1: Refining virtual characters
Chinese characters can be divided into two categories: real characters and virtual characters. Those with meanings that can be interpreted are real characters, such as "nouns, pronouns", etc. Those that have no meaning are called virtual words, such as "verbs, adjectives (adjectives), adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, particles, interjections, etc." Most of the words used in poems are nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and It is easier to use nouns, but more difficult to use verbs and adjectives. People in the prosperous Tang Dynasty made good use of virtual characters, opening and closing to echo, and melodious twists and turns, all of which are here. If used improperly, it will become weak and slowly disintegrate, unable to revive. Xia Zhengfu said that Ya Weng was good at using imaginary characters, as if "this river has flowed through the ages, and a hundred years of wind and sun have brought many double suns". The above shows the importance of imaginary characters, so famous poets in the past dynasties have all used imaginary characters such as verbs and adjectives. If The clever use of virtual characters makes the whole article colorful. Let's look at Wang Weizhi's poem about passing Xiangji Temple:
I don't know Xiangji Temple, but I can reach the cloud peaks several miles away;
There is no one walking through the ancient trees. , Where is the bell in the deep mountains?
The sound of springs swallows dangerous rocks, the sun is cold and green pines;
The pond is melodious in the dusk, and the poisonous dragon is calmed by Zen. The word "pharynx" in the third couplet is a verb, and the word "cold" is an adjective (note: it can also be used as a verb explanation, such as the word "green" in "The spring breeze is green on the south bank of the river"). The use of these two words makes it so. The two sentences are very clever. According to the Tang poetry chronicle: Qi Ji's early plum poem has the line "in the deep snow in the front village, several branches bloomed last night". Zheng Guyun said: "Several branches are not early, they are not as good as one." Zheng is the master of one word, and the realm of early plum is all over. As for the position of the words in the poem, the predecessors said that the second and third words should be refined. It is advisable to refine the characters 2, 4, 5, and 7. The author believes that all empty characters in the poem can be refined, and it does not need to be fixed in the above positions. Here are some examples:
Those who practice the first word are like:
The moon is drunk and the saint is in the sky, and the flowers are not the king; (Li Bai: presented Meng Haoran with a neck couplet)
The green grass on the steps reflects the spring color , the oriole has a good sound in the sky across the leaves; (Du Fu: Shu couplet with chins)
Those who refine the second character are like:
The bamboo noise returns to Huannu, and the lotus moves down the fishing boat; (Wang Wei: Couplet on the neck of a mountain dwelling in the dark autumn)
The stars hang down on the plains and the fields are vast, and the moon surges in the river; (Du Fu: Traveling at night, writing with a pregnant chin couplet)
Steaming clouds and dreamy lakes, waves shaking Yueyang City: ( Meng Haoran: Looking at Dongting Lake to present Prime Minister Zhang's chin couplet)
The sea is dark and the mountains are raining, and the flowers are bright in spring in the five mountains; (Cen Can: A couplet to Zhang Ziwei's neck in the South China Sea)
Where is Yunheng's Qinling home? The snow embraces Languan and the horse stops moving forward; (Han Yu: Left moved to Languan to show his nephew Xiang's neck couplet)
The flowers greet the sword and the stars have just fallen, and the willow flags are still dewy; (Cen Shen: He Jia Zhisheren Early Ming dynasty cervix couplet)
Those who refine the third character are as follows:
The jagged streets carry the slanting light; (Li Shangyin: Falling Flowers and Chin couplet)
Han Deng Thinking about the past, the broken geese are worried and sleeping; (Du Mu: Travel and Accommodation Couplet)
The yellow leaves are still windy and rainy, and the brothel has its own orchestra; (Li Shangyin: Windy and Rainy Couplet)
The blue sky returns to Yulei, and the trees are far away Leaving Huayang; (Wang Yuyang: Couplet on the Eight-Array Site in Mimu Road)
The hidden boat moved into the night ravine, and the beautiful house fell onto the spring platform; (Huang Tingjian: Couplet on the chin of Wang Wengong’s elegy)
The golden toad gnaws at the lock to burn incense, and the jade tiger pulls the silk to draw back the well; (Li Shangyin: Untitled Chin Couplet)
There are Bashu in the country, and the buildings are as high as the Liang; (Du Fu: Shangdoushu Temple Couplet)
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The ancient walls are still the color of bamboo, and the empty pavilion sounds like pine trees; (Du Fu: Tengwang Pavilion Couplet)
Ye Mengde's Shilin poem said: "The poet uses one word as his work, and the world knows it." But Lao Du's changes, opening and closing, are endlessly surprising and almost impossible to catch. For example, "there are Bashu and Bashu in the country, and the buildings are as high as the beams." For hundreds of years, only between the two words "you" and "self", the spirit of the mountains and rivers, the appreciation of the past and the present, can be seen outside the words. In the pavilion of Prince Teng, "the ancient walls are still the color of bamboo, and the empty pavilion sounds like pine trees." If the characters "Yu" and "Zi" are not used, the remaining eight characters can be used for all pavilions, not necessarily Prince Teng. All of these are extremely exquisite and beyond the reach of human power. However, this old man is so graceful and carefree. It is natural and there is no trace of the use of force. Nowadays, people mostly imitate the words they have already used. They are narrow and crude, which is a dead end. They don’t know the meaning and the situation. There are rhythms in the words, and all words can be used." Fan Xiwen also said about the night talk in bed: "I I read Lao Du Qutang's poem on the two cliffs recently, "The color of bamboo is like entering the sky, and the roots of clouds suddenly penetrate through the stone." The two words "Yu, Hu" are like floating clouds in the wind, flickering indefinitely. Who can trace its beauty. For example, "The country and the mountains meet each other, and the soldiers and horses have not settled down yet"; "There are still soldiers and horses in the homeland, but there are also drums and whistles in other countries", etc., all of which are used in one word."
