The stars are very bright in summer. When we look up at the stars, they have different meanings for everyone. For travelers, the stars are the coordinates that guide the direction; For scholars, the stars are flashing puzzles; For a Nightcrawler thousands of years ago, it was a glimpse of a busy life. The stars themselves are silent, but everyone will find different meanings in the starlight. The poem we are going to read today is called Little Star. Thousands of years ago, under the starry sky, a lonely little official recited this ballad. Thousands of years later, looking up at the same starry sky, we can't help sighing how vast the universe is and how small our lives are.
little star
The star is dark, the star is dark, and the star is three stars. Before dawn, going out is public from morning till night. My life is different!
Xiao Xing and He Chang. Su Su Zheng Xiao, Bao Zhou (Qρn) and Bao Zhou (chóu). I am still alive!
Sentence annotation
Hey (Hu): Twilight flashed.
35: When you say three stars and five stars, you mean three stars. Tell the number of stars in the sky.
Su Su: The way you sprint. Night: refers to the night below, before dawn. Sign: OK.
Su Su: Good morning.
Ya: A variant of "yes". Yes, here it is. Or "yes".
V: Yes. Shēn Shen: The name of the stars, one of the 28 lodges. Chang (Mao Mao): the name of the star, one of the 28 lodges, that is.
Embrace: the ancient word "vote". Quilt (qρn Qin): Quilt. Silk: sheets.
Jude: If, for example, the same.
translate
Twinkling little star, 3355 is in the east. I am in a hurry all night, and I am a housekeeper sooner or later, just because my fate is different.
Twinkling little stars, as well as can stars and ang stars. Traveling overnight and throwing away quilts and sheets are all because of different fates.
Zhao Guofeng's Journey to the South is only forty words long, but it vividly outlines a nocturnal figure who lives at the turn of the Western Zhou Dynasty and is busy in the cold silence of the stars. The poem mentions Betelgeuse and Pleiades among the 28 stars, also known as the 28 stars. They are the divisions of ancient people in China when they studied the starry sky. The meaning of "lodge" is similar to the "palace" of the zodiac, indicating the positions of five stars (fire, water and earth in Jin Mu). These stars of different sizes are divided into southeast and northwest according to their directions, and Betelgeuse and Pleiades belong to the seven western nights.
In folklore, the sun, the moon and the stars have magical powers and are endowed with many legends. For example, Kuixing, the first night of the Seven Nights in the West. In The Journey to the West's famous classic, there is a Huang Paoguai, who is a well-connected and difficult person. After a battle of wits and wits, master and apprentice finally learned the true identity of Huang Paoguai, who was the champion who came down to earth privately. In the novel "Three Heroes and Five Righteousness", Bao Zheng, who solved the case like a god, was also portrayed as the reincarnation of Kuixing. According to legend, Kuixing is still the god in charge of the literary movement. Therefore, after the prosperity of the imperial examination, many Kuixing buildings were built in China, and candidates everywhere worshipped these stars.
So in Little Star, what do the scattered stars in the sky indicate? "The sun, the moon and the stars are three lights" is a sentence in the later enlightenment reader "The Holy Amethyst", which concisely stated the ancient people's perception of the sun, the moon and the stars. The ancients judged the priority of the sun, the moon and the stars by their visual size, and the poem entitled "Little Star" was a bit vague among the stars. The author uses a little star as a metaphor, probably to express his humble position and need to work hard around the sun and moon. And what is the identity of this author, there have been different opinions.
"Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Little Star" benefits the next generation. The wife's trip without jealousy benefited my concubine, and she entered the imperial court, knowing that her life was noble and expensive, and did her best. "This statement, your wife and concubines live in peace, and your wife generously gives the honor of serving the monarch to concubines, and concubines also know how to be noble and humble, and they will never be arrogant when serving wholeheartedly. Because of this explanation, the ancients of later generations often used Xiaoxing to address concubines.
There is also a saying that the hero in the poem is a small official with a low official position and hard work. He is on his way to work in the court. Many people agree with this statement, but they also have some internal differences. The main difference lies in what kind of mood the little official is on the road. Fang Yurun, a Qing man, summed up filial piety in the Book of Songs: "I am willing to do my duty. He felt that this little official stayed up all night in public and was very diligent in the affairs of the king. He fully understands the difference in division of labor and is quite sincere about his destiny and state. However, Chen Zizhan, Cheng Junying and others thought that this little official was hurting himself and resenting his own sufferings and misfortunes.
