Historically, Loulan was one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. After Zhang Qian's access to the Western Regions, Loulan became an important channel for traffic between the East and the West. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the western regions with a long history stationed in Loulan City, making it the political, military, economic and cultural center of the western regions. The north and south roads of the ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan earlier. Loulan Town, as a transportation hub town in the hinterland of Asia, has played an important role in cultural exchanges between the East and the West. In the Han Dynasty, the Huns and some nomadic countries around them often fought large-scale wars for Loulan.
Loulan is called "a tense monument to world history". After the 3rd century AD, the once prosperous towns in the western regions quickly and quietly withdrew from the historical stage. 1700 years later, it still maintains her "curtain call" gesture, making people suddenly feel that history happened yesterday. All this is still a mystery that has not really been solved. In the Tang Dynasty, "Loulan" almost became synonymous with remoteness. In Li Bai's Song of Xia Sai, there is a saying, "I would like to put my sword under my waist and cut Loulan straight." This poem.
The history of Loulan Kingdom is far from being uncovered by an ancient city of Loulan. According to the mummies unearthed from Sun Cemetery and Xiaohe No.5 Cemetery in the lower reaches of Peacock River, archaeologists revealed the history of Loulan: dating back to about 4,000 years ago, a primitive European race with blond hair and blue eyes lived in Loulan area, and they lived as nomads. They left a few mummies and left mysteriously.
For more than 2000 years, Loulan couldn't find a trace, and there was no ink in the history books. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, Mongols appeared in Loulan area. At this time, Loulan, with its important geographical position on the Silk Road, deduced the agricultural civilization and inherited the eastern and western civilizations. After the Jin Dynasty 1500, Loulan disappeared without a trace again. It was not until 100 years ago that people happened to see the broken walls and stupa in Loulan on the eastern edge of Taklimakan Desert.
Some scholars believe that the ancient city of Loulan discovered in Sven Hedin is neither the capital city of Loulan's early kingdom nor the capital city (Mud City) after Loulan was renamed Shanshan, because the carbon 14 of Loulan's ancient city was not measured earlier than the Eastern Han Dynasty. Stein discovered an ancient city of Han Dynasty (numbered Lecheng) not far from the southwest of the Tuyin site discovered by Huang Wenbi. Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology calls it "Fangcheng", which is located in the west of the north bank of Lop Nur, the river network of the last stream of Tieban River. Fangcheng is 24 kilometers away from the ancient city of Loulan. Professor Linmei Village in Peking University thinks it is the early capital of Loulan.
At that time, Loulan Kingdom was still a weak country near Lop Nur. After the opening of the Silk Road, Loulan became the hub of Chinese and Western transportation. Because Loulan Wang Angui colluded with Xiongnu and constantly robbed and killed Chinese envoys on the Silk Road, Huo Guang, a general of the Han Dynasty, sent Fu Jiezi to the Western Regions to assassinate An Gui. Fu Jiezi came to Loulan with an assassin, pretending to reward An Gui with gold coins. An Gui was overjoyed and invited Fu Jiezi to drink together. Fu Jiezi was drunk on purpose, helped him to the screen and ordered two assassins to kill An Gui. The left and right princes and nobles fled when they saw it. Fu Jiezi immediately summoned Loulan nationals: "King An Gui committed a capital crime against the Han Dynasty, and the son of heaven sent me to kill him. Now the army of the Han Dynasty has arrived, replacing Wei Tuyan, the younger brother who was taken hostage in Chang 'an, with a new king. "Fu Jiezi beheaded An Gui, sent the trotters back to Chang 'an and hung them under the north gate of Chang 'an Weiyang Palace.
