountain trail. What's the use of going to Penghu when it's really a knee-deep place?
Without going into details, I believe readers will also like it. Such poems can be found everywhere in The Journey to the West's whole book. While enjoying the wonderful story, we also have to admire the author's superb skills in writing landscapes!
Second, poems depicting characters.
As a novel, The Journey to the West's description of characters is very important. Wu Cheng'en not only created many vivid and profound characters through the plot of the story, but also used a lot of poems to describe it.
Of course, the main purpose of this is to prepare for the storyteller to show off verbally. But if we look closely today, we will find that his poems describing characters also have their own inestimable value.
Let's talk about Wu Cheng'en's description of the magical beauty of monsters.
On the way to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures, the immortals wanted to test the sincerity of these four people, and as a result, they became four beautiful women. Wu Cheng'en made a detailed description of these four people here:
Enchanting national color, gentle and graceful heart.
The bud is so charming that the embroidered ribbon floats in the dust.
Cherry blossoms are half smiling, and blue musk deer spray when walking slowly.
Full of pearls, shaking countless treasures;
The whole body is fragrant, delicate and delicate.
What do you think of Chuva's beauty and charming face?
It's really nine days since the fairy came to earth, and the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon is cold!
Because it is "national color", it is "touching". What kind of beauty is it? Then say "how charming" and "how beautiful", and you will know that it is graceful, clean and refined, which has made people fondle it. Wu Cheng'en also refused to accept it, and indulged in kayaking for thousands of miles. "There are countless treasures and hairpins; You are all fragrant, delicate and delicate, and you have to love. All mortals are like this, not to mention Bajie?
White also became a beauty:
The ice muscle is hidden in the jade bone, and the shirt collar shows crisp breasts. Liu Mei accumulated Cui Dai, and his almond eyes shone with silver stars. The moon is very handsome and has an obvious natural character. Body like a swallow and willow, sound like a warbler. Half-life begonia blooms in a cage, and only peony blooms to make it spring.
This is a description of a demon who is beautifully dressed and has bad intentions, so he is "topless". However, the spider sisters are different. They have both Tang Priest and clothes stolen by monkeys. Their temptation and nudity come from nature, and they must be appreciated. The author also lived up to expectations. Before that, he threw out two small poems and let the wind blow out. Look:
The heart is as strong as stone, and the nature is as happy as spring.
The charming face is lined with rosy clouds, and the red lips are even.
A moth's eyebrows are small, but a cicada's temples are new.
If you stand among the flowers, you will be mistaken.
Once again:
Better than Yuxiang, more real as Huayu.
Willow eyebrows are far away, sandalwood mouth is broken.
The hairpin is stuck on the head, and the golden lotus is flashing crimson skirt.
However, just as Chang 'e approaches the lower bound, the fairy falls into the dust.
Who doesn't love a beautiful face? I didn't expect to be more generous next:
Loosen the button and untie the ribbon knot.
Breast as white as silver, the county as muddy as snow.
Elbows and shoulders are more beautiful, and shoulders are more delicate.
The belly is soft and the back is smooth.
Knee and wrist half circumference, golden lotus is three inches narrow.
A love affair in the middle reveals romance. Seventy-two times: seven lovers in Pansidong, Fountain, Bajie, get carried away.
This kind of scenery happens to be clearly seen by monkeys. So I still don't understand why he is so determined to eradicate them. These lovely beauties!
Third, the Syrian war poetry
In this book, many descriptions of battle scenes are also expressed in poetry.
In other words, these poems are actually narrative poems, only describing the war, so I call them Syrian war poems. A typical poem of the same kind should be Homer's epic.
The Syrian war poems in this book are exaggerated and bold, which are unmatched by poets in Tang and Song Dynasties. During the Republic of China, there was a poet who loved to write war messengers. He was magnificent, but I don't think he can compare with this book.
The fighting between the Monkey King and Qi Mu is described as follows:
Although sticks are different from iron, soldiers are different from soldiers.
One is Taiyi who scattered immortals to call the Great Sage, and the other is Zheng Yuanlong, a disciple of Guanyin.
Mud iron bars are hammered, and six ding and six Jia are magical; The best sticks are Tianhe Ding, Zhenhai Shenzhen Manahong.
When two real rivals meet, there are countless solutions. This one is fierce, like the wind around the waist;
How can the gun holder be compatible with the left cover and the right gear if it is not empty? At that time, the standard was shining, and this time it was camel ding in winter and winter.
Ten thousand days will be surrounded, and a cave of monsters and monkeys will gather.
Strange fog and clouds filled the hell, and the wolf smoke shot at the heavenly palace.
Yesterday's scuffle was acceptable, but today's struggle is more intense.
Mu Cha admired the Monkey King's real skill and fled after the defeat.
This poem first introduces the identities of the combatants: one is the Great Sage and the other is Long Yuan. Then the weapons are introduced: one is a mud iron bar, and the other is a wishful bar. Then there is a description of the war. Thousands of Men and Don't Empty vividly describe the fierceness of both sides of the war.
Of course, this kind of poem is the most common in this book. Almost all kinds of battles are described, so studying these will help to supplement the shortcomings of describing events in real novels, and there is no need to use words such as "postmodernism" to cover up shame!
Fourth, spread Buddhist poetry.
In the middle and late Song Dynasty, several poets and poets often participated in Buddhism and Taoism. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, due to political deception and poor fame, many people in the Han Dynasty had the idea of seclusion. All these can be seen in Yuan Zaju.
For example, the goat in Lv Zhong by Chen Cao 'an:
At the beginning of the morning, the crow quarrels, which one doesn't go to the world of mortals. The road is far away, the water is far away, and the fame is all on Chang' an Road. Today's teenagers will be old tomorrow, and the mountains are still good; People, gaunt.