There are also some different views. They think this is a love poem. Hu Shi ingeniously interpreted this poem as a scene of a dusty woman entering the store to accompany her guests. Inspired by Lao Can's Travels, he thinks Little Star is "the earliest record of the life of prostitutes". Wen Yiduo also thinks this is a love poem. He also thinks that the poem depicts a small official running around, but the focus should be on the explanation of "hugging". It's hard to sleep without caring about him. In order to work, a small official was forced to separate from his wife, and the emotion of attachment and reluctance is the main theme of this poem.
From the perspective of folklore, some people think that Little Star reflects the marriage and courtship in the pre-Qin period. The season is in mid-spring and February, and women are waiting for their sweetheart to have sex under the starlight at night, but they have not met the right person in several places, so they lament their bad fate. Others contacted Xiaoxing's previous chapters of "Picking Dragonflies" and "Picking Apples", in which "staying up late at work" appeared, which was the lament of poor workers when they were squeezed.
Xiaoxing has many interpretations. If we have to sum up a rule, it is that people in different times think differently, so this little star often watches and updates. Before the Qing Dynasty, people generally tended to hold the view that concubines obeyed the monarch, because people at that time paid great attention to good interpersonal relationships and good education. In the Qing Dynasty, the prosperity of exegetics made people pay more attention to the "truth" of textual research at that time, so they respected the idea of small officials running around. After the rise of the New Culture Movement, various novel ideas began to emerge one after another. Perhaps these ideas may not be tenable, but the novel ideas and methods themselves are the great gains brought by the attempt. After the founding of New China, class contradiction became the key word of academic research, so Xiaoxing suddenly added some "anti-bones". No matter who the protagonist of the story is, the theme is to express the accusation of the lower class to the upper class. After the tide of class struggle gradually receded, people's interpretation of Xiaoxing returned to calm.
The stars in the night sky are still the original stars in people's eyes, and the stars remain unchanged, changing the world where people stand. Even if we don't know Nightcrawler's identity, we have gained enough. Thinking, exploring and moving are all very important things, and it is also the significance of reading and learning literary works.
The soundtrack of this issue is edited from Twilight by Jia Pengfang, Moonlight by Jiang Xiaoqing and Autumn Night by Wang Junxiong.
14th issue: The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature.
I wonder if you have seen sika deer? Even if you haven't seen it, you must have seen many things related to deer in our cultural system. For example, for the birthday of the elders, the mount of the birthday girl is sika deer; For example, describing a girl's budding in love will say that her heart is like a deer ... In short, deer is a spiritual animal in China culture. They are gentle, elegant and have peace in their bright eyes. Deer are frequent visitors in The Book of Songs, which are found in many articles. Because of Cao Cao's later use, Luming Literature, which we are going to read today, is particularly classic among many deer-related poems.
Luming Literature
A herd of deer, yo, ate mugwort in Ye Yuan. I have a group of good guests, playing the piano and playing the piano. A blowing sheng reed, a basket of gifts. People are very kind to me and tell me how to bypass (háng).
A herd of deer, suffering in Ye Yuan. I have a group of good guests and noble character. It is effective to treat people with courtesy (tiāo). I have royal wine, which is a guest swallow.
A herd of deer, yo, were eaten by the Qin army. I have a group of good guests, playing the harp and playing music. Drum, harp, drum and music (dān). I have good wine and good wine, and I have dinner guests in my heart.
To annotate ...
Yo (not you) yo: the deer's cry. Zhu Chuanshi said: "Yo yo, the sound is also the sum."
Ping: Yinchen. Lu Ji's Poems on Plants, Birds, Animals, Insects and Fish in Shi Mao: "Artemisia, Julia's stems are crisp, and the first fragrance can be eaten raw."
Spring: the reed on the sheng. Sheng is made of several bamboo pipes with reeds and a blowpipe mounted on a barrel.
Basket: a gift. Mao Chuan: "The bamboo basket belongs to it, so it is also used for coins and silks." Will: Send, provide.
Háng: Avenue, extending to truth.
Artemisia annua: also known as Artemisia annua, Artemisia annua, Compositae.
Deutsche Bank: Good moral reputation. Kong: Very.
See: Same as "Xiu". Yi: Same as Yi.