After the Loulan Rebellion was put down, Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty appointed Wei Tuyan as the new king, changed Loulan to Shanshan, granted a national seal, and gave ladies-in-waiting wives and a large number of chariots and horses. When leaving, Wei Tuyan said to Emperor Gaozu Zhao Di, "I have lived in Chang 'an for a long time, and now I am going back. I'm afraid I can't convince the public by myself. Besides, the former prince is still here, afraid that he will kill him when he comes back. Loulan State-owned Yixun City is a rich and beautiful oasis. The son of heaven can send generals to cultivate fields and accumulate valleys there, and let ministers rely on them. "
So the Han Dynasty sent a Sima to lead 40 troops back to the Western Regions with Wei Tuyan. After Wei Tuyan succeeded to the throne, in 77 BC, he moved the capital from the ancient capital of Loulan (Fangcheng) on the north bank of Lop Nur to Mud City (now Ruoqiang County), and the Han Dynasty also established Yixun City (Milan Ruins 36 Regiment) to the east of Mud City. Since then, Loulan's old capital has never developed again. It is estimated that only the former royal nobles still live here. The excavation of Loulan's noble tomb in 2003 also illustrates this point.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Chao's son Ban Yong inherited his father's footsteps and served as the capital of the Western Regions. He sent thousands of soldiers from Jiuquan and Dunhuang to build houses in Lop Nur, and also called 1,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi, Qiuci and other countries to build dams in the lower reaches of Peacock River to divert water from wasteland, accumulating millions of grains. Because the Peacock River was blocked, Loulan, the old capital of the lower reaches, was cut off and abandoned. The soldiers stationed in the garrison built the "White House" and the new town on the west bank of Lop Nur, and gradually formed the "three-room" Loulan ancient city that can be seen today, and developed into a yamen with a long history in the western regions.
On March 19, 2003, the Loulan Archaeological Team of Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology found murals in Loulan's tomb. This tomb is about 4 kilometers away from Yuefang City and 24 kilometers away from Loulan Ancient City. The tomb is large in scale, with murals painted in the front and back rooms. The east wall of the front room is painted with beautifully dressed images of men and women, which shows the noble status of the tomb owner. Experts denied that this was Loulan's "tomb" and speculated that it was "the tomb buried with a noble family in the city around the 3rd century".
Statement 1: Loulan disappeared in the war. After the fifth century, the kingdom of Loulan began to weaken, and the northern powers invaded, and Loulan City was destroyed and then abandoned.
Statement 2: Loulan was defeated by drought and water shortage, and the ecology deteriorated. After the upstream river was cut off, people had to leave Loulan. Loulan promulgated the world's earliest environmental protection law discovered so far.
Statement 3: The disappearance of Loulan is related to the north-south migration of Lop Nur. Sven Hedin thinks that the period of north-south migration of Lop Nur is about 1500 years. More than 3,000 years ago, there lived a European ethnic tribe in Loulan area. Loulan once again entered a prosperous era more than 1500 years ago, which was directly related to the wandering of Lop Nur.
Statement 4: The disappearance of Loulan is related to the opening of the North Road of the Silk Road. After the opening of the Silk Road North Road through Hami (Yiwu) and Turpan, the Silk Road Desert Road through Loulan was abandoned, and Loulan lost its former glory.
Statement 5: Loulan was destroyed by the plague. A plague from other places claimed the lives of nine of the ten residents in Loulan City. Those who survived by luck fled Loulan and fled other places.
Statement 6: Loulan was defeated by biological invasion. An insect introduced from the two river basins has no natural enemies in Loulan, lives in the soil, can live in the albic soil in Loulan area, and enters the houses in droves. People can't destroy them and have to give up the city.
References:
/25286 12.html
Loulan ancient city relics
It is located in the south of the downstream delta of Peacock River in the northeast of Ruoqiang County, on the northwest bank of Lop Nur, 340 kilometers away from Korla City. The ancient city of Loulan, which was formed in the Han Dynasty, is the only place to pass through the South Road of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty. It played an important role in the cultural exchange between the East and the West, and was later buried in the desert, so it was called "Pompeii in the desert". There are four dry riverbeds in the ruins of Loulan ancient city, which are located between two forks of the fourth largest riverbed. Surrounded by rugged Ya Dan terrain, the ruins of the city walls are mixed on the platform of wind erosion. Square around the city: 316m, with a total area of108200 m2. The city is divided into two areas with the ancient river as the axis. One is the northeast, with few relics, mainly pagodas and buildings nearby; One is the southwest area, with three houses and some small courtyards. The pagoda is10.4m high, and its body is made of adobe, glutinous rice paste and wicker, making it the tallest building in the city. Houses in the southwest of the city have collapsed. Most of the walls are two rows of red willows with mud in the middle, and the roof is made of similar materials. The ancient waterway passing through the city from northwest to southeast is an important data for studying the water source of Gulou Lancheng. There is an ancient pagoda about four or five kilometers north of the city, which has been eroded by the wind. There are also some Buddhist temples, beacon towers and other sites, relics and ancient tombs around the city. Unearthed are five coins from Han Dynasty, coins from Guishuang Kingdom, coins from Tang Dynasty, bamboo slips in Chinese and Qilu languages, silk and wool products, lacquerware, wood, jade, bronze ware, beads, gold and silver rings, earrings and glassware fragments, which are of great value to the study of cultural exchanges between China and the West and the historical ties between China's frontier and the mainland.
