Since the Manchu invasion, the people of the Central Plains have been killed not only militarily, but also plundered and destroyed economically. Especially far-sighted, they concocted a large number of literary inquisitions and engaged in cultural oppression. As early as the Qing army entered the customs, the Qing court began to oppress and destroy China culture. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Huang, a native of Jiangyin, was accused of writing a poem, "Although things go against the sky, I don't know what to pay back at dusk." He was accused of fighting against the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight, robbing a family and killing a corpse, and his children were sent to the flag-bearer as slaves. In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Shi Hanke, a monk in Guangdong Province, was captured by Qing soldiers at the gate of Nanjing with a historical manuscript "Bian Ji" which recorded the tragic deeds of anti-Qing people. After a year of torture, he was exiled to Shenyang on the charge of writing books privately. The following year, there was Preface to Fang seal cutting, which was written by Fang seal cutting with Shunzhi as the theme, and was regarded as an unforgivable article by Gang Lin, a great scholar. Therefore, the Qing court stipulated: "From now on, China ink stick bamboo slips must be edited and reviewed by courtiers before they can be published, and other miscellaneous manuscripts of the Housing Department are prohibited." This is the earliest autocratic system of censorship.
The banned books in the Qing Dynasty are really varied and spectacular, which makes people look forward to it. Of course, it is expected that books involving ideological, historical, political and ethnic issues will be banned from being destroyed, but strangely, a large number of books on pure science and technology and economics are also impressive. I really don't know what the ruler is up to. It is not surprising that all works involving the Ming Dynasty, such as poetry anthology, history and biographies of people in the Ming Dynasty, are banned, but many books that flatter the Qing Dynasty, such as The Grand Ceremony of the Qing Dynasty, The Destiny of the Qing Dynasty, and the works of Qianlong's father Yongzheng and his great-grandfather Shunzhi, are also banned. What is even more bizarre is that even some anthologies of Tang poetry compiled or commented by Ming people have been banned, such as Du Gongbu's Notes on the Raft, Du Gongbu's Poems, Du Gongbu's Selected Notes and Du Fu's Detailed Notes.
The literary inquisition in Kangxi dynasty
Compared with Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, the literary inquisition in Kangxi dynasty was not very serious, but it also killed a large number of literati.
1. Ming history case
From the case of A Record of the Ming Dynasty, it is said that Zhu Guozhen, a cabinet record of the Apocalypse Dynasty, was excluded by Wei Zhongxian and returned to his hometown of Wucheng, Zhejiang Province, where he compiled and published A Brief History of the Emperor. Unpublished manuscripts include the biography of the court official. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, there was a rich man named Zhuang Tingzhen in Huzhou, Zhejiang. He is blind, and he was inspired by "Zuo Qiu was blind, but he lost his Mandarin". He also wants to write a history handed down from generation to generation. However, he was not familiar with historical events, so he bought historical manuscripts from Zhu Guozhen's descendants and recruited talents who were interested in compiling the history of Jiangnan Ming Dynasty to supplement the history of Chongzhen Dynasty and Nanming Dynasty. When talking about the history of Nanming, he still respects the name of the Ming Dynasty, refuses to admit the orthodoxy of the Qing Dynasty, and mentions the fact that Nuzhen was founded in the late Ming Dynasty, such as writing Nuerhachi's name directly, stating that Li killed Nuerhachi's father and brother, scolding Shang Kexi and Geng as "thieves" in the Qing Dynasty, and writing that the Qing army used "Yi Kou" when entering the customs. These are all very important things in the Qing court. After the publication of Ming History, there was nothing at first, but only a few years later, a few shameless villains tried to blackmail the publisher, which caused an accident. Zhuang Tingyi, the person in charge at that time, had been dead for many years, and his father relied on the money to buy off the government and fight back the blackmailers one by one. I don't want a small official named Wu Zhirong to report to Beijing angrily. Ao Bai and others were so interested that they issued a decree to investigate the matter. So people related to Zhuang's Ming History are in big trouble. In the second year of Kangxi (1663), on May 26th, in the scenic Hangzhou city, the Qing army took more than 70 people (they wrote prefaces, proofread and even sold books, bought books, printed lettering and local officials) to "commit" the Ming history case, and at the same time, they were in Bijiao Square. Zhuang Ting, the "principal offender", opened the coffin and slaughtered the corpse according to "Big Violation", and hundreds of people were implicated and exiled.