Rule: law, model, this is a verb.
Objective: Sweet.
Type: auxiliary words. Yan: The same as "banquet". Ao: Use "ao" to have fun.
Qin (qín): The name of grass, Artemisia.
Zhan (dān): Profound. "Biography of Mao": "Zhan, I am happy for a long time."
translate
A herd of deer croaked on mugwort leaves in Yuan Ye. I have a group of good guests who can play the piano and blowing sheng. A blowing sheng tube vibrates reeds, holding a basket and offering a thoughtful gift. People are really friendly to me, and I am instructed to follow them.
A herd of deer are chirping and eating wormwood in Yuan Ye. I have a group of noble and brilliant guests. Setting an example for others is not frivolous, and gentlemen and sages have followed suit. I have good wine, fragrant and mellow, to entertain guests.
A herd of deer chirped at Cao Qin on the Yuan Ye. I have a group of good guests who can play the harp and piano. Play the harp, play music and laugh happily. I have delicious and mellow wine to entertain guests.
Luming Literature is the Book of Songs? Xiaoya's opening poem is one of the "four beginnings" in The Book of Songs. Sima Qian is writing historical records? Confucius said, "The Guanluo rebellion began with the wind, Luming Literature with Xiaoya, Wang Wen with elegance, and Qing Palace with ode." That is to say, if Guan Ju, the first poem, is the beginning of the love between men and women, then Luming Literature, the first poem of Ya Shi, is the beginning of the love between rites and music. In this way, Luming Literature's position in The Book of Songs and the theme of his poems are very clear.
"Luming Literature" is not complicated in vocabulary. It unfolds with a clear Luming Literature, depicting a scene of singing with harps and harps, mutual respect and harmony between the host and the guest. To grasp the essence of this poem, the key is to understand the connotation behind the words "ceremony", "swallow" and "deer".
In Luming Literature, the identity of the host and the guest has always been controversial. Some people think that this is a palace scene where the monarch and the minister have fun together, while others think that this is a relaxed and harmonious folk banquet. However, whether it is a palace banquet or a folk activity, the banquet is just a form, and eating, drinking and having fun are not the theme of poetry. In fact, the theme of this poem is already obvious in the first chapter. With the banquet, we saw various elements of poetry, songs, music and dance. In fact, in the pre-Qin era, poetry, music and dance were integrated, and rituals ran through them, imperceptibly. Music during the dinner can not only entertain, but also be a part of etiquette. The form of music and the instruments to be played are clearly defined in the etiquette.
In the cheerful music, someone "takes the basket as the general" and respectfully puts the gift into the bamboo basket. If in the country, it is the host who gives gifts, but in the court, it is for the husband who is in charge of daily affairs. "Book of Rites Yan Yi" said: "Set a ceremony for the guest and the host to drink, so that the husband can be polite." This is the scene. It is common to give gifts to guests at banquets.
Then, the host happily sang "People are good to me, teach me how to get around". This is a very polite and modest remark, which probably expresses "Thank you for your love. I hope you can give me some advice and teach me how to do it." If the host of the banquet is the monarch, then these pleasantries actually convey the dual wishes of the monarch. One is to seek the virtuous, coachable. I hope everyone can provide a good plan for the country to recommend talents. On the other hand, I also advise the officials present. I hope everyone will be honest and love the people, and don't live up to the trust and frankness of the monarch. There are three chapters in the poem, and the interaction between guests is natural and harmonious, and there is no lack of scale. People respect and abide by the ceremony and complement each other.
The swallow in the poem is a banquet. Zhu's Biography of Poems said: "The distinction between monarch and minister is mainly strict; The ceremony of the imperial court is based on respect. However, if you are in Jin Yan, your feelings may be unreasonable and you can't give your best advice. Therefore, the first king made a banquet for his gourmet party to connect the feelings of superiors and subordinates; This music song began in Luming Literature. " In other words, on weekdays, the court has strict etiquette, with respect as the normal state. If you just get along respectfully and seriously, you will be somewhat depressed in human feelings. Therefore, the banquet of the monarch is for the pleasure of the monarch and his ministers, so as to achieve the purpose of relaxation and harmony and make the country more stable for a long time. Today, banquets are still used to exchange friendship between superiors and subordinates, partners, relatives and clansmen, and even national guests. Therefore, the essence of this kind of banquet is to be friendly, not only to clarify the distinction between host and guest, but also to be close to good feelings. Eating, drinking and having fun are just the appearance of the banquet.