Overlooking the ancient city of Loulan, there is a beacon tower in the northeast corner of the city. Although it has been repaired in different periods, it can still be seen that it is the earliest architectural style in Han Dynasty.
Southwest of beacon tower is the site of "Three Rooms". This 100 square meter house is built on a very high platform, and the middle of the three rooms is wider than the east and west rooms. At the beginning of this century, Sven Hedin excavated a large number of documents and wooden slips in a room in the east. Judging from the big wooden frame left by the west wing of the three rooms, it was once the location of the reclamation office in the city. Continue to the west, it is a big house. In the yard, there are three rooms in the north and three rooms in the south. In the ancient city, the building of this quadrangle is also relatively ostentatious. In contrast, most of the houses in the south of the mansion are short, scattered and shabby. According to the unearthed documents, it is speculated that the frame structure houses adjacent to the three houses are the official relics of Loulan City.
The ancient city of Loulan was once a paradise for people to live and multiply. Beside her is a vast Lop Nur, and in front of her is a clear river. People row boats on the blue waves, hunt in the dense Populus euphratica forest, and people bathe in the gifts of nature. According to the Water Classic Note, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan was seriously short of water because of the diversion of water injection along the middle reaches of Tarim River. Soller of Dunhuang led 654.38+10,000 soldiers to Loulan, and also called 3,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci to inject water into Loulan day and night to alleviate the water shortage of Loulan. However, after that, despite Loulan people's best efforts and attempts to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was eventually abandoned because of lack of water.
The glorious ancient city of Loulan disappeared silently from history forever.
Where is the rare national treasure Loulan colored coffin hidden?
Rare colored coffins found in the hinterland of "Sea of Death"
This year marks the100th anniversary of the discovery of the ancient city of Loulan, and the mysterious "Oriental Pompeii" has once again attracted people's attention. As early as the winter of 1999, a non-governmental organization named "Loulan Society" in Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang wanted to take this opportunity to publicize Loulan in a big way and organized an activity to inspect Loulan.
In order to protect these precious historical and cultural heritages from man-made destruction, the government of Xinjiang Autonomous Region issued a special ban on adventure tourism in Loulan ancient city in May, 1996, stressing that Loulan and Niya are important national cultural relics sites that have not yet been opened, and they must be centrally managed and strictly controlled, and they are not allowed to enter without the approval of the cultural relics authorities.
Due to the above-mentioned "background", the organizers of this activity have to strictly control the participants and formulate the inspection discipline of not destroying and taking away cultural relics. After a lot of preparatory work, an investigation team composed of 5/kloc-0 experts and scholars who study history, archaeology and sociology and some tourists (including a Japanese) set out from Korla, where Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture is located, on the afternoon of March 25th this year and entered the Taklimakan Desert known as the "Sea of Death".
According to China News, on the evening of March 26th, seven people, including Zhang Tixian, returned to the campsite and collectively reported the discovery of colored coffins to the leaders of the scientific research team. According to scholars' judgment, this colorful coffin is probably the tomb of a mountain king in 36 countries in the Western Regions during the Han and Jin Dynasties. Moreover, two years ago, archaeologists excavated some ancient tombs with historical research value in Yingpan site, so the leaders of the expedition team attached great importance to this coffin. On the morning of 27th 10, before the expedition set out for Longcheng, the relevant leaders specially told Zhang Tixian to send a car to Yingpan to look for the colorful coffin. Unfortunately, a chef was injured at that time. When Zhang bandaged the wound and walked out of the camp for the first time, he found that the car looking for colorful coffins had left. When camping in Longcheng that night, a team member who participated in the search for colored coffins told Zhang Tixian that because he didn't go in person, and the topography in the desert was similar, the car sent by the leaders turned around the Yingpan site many times, and no colored coffins were found.
One, in many people's concept, the Robnaoer Desert, with an area of 65,438+100000 square kilometers, is the famous Loulan City in history. Only at the end of 19, the Russian military officer Poole Gerval claimed to have discovered the "real" Robnaoer Lake here, and Sven Hedin announced to the world that he had discovered it in the desert for nearly two years in the early 20th century.