Those who refine the fourth character are as follows:
I shed tears when I am grateful for the flowers, and I am frightened when I hate the other birds; (Du Fu: Spring Look at the Jaw Couplet)
The soul of the motherland is lost Wuyuan water, passers-by cross the stream silk; (Wang Yuyang: Gusu nostalgic neck couplet)
Fish and dragons gnaw on Sanba Road at night, snakes and birds hang in the eight formations in autumn; (Wang Yuyang: Climb the east city tower of Kui Mansion at night to look at the eight Formation diagram neck couplet)
Those who refine the fifth character are as follows:
The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring flows up the stone; (Wang Wei: Mountain Dwelling in Autumn)
Flowers The path has never been swept by visitors, and the gate is now opened for you; (Du Fu: Guests Arrive at the Chin Couplet)
The waves in the river are also surging from the sky, blocking the wind and clouds to the ground; (Du Fu: One of the Eight Poems of Qiuxing) Couplet on the chin)
Many times in this life, the past has been forgotten, but the mountain shape is still pillowed by the cold current; (Liu Yuxi: Xisai Mountain Nostalgic Neck Couplet)
The spring scenery of Jinjiang comes to the world, and the floating clouds on the jade barrier change the past and present; (Du Fu: Couplet of Climbing the Tower)
Wu Chu, the blue sky divides Jipu, and the mountains and rivers are far away into the new autumn; (Wang Yuyang: Climb to the top of Yanziji again in the morning rain)
The storks and cranes are flying high in autumn, and the river is white. The sun is treading on turtles; (Wang Yuyang: Two Chin Couplets of Climbing Jinshan Mountain)
The mountains and rivers have always been fascinated by Shanglu, and the flowers and plants have been resented for thousands of years; (Wang Yuyang: Gusu Nostalgia Couplet)
Eight Formations Looking at the wind and clouds, the waves of the river are rushing; (Wang Yuyang: Visit Zhuge Wuhou Temple in Mian County)
The person who refines the sixth character is like:
Spring breeze and spring rain, flowers in the eye, Jiangbei The water in the south of the Yangtze River beats the sky; (Huangshan Valley: The Ming Dynasty Rhyme of the Dimension is sent by the couplets)
In order to sing during the day, one must indulge in alcohol, and youth is a good companion for returning home; (Du Fu: Wen Guanjun took over Henan and Hebei neck couplets)
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After combing her bun, she returns to the mirror, and her robe is about to be changed to make it even more fragrant; (Xue Yi: Gong Ci Neck Couplet)
The person who refines the seventh character is as follows:
Autumn sails are far away on the Qingfeng River, and ancient trees are sparse beside Baidi City; (Gao Shi: Send Li Shaofu to be demoted to the gorge, Wang Shaofu to be demoted to Changsha Neck Couplet)
The wind and dust in the sea separate the brothers, and the end of the world is far away with tears; ( Du Fu: Ambition and chin couplet)
Three Chu winds and waves meet at the bottom of the cup, and the clouds and objects in Jiujiang sit in the middle and collect; (Wang Yuyang: Climbing the Jinshan chin couplet)
Lingling bells and Buddhist clouds come out, Passing by the sill of the sail every time; (Wang Yuyang: Two Neck Couplets of Climbing the Golden Mountain)
Those who refine the first and fifth characters are as follows:
Looking at me, I have no clothes to search for a bag of watermelon, and I am muddy with it. Sell ??wine to pull out golden hairpins; (Yuan Wei: Couplet to relieve sorrow and cherish the chin)
The second and fifth words are as follows:
The stars are moving in thousands of households, and the moon is near the sky. ; (Du Fu: Spring Stay Left Man's Chin Couplet)
The wind is warm and the birds' voices are broken, and the sun is high and the shadows of flowers are heavy; (Du Xunhe: The Spring Palace's Complaint Neck Couplet)
The tide is flat and the two banks are wide, and the wind is blowing. Hanging; (Wangwan: Cibei Gu Mountain's chin couplet)