Poetry is flourishing in Luming Literature, which is a way to express emotions through deer. The image of ancient deer in China is beautiful. It thrives on a kind of natural and smooth deer, and conveys the meaning of being polite and kind to people. Just as the first chapter of Drumming sets off the meaning of going to war, Yo Yo Luming Literature, the opening of Luming Literature, sings the feeling of friendship and friendship.
In addition, deer is also the representative of Naxian and Naji. When "Yo Yo Luming Literature" held a banquet, only guests were like clouds, and the foundation was like a mansion; Bucks have horns on their heads, such as firewood, which is a homonym of "talent" and "wealth", indicating that guests have both ability and political integrity; Besides, according to the literal homonym of deer, Luming Literature's singing is also a prayer for Lu You's happiness and prosperity.
Besides Qing Ji, deer also means power. "Qin lost his deer, and the world was * * * one by one." Sima Qian compared deer to the world in Historical Records. Therefore, the poem "Luming Literature" may also imply a sense of controlling the world.
Luming Literature had a great influence on later generations. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao recited a short poem, which was hundreds of years later than the time when The Book of Songs was sung. His literary expression is bolder and more straightforward. He bluntly expects that "the world will return to the heart", so he is willing to accept "I have a guest" with the sincerity and goodwill of "Yo Yo Luming Literature". However, his ideological origin and expression source are all inherited from Luming Literature, which subtly expresses his desire to succeed in Wang Ye, and at the same time, he does not forget to accept talents, elegant and gentle.
Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu" in the Tang Dynasty mentioned: "Let me raise a white deer on my green slope and ride to you, Dashan, when I need you." . In the Tang Dynasty, when Taoism flourished, deer was also closely related to immortals and monasticism. The abbot who wants to eat a child's heart in The Journey to the West turned out to be the mount of the Antarctic fairy Bailuyuan, and this Antarctic fairy is actually the long-lived old man we often say.
Since the Tang Dynasty, singing deer banquet has gradually become a fixed custom. Because of the close connection with the imperial examination, the banquet of the Ming Road has also become the most charming banquet in the minds of scholars. The banquet is usually held after the list is published. Local officials and gentry held a banquet and invited the top scholar to attend the banquet to show their cultural and educational virtues. Luming Literature will be played at the banquet, and * * * will sing the poem Luming Literature together. This activity lasted from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The soundtrack of this issue is adapted from Quiet and Warm by Luo, Maple Leaf (Xiao and Guzheng) by Wang He and Floating Clouds.
Issue 15: Guofeng Qin Feng has no clothes.
There are 305 poems in The Book of Songs, among which "national style" is the most widely circulated. This 105 poem from 15 countries, together with * * *, constructed a grand narrative in the pre-Qin period, leaving a timeless poetic spirit in the context of Chinese civilization. These poems are joyful and sad, feminine and flourishing. Today we are going to read No Clothes, which is called the first military song in the history of China. Let's feel the heroic spirit of this poem and the heroic spirit that will last for thousands of years.
Naked
Have I nothing to wear? Robe with my son. Wang Yuxing, fix my spear. Hatred with my son!
Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started the division and repaired my spear and halberd Work with your son!
Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started his division and trained our soldiers. Go with your son!
To annotate ...
Robe: a robe, that is, today's cloak.
Wang: What I mean here is ... When I say it, I mean Zhou. Yu: auxiliary words. Wake up: get up.
Enemy: * * enemy.
Ze: children's "nest", underwear, today's sweatshirt.
Do: get up.
Dress: Take off your clothes, which refers to the combat suit.
Armored soldiers: armor and weapons.
Good: Go ahead.
translate
Who said we had no clothes to wear? Take that robe. Your majesty sent his troops to battle, trimmed my spear and killed the enemy with you as his goal.
Who said we had no clothes to wear? Take that pair of underwear. Your majesty sent his troops to battle, trimmed my spear and halberd, and set out to be with you.
Who said we had no clothes to wear? Take that dress. When fighting in Wang Fabing, armor and swordsmen will March with you to kill the enemy.
There are two naked poems in The Book of Songs, one belongs to Qin Feng and the other belongs to tang style. The song we read today is Qin Feng? Without clothes, it is famous for its high-pitched and passionate realm and unique expression. When reading this poem, we can clearly feel the powerful power contained in the chapters and sentences. This sense of power, through the form of "repeating chapters and singing", impacts people's hearts like a surging wave.