This is really a historical misunderstanding.
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1mid-8th century), the map from Jiayuguan to Anjiyan was clearly marked with "Lupnuer". Liu Jintang, the first governor of Xinjiang, and Wei Guangtao, his successor, also ordered his subordinates to explore and draw a map of southern Xinjiang from Dunhuang County to Luobnuoer around 1890. This map, now in the archives of the Forbidden City, not only shows the route from Yumenguan to Lop Nur, but also shows the ruins of an ancient city on the west bank of Lop Nur. Loulan city on the west bank of Lop Nur. The rulers of the Qing dynasty did not publish these materials to the society in time, nor did they organize an investigation and analysis of the ancient city. This gave Sven Hedin the opportunity to discover the ancient city of Loulan.
Now suppose that although there are some remarks, there is no clear decision. "The main reason lies in the omission of records and inevitable errors; Historians, on the other hand, are superficial and lack actual investigation data, so it is difficult to go deep.
From March 4th, 190 1 year to June 4th, 10, Sven Hedin hired farmers to dig at the site of Loulancheng 13, and obtained a large number of exquisite silk fabrics, glassware, weapons, copper and iron tools, bronze mirrors, decorations, beads and so on from the Han and Jin dynasties. Tantric woodcarving art During the Han and Jin Dynasties, there were more than 270 pieces of wooden slips and paper documents with high historical value. Stein, who came with Sven Hedin, excavated a large number of cultural relics in the ancient city of Loulan. There are 349 Chinese documents alone, many of which are dated, most recently in the 14th year of Jin Jianwu (330), and there are many more? Luwen, give me a chestnut. Japanese Ju Ruichao obtained 44 Chinese documents here, the most famous of which is a letter written by Li Bo, the author of A Long History of the Western Regions, which is very familiar to Chinese and foreign historians, to King Yan Qi. Such rich cultural relics have greatly promoted the study of Loulan history.
But their excavation in Loulan is just looking for precious cultural relics, which is treasure-digging, not archaeology. Ju Ruichao's "Li Bo Document", which was brought back to Japan's Liangku University, went out of the land because it was not recorded at that time and even became a case-solving. Academic circles have discussed it for decades, and according to the photos of the site, it must have been found in Loulan City. 1980, we excavated a Han Dynasty cemetery in the suburb of Loulan. Stein excavated many tombs that year. But they only cut the middle of the tomb, and Stein took it from the middle of the tomb and published some exquisite silk wool fabrics, but it was not until after our second excavation that we had a relatively complete concept of the tomb and the remains of the tomb. 1997, the author had the opportunity to inspect the woven fabrics that Ju Ruichao took from Rob wasteland in the warehouse of Korea Central Museum in Seoul, which was absolutely exquisite. However, because there is no record, the specific location will never be known, so it is naturally impossible to get further clues to trace the remains, let alone verify them. These facts tell us that under the guiding ideology of looting, only seeking cultural relics and treasures will inevitably lead to the destruction of archaeological remains, thus restricting and affecting academic research.
Lop Nur has been an arid inland area since the Quaternary geological era. However, in many places, archaeologists have collected stone knives, Shi Mao, stone arrows, tiny stone leaves and stone cores from the Neolithic Age five or six thousand years ago, which shows that today's barren desert is still a place for hunting and gathering. According to the carbon dating and the analysis of unearthed cultural relics, the absolute age is the residents of Gugugou 4000 years ago. At that time, wheat was planted and cattle and sheep were raised. The daily necessities were Hu Yangmu, horns and straw utensils. The slightly larger tomb is surrounded by seven circular wooden columns, and there are radially scattered wooden piles outside. According to statistics, more than 600 trees, large and small, are used in a tomb. Of course, people at that time did not realize that destroying trees on such a large scale was actually destroying the foundation of their own survival.
According to historical records, the kingdom of Guloulan was recorded in writing as early as 265,438+000 years ago, belonging to one of the 36 western regions in history, bordering Dunhuang in the east.
"Historical Records" records: "Loulan and Gushi have battlements near salt." Loulan and other places are rich in beautiful jade, and there are many reeds, tamarisk and licorice. People follow animal husbandry and chase water plants, including donkeys, horses and camels. In fact, Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, has never been to Loulan, only according to the report of Zhang Qian, the great ambassador of his time. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions three times in his life, and experienced hardships and was familiar with various situations in the Western Regions. It shows that Loulan was located at the main road of the Silk Road at that time, and was once strong because of fertile soil and water.
Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions also said: "Shanshan Kingdom, whose real name is Loulan, is a thousand mud cities in Wang Zhi, and it goes to Yangguan for 1,600 miles and Chang 'an for 6,100 miles. 1570 households, 4.4 1 10,000 people. "Loulan City is the early political, economic and cultural center of Loulan Kingdom. Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The north-south road of the ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan, and Loulan City served as a transportation hub town in the hinterland of Asia.
Because of Loulan's important geographical location, during the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and Xiongnu fought for the territory of the Western Regions for 70 or 80 years. Loulan state swayed from side to side for a while, and once killed the Korean envoy. Until 77 BC, General Huo Guang sent Fu Jiezi to assassinate King Loulan and made his brother king. After moving the capital, it was renamed Shanshan Prefecture. "Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, and it will not be returned without breaking Loulan." This poem by Wang Changling, a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty, is a description of soldiers' expedition to the Western Regions at that time. Since then, Loulan has been an important town in the western regions of the Han Dynasty, which is closely related to the Han Dynasty. Loulan, as a transit trade post between China, Persia, Indian, Syrian and Roman Empire on the Silk Road, became one of the most open and prosperous "metropolises" in the world at that time, and also played an important role in cultural exchanges between the East and the West. However, around 500 AD, it mysteriously disappeared in the history of China overnight, and many adherents also "disappeared" at the same time. Where the hell did they go? For many years, it has been a mystery that modern scholars often explore and argue.
Loulan's discovery
1900 At the beginning of March, an expedition led by Swedish explorer Sven Hedin came to the Rob wasteland along the left bank of the dry Peacock River. When crossing a desert, they found that the water they brought with them leaked a lot. So I went to look for water, and when I came back, I found that my shovel was accidentally left in the campsite last night. He Ding had to let his Uighur assistant Aldek go back to find it. When the assistant came back, he not only brought back a shovel, but also picked up some pieces of wood carving. Harding was very excited to see these fragments. He knew it must be a major discovery in the history of archaeology. In March of the following year, he returned here for excavation and found a large number of cultural relics, including coins, silk, grains, pottery, bamboo slips and writing brushes. After returning to China, Harding gave the cultural relics to Himmler in Germany for identification. After identification, this ancient city is the ancient city of Loulan that shocked the world. Subsequently, expeditions from many countries followed. From 65438 to 0979, China carried out a large-scale excavation, and the splendid ancient country of Loulan finally appeared.
Solve the mystery of Loulan's disappearance
In recent years, there have been many debates about the reasons why Loulan disappeared. In order to solve this eternal mystery, the country began to organize scientific research teams to investigate in succession from the 1970s. According to archaeological records in recent years: 1979, Xinjiang archaeologists unearthed a large number of precious cultural relics, and also unearthed an ancient female corpse of more than 3,800 years, which immediately caused a sensation at home and abroad. This female corpse was unearthed in Loulan? Invasion? Are you in love with neon shells? 1988 10.2,10, China and Japan organized a joint expedition to reach the Loulan site in the desert, with the aim of solving the mystery of this mysterious ancient country that disappeared at the crossroads of the Silk Road. The expedition set out from Dunhuang and entered the desert, where it found the remains of pagodas and houses. Pagodas, houses, walls and daily utensils eroded by wind and sand. Here, the expedition team obtained some preliminary clues to the mystery of Loulan's disappearance. Loulan has a total of 12 villages with tens of thousands of people. Under the leadership of the tribal leaders, they lived peacefully and happily. However, just 1000 years ago, a plague occurred. Many Loulan people lost their lives in the disease, and some survivors moved to Chakangli in the south of Milan. Since then, the kingdom of Loulan has disappeared. This is just an actual investigation, and the real reason for Loulan's disappearance is still controversial.
One theory is war. It is believed that Loulan was destroyed by Ruo Ling or Xiongnu nomads in the north. But the doubt is that war can only destroy a city and a pool, and it is unlikely to destroy the whole country.
The second statement is plague, which means that there was a great plague in China at that time. Some mass graves were found nearby, where the bodies of men, women and children were piled together like bricks.