Another example is Deng Yubin's "Zhenggong" order * Daoqing:
Deep in the white clouds, under the green hills, there is no winter and summer in Maoan Caotang. I have a few words of fishing and firewood, and a gourd rack. Do you save money? Do you save money? It's as strong as a storm.
Wu Cheng'en, who was also keen on fame when he was young, never got what he wanted. How many times did he take the exam, and he couldn't even get a juren? It was not until Jiajing was forty-five years old in twenty-nine years that he was admitted to Gong Sheng, who was one year old. This also made him feel a little tired of the world and tried to seek liberation from Buddhism and Taoism. Therefore, in his poems, there is a kind of tranquility and peace of Buddhism everywhere. In the impetuous modern society, it is very beneficial for us to read this kind of poem.
For example, "Recent Love"
Wan Li's boat is small and quiet, and the sound of stone is nearby.
Turn over a new leaf, less fame and fortune, climb Polygonum cuspidatum.
Count Sha Ou Kangle Road in Luwan, Lu 'an, and his wife laughs with her.
Sleep soundly, the wind and waves are rough, and you are not honored or humiliated. "
In this kind of poetry, what I appreciate most is this song "Man Ting Square":
Seeing that chess is rotten, logging is Ding Ding, walking on the edge of the cloud, selling wages and wine, laughing heartily. The sky is high in autumn, the moon pillow is loose, and the day breaks. Recognize the old forest, climb the cliff and cross the ridge, and the axe breaks the dead vine. Collect it into a load. In the market, it costs three liters per meter. Without competition, the current price is average, without careful calculation, without honor or disgrace, life is bleak. When we met, we sat quietly and talked about Huang Ting.
This word inherited all the complaints of the literati in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and described the life of a woodcutter with a detached attitude.
The following poem is crucial:
When will you stop fighting for fame and fortune? Getting up early and going to bed late is not free!
Riding a donkey and mule thinking about a good horse, the prime minister of the official residence looked at the princes.
I only worry about food, clothes and hard work. Why are you afraid of Yan Jun taking the bait?
Stepsons and grandchildren are rich, and no one wants to look back!
The artistic achievement of this poem is not very high, similar to limerick. But this poem influenced many writers of novels in Ming Dynasty. It expresses people's enthusiasm for fame and wealth and the expansion of their desires in two simple sentences: "Riding a donkey and mule, thinking of a good horse, and seeing the princes in the official residence." It really fits!
Another poem:
It's dark in Wan Li, when will the crows return to their nests?
The city is brightly lit and quiet, and it is time for the Zen monk to settle down.
The description of the environment is sad and quiet, which conforms to the origin of Buddhism and makes people calm.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the value of knowledge
Wu Cheng'en is a gifted scholar, and he loves painting. All kinds of people in the landscape, "the viewer thinks the hand is good." He stopped painting as an adult, so he didn't see his paintings handed down. Wu Cheng'en is also proficient in Weiqi. He once wrote Weiqi songs for the then national players Bao Jingyuan and Li Fu, and skillfully combined the layout of Weiqi with history and military war stories, with vivid images. When he narrated The Journey to the West's tenth game between Emperor Taizong and Wei Zhi, he also pinched out a "rotten Jing Ke":
The way of the game is more rigorous. The tallest player is in the abdomen, the lower player is on the side, and the middle player is in the corner. This is the usual method of chess players. The law says: it is better to lose a son than to lose one first. Look right when you hit the left, and look forward when you're done. First, then, then. Don't take two lives, not even your own. The width should not be too sparse and the density should not be too fast. It is better not to give up and strive for victory than to love your son's survival; Instead of walking alone with nothing to do, make up for it if it is not solid. I am widowed, seeking my life first; I'm outnumbered, so let's perform. A good winner does not argue, and a good fighter does not fight; A good fighter is unbeaten, and a good loser is not chaotic. Fuqi started with a perfect game and ended with a strange victory. Anyone who has nothing to make up for himself has the intention of invading; Those who abandon the small and don't save, have a big heart. Those who follow the trend, those who have no plans; Those who answer without thinking are on the road to failure. The poem says, "Be careful, as if you are in a valley." This is also called.
The poem says,
The chessboard is made of earth and sky, and the color is made of yin and yang.
Down to Xuanwei Tongbian, laughing and boasting about the rotten Kexian that day.
At the same time, Tang Priest's description of several paintings in a palace in a certain country in The Journey to the West also shows his research on painting. If we study carefully, we can learn a lot from it.
So the poems of Journey to the West can bring us a lot of knowledge. This is another value of it.
Intransitive verb others
We may be able to sum up a rule. In the classic novels in history, many poems are often used to express feelings. Such as China classical Four Great Classical Novels, Sanyan Erpai and so on. And The Lord of the Rings and other western countries. It may also be another reason, which is conducive to the storyteller to sing a sigh.
There are many people who study the poems in A Dream of Red Mansions and Jin Ping Mei, but few people study the poems in The Journey to the West. I summed it up, mainly because most of the poems of Journey to the West are slow words or Sanqu, which only pay attention to antithesis and not to meter. By analogy, our modern poetry. But if all this obliterates their value, it is absolutely impossible. Since this kind of poetry is well written and read, it is an existing literary form. As the basis of singing, in the classification of literature, we do not hesitate to divide them into the big family of poetry.
Studying the poems of Journey to the West can also be extended to some forms of literature in the Yuan Dynasty. As mentioned above, a poem about snow is like Guan Hanqing's "Butterflies Fly Together". Turn ghosts into thieves.
I won't describe it in detail, and I can continue what I have come.