In the history of China literature, the earliest poems written by singing in chorus appeared in The Book of Songs, among which No Clothes is a typical representative. Repetition means that all chapters are almost identical in structure and language, with only a few words changed in the middle, and sometimes even one or two words changed. Through the repeated appearance of various chapters, the unique form of the Book of Songs in structure and expression has been formed. The appearance of this form is determined by the nature of chorus in The Book of Songs. In Historical Records, Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty said that "350 poems were written by Confucius". Repeated chapters and songs are often used to express the strong feelings of the characters, giving people the feeling of "turning a thousand times" and "circling the beam in three days"
The number of sentences and words in each chapter is equal, which does not mean simple and mechanical repetition. In Qin Feng? In No Clothes, the first chapter ends with the sentence "An enemy has a son", which is an emotional portrayal. When soldiers have the same enemy, they are United; The second chapter ends with the sentence "Work hard with your son". In the atmosphere of unity, the soldiers have formed deep feelings, and they can advance and retreat together and trust each other side by side; The conclusion of the three chapters of Walking with My Son is that you have finally reached the front line. In the atmosphere rendering again and again, everything becomes logical, as if the battle on the front line is a daily conversation. Even in a sea of knives and mountains, you will have the courage to break through with your partners around you. Such poems can sing and dance, and freeze in people's hearts the old blood and old fire.
Read Qin Feng? Without clothes, we can easily feel the fascinating heroism between the lines. But the background and theme of this poem are not as simple and clear as poetry. There have always been three kinds of speculations about the theme of this poem: The first one, represented by Preface to Shi Mao, thinks that Qin Feng Without Clothes is a work that satirizes Qin Jun's militaristic attitude and advocates military power. "Without clothes, the Qin people stabbed their monarch, and the monarch liked to attack the war, and he used his troops urgently without the same desire as the people." The second view is that Qin Feng Without Clothes was written by Qin Aigong at the request of Shen, an important minister of Chu, who sent troops to fight Wu to save Chu. It is a sad song to enlist Qin people to join the army and meet them. The third view is that "Qin Feng Without Clothes" is a song of unity and friendship, unity and cooperation, and preparation for resisting foreign aggression when Qin people attack and chase dogs.
Because of the long time and concise poems, it is difficult for us to judge which statement is Qin Feng's birth. The naked truth. However, the generosity and heroic bearing shown in Qin people's poems have been passed down to later generations. At that time, Qin was located in today's Gansu and eastern Shaanxi. Qin people are brave and good at fighting. Ban Gu said in "Biography of Guo Chong and Xin Qingji" that Qin "learned folk customs, prepared for war, fought bravely, and rode and shot pommel horses. Therefore, Qin Shihuang said,' Wang Yuxing writes poems, trains our soldiers and walks with his sons.' Its style and customs have existed since ancient times, and today's songs are still generous and romantic. Zhu's Biography of Poetry also said: "The customs of Qin people are generally heroic, brave first, forgetting life and death, so they are found in poems." Until the late Ming Dynasty, Qin Jun recruited by Sun Chuanting was still one of the most important fighting forces in the precarious Ming Dynasty.
Have I nothing to wear? Robe with my son. Wang Yuxing, fix my spear. Hatred with my son!
Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started the division and repaired my spear and halberd Work with your son!
Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started his division and trained our soldiers. Go with your son!
Every time we reread this poem, we can feel the burning passion, which is infecting our emotions and making our blood boil. When we close our eyes, we seem to hear an old cry, "No clothes!" " ! This cry aroused the lofty sentiments of thousands of people, and their ambitions and determination swept like thunder and roar. "I am in the same robe as my son!" ""take your son! " "Take your son!" Mao Ge flashing cold light, armored group surrounded by murderous look. The warriors are about to embark on a journey, and the wine in their hometown is ready.
"Qin Feng without Clothes" left a profound title of "Paoze" and a United idiom of "together" for later generations. In addition to Li and Li, he also left a heroic and fearless national spirit. Perhaps the era of blood and fire is getting farther and farther away from people's lives now, but brave face and enthusiastic trust should not be forgotten in any era.
The soundtrack of this issue is edited from Farewell My Concubine by Liu Dehai and Long March by Wang.