The sound of the cold spring in the stream is bitter, and the mountain is empty and the leaves are dry; (Gao Shi: The Qingyi army entered Juyong's neck couplet)
Hydration The Nanjiang River is strong, and the mountain chain is dim with swords; (Wang Yuyang: Tiger Leaping Post Neck Couplet)
The lights are dim and the ghosts are stalking the mountains, and the rain stops and the dormant dragon returns; (Wang Yuyang: Futon Post Rain Neck Coupon)
< p>The clouds move and the pheasant tail opens the palace fan, and the sun circles the dragon scales to recognize the holy face; (Du Fu: Autumn and the Five Neck Couplets of the Eight Poems)When entering the garden in autumn, the flowers are old, and the tea searches for words ring in the withered intestines; ( Huangshan Valley: a long sentence with the second rhyme "Yang Junquan sending wine")
The second and seventh words are as follows:
Thunder shook the sky and the earth, dragons and snakes moved, and the rain came down and the grass and trees in the suburbs were soft; (Huangshan Valley : Qingming chin couplet)
Green wine with floating leaves is first ripe, orange slices are fragrant and yellow crabs are fat; (Liu Kezhuang: Winter scene neck couplet)
Those who refine the third and sixth characters are as follows:
When the wood leaves fall, the mountains reveal their bones, and in the evening when the smoke is flat, water and clothes are added;
The fourth and sixth words are refined like:
The fragrance of white lotus and lotus After the first rain, the red dragonfly is so weak that it can't help the wind; (Lu Fangweng's poem: the title is not recorded)
The third and seventh words are as follows:
I miss home, step by step in the clear night, and recall My brother looks at the clouds and sleeps in the daytime; (Du Fu: Hateful Farewell Neck Couplet)
The words in a poem may be true or false. If there are many true words, the sentence will be concise and the writing will be strong, but its disease lies in dullness and dullness. If it is boring, it is easy to confuse people; if there are many empty characters, the Qi and pulse will be smooth, and the wind and spirit will be elegant, making people understand at a glance, while the disease will tend to be frivolous and superficial. How to add imaginary characters to real characters is the key to mediation, which is the key to refining characters. Readers will be able to understand it in detail.
Two: Refining the Poetry Eye
The ancients also said dotting the eye in the method of refining characters, which means to add the finishing touch, saying that when used properly, it can make the whole sentence full of color. This statement comes from the argument of the Jiangxi School of Poetry, Xu Gu Chenggu Gu, Ju Ren's argument, which advocates that there must be eyes in the sentence: "There is no good poem that has no eyes in the sentence. For example, Du Fu's poem 'Wu Chu southeast slope, Qian Kun' The word "卼" and the word "fu" are used in "Day and Night Fu" (climbing the neck couplet of Yueyang Tower), and the words "han" and "in" are used in Li Bai's "The crowds are cold with oranges and pomelo, and the autumn colors are old Wutong" (climbing the neck couplet of Xie Tiao North Tower in Xuancheng in autumn). "Old characters, etc." 'Poetry Eye' was originally the common opinion of the Jiangxi School poets. However, Xu Gu's theory is not limited to one character, let alone a few characters. This theory is consistent with the aforementioned theory of refining Xu characters, but the above is limited to the category of Xu characters. The 'poetry eye' is not limited to reality and fiction. Another school advocates that the third character is the eye for five-character poems and the fifth character is the eye for seven-character poems. Pan Binglao said: "The fifth character of a seven-character poem must sound. For example, the words "turn" and "lose" in "The light returns to the river and turns over the stone wall, returns to the clouds and embraces the trees and loses the river village" (Du Fu: Return to Zhao's Chin Couplet) are also ringing characters.