The case of "Ming History" set a bad precedent of "anti-writing" to ask for bribes. Some villains followed Wu Zhirong's example and found fault with other people's books, which was far-fetched, calling them "anti-writing" and extorting money all over the sky. For example, Sun Qifeng's Shen Jia Da Ji was accused of commemorating the demise of the Ming Dynasty, so Sun Qifeng was taken to Beijing for detention and released after being rescued. Later, the gangsters simply made their own books and listed their names on whoever they wanted to blackmail. It depends on who is the most courageous and whose heart is the darkest, such as Shen Tianfu, Xia Yi, Zhou Yi and others. They carved a book of poetry, which was compiled by Chen Jisheng under the guise of more than 700 celebrities from all over the country. In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), Shen Tianfu went to the cabinet Wu Yuanlai's house to ask for 2,200 taels of silver, but was refused. So he reported the book to the official, and the truth came out after the trial of the punishments, and Shen Tianfu was beheaded in Xicheng.
2. Huang case
In the fifth year of Kangxi (1666), a yellow case occurred in Shandong. Huang Pei, a native of Jimo, Shandong Province, was a royal guard in the late Ming Dynasty. After his death, he lived in seclusion at home. Huang Pei's anti-Qing national thoughts are reflected in his poems, such as "Banana leaves the sea, the sun and the moon shine in Shandong", "Loulan was killed and refused to return, so he gave the golden emblem to the fighters", "There is no fireworks in Pingsha, and I think the love rainbow is flying from the north". The person suing is Huang, the grandson of his handmaiden Huang Kuan. Huang, whose real name is Jiang, accused the Huang family of privately engraving and collecting "rebellious" poems and books in order to return to the family and remove the title of master and servant. As a result, fourteen people, including Huang Pei, were arrested, imprisoned and beheaded. Jiang was not enough, and he wrote an article entitled "North-South Communication" in conjunction with the wicked, accusing Gu and others of "abandoning ministers because of their ignorance" and those who had second thoughts about the Qing court. The communication between the north and the south is either plotting rebellion or slandering the imperial court. In this insidious article, about 300 people were named in an attempt to make a big case against Chiang Kai-shek. The case was indeed brought to the point where it was ordered to be handled, and the governor and governor of Shandong also personally asked questions. Gu was imprisoned for nearly seven months before he was released after Zhu Yizun and others rescued him everywhere.
Literary inquisition in Yongzheng period
1 Nian Gengyao case
The literary inquisition in Yongzheng Dynasty began with the Nian Gengyao case. Nian Gengyao, a native of Huangqi, Han army, was born a scholar and had a talent for fighting. He has made many achievements in counter-insurgency in Sichuan and Tibet. In the last years of Kangxi, General Dingxi and Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi were granted permission from Prince Yong. Nian Gengyao was highly prized after he usurped the throne, and was named Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, General Taibao and General Fuyuan. Nian Gengyao began to think that his sister was the concubine of the Yongzheng tyrant. The tyrant has long wanted to make an example of him, but he just has no excuse. In February of the third year of Yongzheng (1724), the astronomical spectacle of "the combination of the sun and the moon, the combination of the five stars and the pearl" appeared. Courtiers congratulated on the table, and the tyrant paid special attention to Nian Gengyao's watch and found the "fault". First, the handwriting is scrawled, and second, the idiom "Go out early and come back late" is written as "Go out late and come back late", which means diligent all day long. Tyrants don't care about this. They thought Nian Gengyao was up to no good, and those who had enemies with Nian Gengyao saw the emperor take the lead, so they rose up and attacked him, and Nian Gengyao was disintegrated into ninety-two counts. The tyrant ordered Nian Gengyao to commit suicide, his relatives and companions were beheaded, exiled or relegated, and all those involved with him were punished.