The third view is the theory of climate deterioration, which is a popular view at present. It is believed that natural changes have caused the great migration of the country. The famous Loulan beauty (3800 years old) found a lot of sand deposited in her lungs when she was dissected. It means that the climate has begun to deteriorate at that time. On June 5438+00- 1 1 in 2000, Beijing TV organized a series of large-scale TV scientific research activities, and the conclusions reached supported this view. Beijing TV Station and Xinjiang TV Station also held a large-scale live broadcast program "Loulan Forum" at the site of Loulan Ancient City. The whole scientific research activity starts from Kashgar and is divided into two lines: north and south. The northern line runs eastward along the Tarim River, passing through Bachu, Aksu, Baicheng, Kuche, Luntai, Korla and Yingpan to Loulan. The southern line runs from Mohammad, a remote county in the desert, through the Taklimakan Desert, through Mazar-e-Tagh Mountain, through Dandan Uhrik, Karadun, Yuan Sha and Daheyan, and through Britain and the Soviet Union to Loulan via Rob wasteland. The purpose of this investigation is to commemorate the 0/00th anniversary of the discovery of Loulan, and also to explore the fate of man and water. They believe that in Taklimakan area, the relationship between man and water is the most sensitive, prominent and fragile problem, in fact, it is the relationship between man and the environment, which is exactly the problem that human beings are facing in the new century. The expedition entered the vast and flat Lop Nur basin and looked around in the golden afterglow of the sunset. Apart from the distant horizon, some Ya Dan landforms scattered on the horizon seem unreal. Many people are moved by it: the tall stupa and the "three rooms" are desolate and tragic, the wooden stakes thousands of years ago seem to burn in the sunset glow, the fragments of clay pots are scattered all over the floor, and the thick branches of Populus euphratica are curled like dry ropes, which will be broken at the slightest touch. The bustling ancient city, once crowing and dancing, has now become a quiet waste capital. People can't help thinking about the process from prosperity to decline, and then to their own demise. Of course, people's greatest feeling in Lop Nur is the so-called "vicissitudes", which may not last as long as expected. For example, there is a saying that Loulan cut down a large number of trees for large-scale construction, and its strange tomb form "Sun Tomb" eventually brought about ecological deterioration. The "Sun Tomb" has a strange and spectacular appearance. Around the tomb are seven layers of thin and thick logs. The stakes are orderly in thickness from the inside out. Outside the circle are rows of trees that spread radially in all directions. The whole shape looks like a sun. According to the data at the beginning of this year, among the seven tombs that have been discovered, there are more than 1 10,000 logs, which is amazing. It is worth mentioning that among the laws written in the Lu script unearthed in Loulan, there is such a law: "Whoever cuts down a living tree will be fined one horse, one small tree and two young trees." It can be seen that people at that time have realized that they must protect the ecological environment in order to survive. But Loulan was finally lost in the wind and sand. According to historical records, thousands of people from Loulan State moved to Yiwu (now Hami) under the leadership of a man named Mi Shan, some moved to Lop in Hotan (transliteration of Lop Nur), and some insisted on living in Lop Nur until the end of Qing Dynasty. It is said that 50 years ago, you could row boats on the Tarim River and fish over 1 meter. Water diversion irrigation and reservoir construction in the middle and upper reaches prevented the Tarim River from flooding into Lop Nur. 1972, lop Nur evaporated the last drop of water and became the sea of death. Because of the disappearance of water, the abandonment of a lake and even the abandonment of a city, such stories are not uncommon in the Taklimakan desert. They think Loulan is a typical example.
However, a newer view holds that political and social changes are the main reasons for Loulan's abandonment. Meng Fanren, a famous archaeologist and researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that the disappearance of Loulan is a process from abandonment to complete abandonment. After Liang withdrew from Loulan around 376 AD, Shanshan was in decline due to internal and Su Pi invasion, and could not enter and revitalize Loulan City, which led to a complete political failure. At the same time, Loulan's position as a transportation hub was also lost because of the great development of the ancient road from Dunhuang to the western regions, which opened up a more convenient sea passage. In this way, all kinds of businesses, mainly silk trade, have come to a standstill, and Loulan City has lost the foundation of prosperity. The withdrawal of institutions in the western regions with a long history and the departure of a large number of immigrants and Han residents have led to a sharp drop in population, and agricultural production has basically stopped, shaking the survival foundation of Loulan City. Because there is not enough labor force and no government organization to organize large-scale water conservancy, dredge rivers and level cultivated land, the means of tenacious struggle with the local harsh natural environment has been completely lost, leading to the gradual invasion of sandstorms, the gradual development of Ya Dan landform, the shrinking of cultivated land area and vegetation, the blockage, diversion and evaporation of rivers and channels by sandstorms, and the serious destruction of ecological balance. This vicious cycle year after year has gradually lost the conditions for human beings to live together.