The third character of the five-character poem must have a ringing sound, such as in "The round lotus floats on the small leaves, and the fine wheat falls on the light flowers" (Du Fu: for the farmer's jaw couplet). The characters "floating" and "luo" are also ringing characters. The so-called "noisy one" is where one is dedicated." Another example:
The solitary lamp burns the guests' dreams, and the cold pestle hurts the homesickness; (Cen Shen: guest house)
The white sand leaves the moonlight, and the green bamboos help The sound of autumn; (Li Bai: Titled Yuanxi Pavilion)
The night light moves the birds, and the autumn rain prohibits pedestrians; (Zhang Wei: Jinghuang Post Couplet)
The wind branches startle the magpies, The dew grass covers the cold crickets; (Dai Shulun: Guest House)
Looking for the guests’ words at the quiet window, looking for the monk Qi in the ancient temple; (Yao He: The sixth couplet of eight rhymes for the layman Wangdu)
< p>The wind dries up the inkstone water at the window, and the mountain rain slows down the strings of the piano;The moon falls in the shallow pool, and the distant trees receive the remaining stars;
The spring scenery of the Jinjiang River comes to the sky and the earth, and the floating clouds on the jade barrier change the past and the present. ; (Du Fu: Climbing the Tower and Mandarin Couplet)
Thousands of miles of mountains and rivers are separated by dawn dreams, and the singing pipes in the neighborhood send spring sorrow; (Xu Hun: Couplet as a gift to Yuya Yamen, Hedong)
The old saying of Orioles is about the beautiful spring day, Huaxue Yanzhuang is jealous of Xiaofeng; (Zhang Xiaobiao: Ancient Cervical Couplet)
And so on, it is also the same as "those who use real words to strengthen their eyes" such as:
The flowers shed tears when I feel the time, and the birds are frightened when I hate them; (Du Fu: Spring couplet)
The night tide of people comes to Guo, and the birds sing in the spring mist; (Zhang Fan: presented to Xue Dingchen)
p>The stele of the ancient temple is covered with grass, and the corridor is painted with moss; (Gu Kuang: Abandoned Temple. One theory is that it is Sikong Shu: Abandoned Temple by Baoqing)
There are wild geese in the autumn of the Galaxy, and the anvil is at night Qianjia: (Han Hong: The autumn night is about to happen)
The moon is shaking in the wild waves, and the rain is in the cold city; (Fang Qian: Farewell to brother Wei Gao's neck couplet)
The beginning of Xiyun As the sun rises and sinks into the pavilion, the mountain rain is about to come and the wind fills the building; (Xu Hun: Night view from the west tower of Xianyang City)
At what time the remaining stars are, the wild geese cross the road, and the flute sounds and people lean on the building; (Zhao Gu: Chang'an Autumn) (Looking at the chin couplet)
In the morning, I climbed the sword pavilion with clouds following my horse, and at night, I crossed the Bajiang River to wash the troops in the rain; (Cen Shen: Fenghe Xianggong's hair grows with moss)
It is said that frost has invaded the halberd, and the clouds have rolled in. Shenggeyue goes upstairs; (Xu Hun: Will go south to accompany Cui Shangshu at the banquet)
The poets all quoted Pei Jingong's poem on the rain in summer, "The thunder tree opposite, taking advantage of the rain on the steps" goes: The words "Ai" and "Cheng" are the key words in Cen Shen's poem "The cold flowers float away in tears, and the willows hang on the edge with homesickness". The words "Giao" and "Han" are prominent; Wu Rong's poem " The wind in the forest moves the local birds, and the rain in the pond fixes the flowing fireflies." The word "shift" and "ding" are good words; Chen Jianzhai's farewell poem "The cold moon is full of colors in the river, and the leaves in the dusk forest send the sound of autumn." The words "fen" and "send" are good Gong. This is also the theory that the poetic eye is not limited to the number of characters, and it is not limited to the actual characters. "White, the falling moon stirs and the sand is empty", practice the middle word. "Red goes into the tender peach blossoms, green returns to the new willow leaves", practice the second word, if you don't use the words "enter" and "gui", it is a children's language. Yang The legalist Zhu Shi said: There are words in poems, those with two eyes are wonderful, and those with three eyes are not. Moreover, the use of couplets in two lines should not be ordinary. In five-character poems, the words are mostly in the second or third line. Three characters, or the fourth and fifth characters, such as: "The drum horns are sad and desolate, the stars are falling on the Xiaoshan Mountain"; "The river lotus shakes its white feathers, and the sky thorns and green threads"; "The bamboo light is wild, The shadow of the house floats in the river" and so on. The words in the second word are: "The golden peacock is spread out on the screen, and the hibiscus is hidden in the mattress"; "The green grass outside the lake is known, and the red clouds are seen in the east sea"; "The seat is opposite the wise man's wine, and the door listens to the elder's carriage" etc. The words in the fifth character include: "Two rows of straight Qin trees, thousands of points on the top of Shushan"; "The fragrant mist and clouds make the servant girl wet, and the jade arms are cold with clear splendor"; "The official willows of the city bridge are thin, and the wild plums on the river roads are fragrant" etc. The words in the second and fifth characters are such as: "The sails on the Dibi River are steady, and the sky is clear and the wood leaves can be heard"; "The wild smoke is thin, the sand is noisy, and the sun is late"; "Chu set up the Guanhe River to be dangerous, and Wu Tunshui Mansion is wide" etc. He also said: "The seven-character formula is more difficult than the five-character formula. The characters under the seven-character formula are thicker and thicker, while the characters under the five-character formula are more detailed. If the seven characters can be cut into five characters, it will not be a poem, and every word must be removed. The so-called sentence It is necessary to hide the words, and the words should hide the meaning, just like the continuous linking of beads, it is wonderful."
Three: Lian Dui Zi
Dui Zi is also known as Chongyan. Liu Xie’s article "Xin Diao Long Wu Se" says: "The poet feels things and makes endless connections. When he lingers on everything, He meditates on the audio-visual area and writes about the Qi pictures and appearances, which not only follow the objects but also linger with the heart. Therefore, "Zhuozhuo" is like the freshness of peach blossoms, "Yiyi" is like the appearance of willows, and "Gaogao" is like the sun. The appearance of "Lulu" imitates the shape of rain and snow, "喈喈" is the sound of chasing yellow birds, and "喓喈" imitates the rhyme of grass and insects. If the two words "are poor in form" and use "less" to express "more", the emotion and appearance will be preserved. Gu Yanwu Rizhilu said: "It is the most difficult to use overlapping characters in poetry, 'The river is ocean, the north stream is alive, the water is flowing, the tuna is hairy, the jiagang is uncovered, the common people are guilty'. Using six overlapping characters in a row can be said to be complex. The ancient poem "Green grass by the river, lush willows in the garden, bright and bright window, E'e's red makeup, slender hands", it is very natural to use six words in a row. That is, there is no one left to succeed.” Most of the overlapping words in poems are adjectives, those with shape and those with sound. When a single word is not enough to express the mood, use repeated words to express the emotion. The overlapping of two words can make the interest and expression emerge together. For example:
Egrets fly in the desert paddy fields, and orioles sing in the overcast summer trees; (Wang Wei: Work by Jiyu Wangchuanzhuang)
Predecessors all admired this four-fold character. Guo Yanshen said: "'Momo Yin Yin' uses the method of overlapping words. It not only imitates the fascinating scenery, but also has a melodious tone and a neat style. The beauty is all in these four words."
Weng Fanggang also said in Shizhou's poem: "The spirit of Youcheng's sentence is all in the four words 'Momo Yin Yin'". Another example:
How long is the night when Ding Ding leaks water, and the long clouds reveal the moonlight; (Zhang Zhongsu: Autumn Night Song)
Ding Ding is an adverbial word, and long is an adjective word, and the two contrast with each other. The reflection fully reveals the sounds of autumn and the colors of autumn in the autumn night. Another example:
The incense of the stove first spreads out into the night, and the shadows of Lili flowers are about to shake the spring; (Su Dongpo: The word "herringbone" comes from the step of the moon in Taitou Temple)
Zhao Keyi said: "In the poem It is best to use overlapping characters to make the spirit of the remaining five characters appear fully." From the above examples, it can be proved that if the overlapping words are used properly, it can make the whole article colorful. However, the importance of using overlapping characters lies in novelty and change. For example, when talking about willows, it must be described as "Yiyi", and when talking about rain and snow, it must be described as "feifei". Only if you can innovate and surprise can you become a masterpiece. For example, Xu Shichuan's poem "There are many mountains outside the willow", which means "overlapping mountains" to describe the number of mountains. Another example:
The clouds and mountains look different one by one, and the bamboos and trees cannot be painted together; (Su Ting: Hu Cong Hu Dujian)
With "one by one", there are so many mountains, The density of the "clump"-shaped bamboos is also appropriate. Another example:
Listening to the sparse and thickening at night, seeing the whole slanting and slanting at dawn; (Huangshan Valley: Poems about Snow)
The eight characters overlap, which can be said to be a unique craftsmanship. . Some of the overlapping words in the poem are used at the beginning of the sentence, and some are used at the end of the sentence. Yang Sheng'an of the Ming Dynasty once analyzed the examples of Du's poems and said: "It is the most difficult to write overlapping characters in poems, and only Shaoling used it uniquely." According to the seven rules, there are those that are useful at the beginning of the sentence, such as:
Juanjuan plays with butterflies passing through the curtain, and light gulls fly under the rapids; (Neck couplets are made in Xiaohan's food boat) Short peach blossoms near the water bank , lightly dotting people's clothes with catkins; (New pavilion chin couplet) Green bamboo shoots welcome the boat out, and white river fish come into the meal; (Send Wang Fifteen Judge to help attendants return to central Guizhou chin couplet)
Useful for the upper waist Examples include:
The palace grass is fluttering, and the smoke from the furnace is thin on the hairspring; (Xuanzheng Palace retreats to the left corner at night) The birds in the river and sky are deserted, and the dragon sings every now and then in the wind and rain; ) The marble is shining brightly, the leaves are dawning, the windy river is rustling and the sails are sailing in autumn; (Jian Wu Lang's Judicial Neck Couplet)
Some useful things for the lower back are:
The butterfly appears deeply through the flowers , flying dragonflies on the water; (Qujiang Neck Couplet) The wind contains green Xiaojuan and Juanjuan Jing, and the rain has red rhizomes and the fragrance is rising; (Crazy Man's chin couplet) The boundless falling trees rustle, and the endless Yangtze River rolls in; (Climbing chin couplet) Blue Window Cebu is misty and wet, and the Zhugong floating clouds are thin and light; (King Xinloucheng, the king of Yangcheng County in Jiangling Festival, asked the Yanshi imperial judge to write a seven-character sentence together as a chin couplet)
There are useful things at the end of the sentence such as :
The fishermen are still common in Xinsu, and the swallows are flying in the clear autumn; (Three Jaw Couplets of the Xing of Autumn) The cloister of the small courtyard is silent in spring, and the flying egrets are leisurely in the evening; (The official pavilion of Xiangji Temple in Fucheng County Neck couplet) The moon is bright when a guest enters the house, and the wind is miserable when he comes home; (Returning to the chin couplet at dusk)
The overlapping words of the five-character poem are like:
Nana, the universe is great, and the county is traveling The country is far away; (First Couplet of Ambition) The silent spring will be late, and the joy of things is selfish; (Couplet on the neck of the river pavilion) The smoke from the pavilion slowly rises, and the bamboo sun shines brightly; (Couplet of Cold Food and Jaws) As Zhan Zhan goes to the Yangtze River, the drizzle comes quietly; (Couplet on the neck of the river pavilion) Plum Rain Couplet) The wild paths are deserted and white, the spring flow is clear; (One of the first couplets of the two poems is diffused) The geese can sing in a hurry, but the gulls can't fly lightly; (The Neck Couplet of the Baidi Tower) The shadow of the eaves is slightly falling, and the water flow is flowing. The pulse is oblique; (the second couplet of the two poems of "Qian Yi") Although we meet in a hurry, we should not say goodbye in a hurry; (Second couplet to reward Meng Yunqing) The chickens are hairy in Jitan, and the spring grass and deer are yoyo; (Second couplet titled Zhang's seclusion)
Fan Xiwen said to the bed night: "Double words are used for five words, and seven words are difficult. Cover it with a couplet of cross ears! If you let it go easily, how can you take it? Although Lao Du does not use this as a job, but It is also said that "the universe is vast, and the country is far away"; without "Na Na", it is not enough to see the vastness of the universe; without "Xing Xing", it is not enough to see the distance of the road. Spring is about to end in silence, and it is selfish to rejoice in things. The wonderfulness of the swirling energy and the joy of the creation of all things are all here! "The drizzle comes", "the wild paths are wild and white, the spring flow is clear", and "the ground is clear and the silk is slowly rising, the river is green and the grass is separated", "the wild geese can sing in a hurry, but the gulls can't fly lightly", "the shadow of the eaves" Sentences such as "Slightly falling, the veins of the fluid are slanted", "Although we meet in a hurry, don't say goodbye in a hurry", etc., are not general. As for "the grass in the spring is full of deer", they are all in poetic language!
Four: Re-appearance syntax
Re-appearance refers to the reappearance of a word or number in a sentence or a poem. Liu Xie said in the article "Wen Xin Diao Long Lian Zi": "Those who appear again are those who have the same character and offend each other. Poetry is suitable for poetry, but in modern times, homology is avoided. If both are important, it is better to offend each other. Therefore, those who are good at writing, It is rich in ten thousand articles but poor in one word." Poets and writers all avoid repeating words when writing and choosing words. However, sometimes they make use of repeating words. For example, Su Tingfeng's poem "Looking at the Spring Palace in the Spring" begins with the sentence: "Looking eastward and looking at the spring is pitiful." Jin Shengtan commented: "Of the seven characters, two are 'wang' and two are 'spring'. I think people in the Tang Dynasty always wanted to use this as their ability." Repeated characters are different from repeated characters. Most of the overlapped characters are adjectives. Or describe its shape, or describe its sound, or describe its movement, etc. The reappearance is not limited to this. For example, "Wangchun" in the previous sentence is the name of the palace, which does not mean "Wangwang" or "Chunchun".