Maybe all the above four items make sense, at least both of them. Perhaps the latest statement is more comprehensive and realistic.
Reviving Loulan's Dream
Tianshan net reported on June 5438+1October 65438+February 2003 that at the People's Congress of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Ruoqiang County Committee suggested that Ruoqiang County be renamed as Loulan County. As early as June 5438+065438+ 10, 2002, Xia Deng 16 experts, academician of China Academy of Sciences and researcher of Institute of Ecology and Geography of China Academy of Sciences, also put forward the idea of establishing Loulan City. The new Loulan City includes Ruoqiang County and Qiemo County. During the inspection, experts also found that with the start of the ecological control project of the Tarim River, taitema lake, the lake at the end of the Tarim River, which has been dry for nearly 30 years, has become a wave again, and tourism has also shown great vitality. In view of this consideration, they believe that the establishment of Loulan County will help accelerate the development of local economy.
Answer: 2007-0 1-05 08:33
The questioner's evaluation of the answer:
Thank you for your hard work!
Have a happy day! ! !
***0 comments ... Other answers * * 1 comments ┆ reports.
Wang qirui
[Master] Loulan is an ancient small country in the west of China. Loulan disappeared about 1600 years ago, leaving only the remains of the ancient city. Loulan Ancient City is located at 89 22 ′ 22 ″ east and 40 29 ′ 55 ″ north of Ruoqiang County, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, 7 kilometers away from the northwest corner of Lop Nur and the south bank of Peacock River. Present situation of cultural relics
The ancient city of Loulan now covers an area of 6.5438+0.2 million square meters, which is close to a square with a side length of about 330 meters. The whole site is located in the Ya Dan landform group on the west bank of Lop Nur. The earliest discoverer of Loulan Kingdom was Swedish explorer Sven Hedin. 1900 At the beginning of March, the Heding expedition came to the Robl desert along the left bed of the dry Peacock River, only to find that their shovel was accidentally lost in the campsite when crossing a desert last night. Harding had to send his assistant back to find it. The assistant quickly took back the shovel and even picked up some wood carvings. Harding was so excited to see the ruins that he decided to dig them. 190 1 in March, Sven Hedin began to excavate and found a stupa, three halls, wood-carved building components with Greek art and culture, five baht, a letter written in Bolu and many other cultural relics. Later, they found many beacon towers in the southeast of this ruin and continued to March to an ancient city buried by sand on the west bank of Lop Nur, which is the ancient city of Loulan. Loulan is one of the 36 countries in the Western Regions, bordering Dunhuang and closely related to the Han Dynasty around A.D. The records of Loulan in ancient times are based on the Records of Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions, Faxian and Xuanzang. "Records of the Western Regions" records: "Shanshan Kingdom, whose real name is Loulan, Wang Zhi Qianni City, goes to Yangguan for 1,600 miles and Chang 'an for 6,100 miles. 1570 households, 4.4 1 10,000 people. Fa Xian said: "This land is rugged and barren. The layman's clothes are the same as those of Han, but the carpet is different in brown. Its king obeys the law. There are more than 4,000 monks who know Hinayana Buddhism. " At the end of the trip, Genjyo Sanzo made a simple explanation: "Since then, he has traveled more than 1,000 miles to the northeast, and came to the old country, that is, the land of Loulan. "
travel
The site of Loulan Ancient City is 350 kilometers northwest of Korla City and 330 kilometers southwest of Ruoqiang County.
Loulan civilization
Loulan State in History
According to Biography of Dawan in Historical Records and Biography of the Western Regions in Hanshu, as early as the 2nd century AD, Loulan was a famous "walled country" in the western regions. Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The north-south road of the ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan.
The mystery of loulan's disappearance
After the 4th century AD, Loulan suddenly disappeared. Generally speaking, there are two reasons: water diversion and foreign invasion.
The Discovery of Loulan Ancient City
1900, the ancient city of Loulan was rediscovered. Some people say it was discovered by farmers in Xinjiang, while others say it was discovered by Swedish explorer Sven Hedin. During the inspection in the early 20th century, a large number of Loulan cultural relics were taken away by foreign inspection teams.