The method is to repeat one word in each sentence in a sentence, or in a couplet, such as:
It is difficult to say goodbye when we meet, (Li Shangyin: Untitled Poetry) As we travel deep into the mountains, there are mountains again, ( Xu Hun: A poem by grandma Cen on the second day of Duguanling) Since I left, the swallows in the hall are close to each other, and the gulls in the water are close to each other; (Du Fu: Jiangcun) But as the colors of spring turn to autumn, I don’t realize that the Yang family is the Li family; (Li Shanfu: A poem of Yangliu) In this life If this night does not grow well, where will the bright moon be seen next year; (Su Dongpo: Mid-Autumn Moon) The spring breeze and spring rain pass through the eyes, and the water from the north and south of the Yangtze River slaps the sky; (Huangshan Valley: The source of the bright rhyme of the second dimension) The peach blossoms chase the falling poplars, and the yellow birds At the same time, white birds fly; (Du Fu: Qujiang and Wine)
There is a sentence with two characters repeated:
In the heart of spring, don’t let the flowers bloom, every inch of lovesickness. Gray; (Li Shangyin: The second couplet of two untitled poems)
There is a sentence that repeats three characters, such as:
As the sun sets on the long embankment, I look back again, and the sound of cicadas continues; ( Xu Hun: Revisiting Lianhu Lake (nostalgia)
There are two sentences in which certain words are repeated, such as:
My husband is guarding the border and my concubine is in Wu, and the west wind blows and I am worried about my husband; < /p>
A line of letters and a thousand lines of tears are so cold that your clothes are gone. (Tang Dynasty: Chen Yulan: Surrender) When the lotus leaves are growing, I hate the growth of spring, and when the lotus leaves are withered, I hate the growth of autumn;
I know that my love will last forever, and I look forward to the sound of the river at the head of the river. (Li Shangyin: Revisiting Qujiang in Autumn Twilight)
There are four sentences that repeat certain words, such as:
I will never get tired of looking at mountains all day long, and I will buy mountains and stay in them forever;
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Mountain flowers have fallen and the mountains are still there, and the mountains and rivers are empty and empty. (Wang Anshi: Traveling to Zhongshan) A coop, a straw hat, a small boat, a foot of silk fiber and an inch of hook;
A song and a bottle of wine, one person fishing alone in the river. (Wang Yuyang: Picture of Fishing Alone on the Autumn River) A fold of green mountains and a screen, a bend of clear water and a piano;
Silent poems and audio paintings must be found on the Tonglu River. (Qing Dynasty: Liu Siwan: Miscellaneous Poems on a Boat from Qiantang to Tonglu) The mountains at the foot of the ridge look like rolling waves, and I see people climbing up the ridge to compete for glory;
As soon as I climb the mountain, I look back, and when my feet are high, he is more beautiful. high. (Song Dynasty: Yang Wanli: Crossing Shanghuling and looking at the mountains north and south of the Zhaoxian River)
The method of writing poems and refining calligraphy is roughly as mentioned above. Below are some excerpts of the reasons for composing poems and refining calligraphy described by predecessors for reference. Beginners can get a glimpse of its secrets by carefully studying them.
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The reason why poets of all ages wrote poems and refined their calligraphy
The ancients had a master of calligraphy. Zhang Juxuan's poem "Half a pole of running water comes with rain at night, and a tree with early plum blossoms will not spring." Yuan Yishan said: "If it is good, it will be good, but it will not be safe. Since it is called 'a tree', why should it be 'where'? It's not as good as that." Change 'one tree' to 'several points' and you will feel more flying." He also wrote Tianxi's poem "The earth is wet and tired of hearing the rain in Tianzhu. When the moon is bright, I listen to the Jingyang bell." When Yu Daoyuan saw it, he said: "The poem is very trustworthy, but one word is not stable. 'Wen' and 'Ting' have the same meaning." Change 'smell' to 'see'. In the Tang Dynasty, "The old monk came to see the rain in the forest," something came up again. The ancients were meticulous in discussing poetry. (Gu Sili: Han Ting Poetry) Zhang Juxuan and Yuan Yishan are the same flesh and blood, and they send the poem "We meet again thousands of miles away" What a dream, where can I live after a hundred years?" In the Yuan Dynasty, "li" was changed to "die", and "chui" was changed to "return". Like the light of bi coming to the army, the flag is not easy to change, and the spirit is a hundred times higher at the first order. (Sheng Ruzi: Shu Zhai Lao Xue Cong Tan) Monk Chu Mo Sheng Guosi's poem "To the end of Jiangwu, there are many mountains on the other side." Chen Houshan refined the sentence "Wu Yue arrived at Jiangfen", which may be said to be Jian Miao Sheng Mo's composition. However, the word "arrive" is not stable. , if it is more like "Wu Yue is divided into two rivers", it is a natural sentence. (Xie Zhen: Si Ming Poetry) Chen Fuzhi's poem says: "When Xiao Chu learned about Liyang County, Zhang Guaiya was working as a herdsman. One day he called for food and saw the public affairs. There is a unique saying in the book: "I hate the peace and nothing, Jiangnan Xian kills the old minister". Xiao changed the word "hate" to "luck". When the public reviewed the manuscript, he said: "Who changed my poem?" ’ The left and right are right. Xiao said: "With the whole body of the public, the public merits are high and the position is important, the traitors are looking at the autumn, and the world is unified, why do the public only hate peace?" 'The Duke said: 'Brother Xiao, you are a true teacher'. Wang Yanzhang also moved to Linchuan from Wuxing. Zeng Jifu wrote a poem about it: "I have written imperial edicts in the White Yutang, and I have written poems in the Shuijing Palace." The two characters "Zicang" and "Bai Yutang Shen Zeng Cao Zhao" are very different from the previous ones, but there are eyes in the sentence (Hu Zai: Tiaoxi Yuyin). (Cong Hua) Monk Island Cloud passed Magu Mountain in Xujiang, and the inscription goes: "When the Wandie peaks entered Taiqing, Magu once met Fangping; after returning from Yanbao, the moon was bright in the sky over the Yaotai of Baodian." "Cong" was originally written as "Since", which was later imitated by peers, who said: "The poem is solid and clear, but the word "自" is not stable, so it should be regarded as the word "一", and Yun is convinced by his words. When he entered the mountain, he was changed to "Yi Cong". It can also be said to be a one-word master. (Zhao Yuqiu: Poetry Talk in Yushutang) Li Pin and Fang Qian were poetry friends, and they frequently wrote poems about Sihao Temple, which they said were extraordinary. The poem goes: "People from the east, west, south, and north are close to each other in high places; the world has returned to the Han Dynasty, and the mountains are still avoiding Qin; the dragon tower has been a guest, but the crane cloak is not a minister; only a thousand years later, the green temple trees will spring." Showing it to Qian, Qian said: "Good is good, but there are two characters that are not stable. The word 'zuo' is too thick and difficult to change, and the word 'wei' is very inappropriate. Qian heard that 'on the shore of the land, could it be the king's ministers', "Please change it to the word 'claim'". Frequently surrendered, and regretted his mistake in the previous words, so he worshiped as a teacher of one word. (Chen Jing: Bao Guang Lu) Yin Wenduan's theory of poetry is the most precise, and he has half a word to say, such as the Tang Dynasty sentence "I know it is raining when I play the piano at night, and I feel the new autumn when I am late". The word "new autumn" is also a ready-made idiom, " The word "desire to rain" starts with the word "rain" from "desire", which is not a ready-made language, only half a character is missing.
By analogy, celebrities often commit this disease. It must be said that "late mat is suitable for autumn", and the word "yi" is opposite to the word "desire". And the master of one word of poetry is like a red stove dotting the snow, which is beyond words. I wish Yin Wenduan Gong longevity: "Don't boast that you have the same birthday as the Buddha, for fear that the kindness and glory of the Buddha will not be enough." The public feels that the word "en" is not related to Buddha, so it should be changed to the word "light". The poem "Falling Flowers" says: "I walked down the empty mountain alone without words." Qiu Haoting said: "The empty mountain is made of fallen leaves, not fallen flowers! It should be changed to the word spring." When sending Huang Gongbao to patrol the border, he said: "The autumn scenery is cool at the Jade Gate", and Jiang Xinyu said: "The word "door" does not ring, so it should be changed to the word "Guan". Presented to Zhang Lingyun of Yueqing: "I am ashamed to be called a mountain bandit due to my luck." Liu Xiashang said: "The word "call" does not sound, it should be changed to the word "call". All these and other things, I follow the admonishment like a stream and don't wait for the completion of my speech. (Yuan Mei: Suiyuan Poetry) Li Taibai once said, "The orange pomelo is surrounded by people, and the old sycamore trees look like autumn colors." Huang Luzhi added: "People are surrounded by tangerines and pomelos, and the old sycamore trees look like autumn colors." Chao Wujiu praised it extremely, why? I said that only two words were changed in the poem, but it was completely ugly, and it was like having the golden touch! There is also a sentence from Shaoling that goes: "The moon walked together last night", Chen Wuji said: "The moon is diligent and we return together"; Shaoling said: "The flying fireflies in the dark shine by themselves", Chen Ze said: "The flying fireflies originally lost their light" ; Shaoling said: "The article is about eternal things", Chen Zeyun: "The article is about ordinary things"; Shaoling said: "There are only rotten scholars in the world", Chen Zeyun: "There are rotten scholars in the world"; Shaoling said: "Cold flowers only have their own fragrance", Chen Zeyun: "Cold flowers only make last year's fragrance." Its golden touch can be seen at a glance. (Wang Shizhen: Yiyuan Maoyan) All the above arguments are enough to prove the importance of refining calligraphy in poetry. However, the beauty of poetry is not limited to words. This is what Shen Deqian said in Shihuan: "The ancients did not abandon the method of refining characters, but they won by meaning, not by words. Therefore, you can see surprises in plain characters, dangers in common characters, newness in old characters, and colors in simple characters. . It’s just difficult to describe the winner of a fight with others." Readers should be careful.