Seven days after Nian Gengyao's death, the king beheaded the public, that is, Wang's Essay on the Western Expedition. Wang, a native of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, was appointed as Shaanxi's deployment envoy by his good friend Hu Qiheng in the early years of Yongzheng, and was a confidant of his boss Nian Gengyao. Wang went to visit, took the opportunity to pay a visit to Nian Gengyao, and became a temporary guest of Nian Gengyao. Wang wrote two volumes of Essays on the Western Expedition in the reading room and gave them to Nian Gengyao for collection. Nian Gengyao offended the property, and the essays on the Western Expedition were sent to the palace. After reading it, the Yongzheng tyrant gnashed his teeth and wrote an inscription on the front page: "Paradoxical madness, as for this pole! I'm sorry to see it so late, but I'll save it for another day and let this kind of thing get away with it. " Probably the article mentioned that "a wily rabbit dies, a running dog cooks", which was to remind Nian Gengyao. The tyrant is disgusted with this, but he also wants to show his filial piety. He only called the king "writing poems to satirize the emperor Saint Zuren, which is a great violation of the Tao." So Wang was beheaded, beheaded, and his head was displayed in Beijing food market for ten years. His wife and children were sent to Heilongjiang to be slaves to the armored people (sergeant Manchu); Brothers and uncles exiled Ningguta; Alienate relatives, all the incumbents were removed from office and handed over to the local officials of their origin. Because of the large number of people involved, rumors of "massacre" even spread in Pinghu County, where Wang lived, and residents fled in panic.
Nian Gengyao was also implicated in the case of money abetting crime. Qian, a famous worker, was born in Wujin, Jiangsu. He was the same age as Nian Gengyao in the provincial examination, so he may have made friends. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Nian Gengyao, a powerful official, went to Beijing for an audience, and Qian Xian praised him with poems, such as "The flag-bearer of Shaanxi Province in Zhou Dynasty, from the drum to the general in Han corner" and "Zhong Ding swears by the name of mountains and rivers that it is appropriate to publish the second monument he has hidden". Nian Gengyao was punished, and Qian certainly heard about the disaster. Yong Zhengdi, on the charge of "singing flattery and praising evil", not only didn't kill him, but dismissed him and drove him back to his hometown. He also wrote the word "a sinner" and ordered the local officials to set up a plaque and hang it in Qian's house. The tyrant is dissolute and ruthless, and he can think of any torture. The word "teaching sinners by naming names" is a great shame, which not only makes money infamous, but also makes his descendants look down upon it. The tyrant also ordered Changzhou magistrate and Wujin magistrate to go to Qianjia to check the hanging of the plaque on the first and fifteenth day of each month. If you don't hang up, report it to the governor for Meiji crimes. That's not enough. When Qian left Beijing, Yong Zhengdi ordered kyou-kan to write satirical poems for Qian from the university and Jiuqing. As a result, * * * 385 people wrote poems by imperial edict. After a look at it, the tyrant gave Qian a picture album called Poems of Famous Criminals, which was published and distributed to schools all over the country, so that scholars all over the world could know it. Praise satirical poems with charm, and punish those without charm. There is a sentence in Chen Wance's poem: "The famous world has the same name as the world's crimes, and the Ming works are no different from the Ming works" (Dai Mingshi and Nian Gengyao also have Ming works in Zhi Nan Shan Ji An), with sharp wording and clever sentences, which won the praise of the tyrant. On the other hand, Wu Xiaodeng, assistant minister of Hanlin, was sent to Ningguta as a slave for his poem Absurdity. Among the people who wrote poems, there was a man named Justine who criticized Qian Shiming for "a hundred years of humiliation". There was a man named Xie Jishi who criticized Qian for "treachery has been exposed since ancient times". But before long, they followed, and the conquered people, as pigs and dogs, could not help being bitten.
Long Keduo is a person who has to be mentioned. He is the younger brother of Emperor Kangxi's filial piety, the son of Tong Guowei, the commander-in-chief of the official-to-step army in the last years of Kangxi, and the minister of rites. In the early years of Yongzheng, he attacked the first-class official, awarded the official department minister and added Taibao. Longkodo, like Nian Gengyao, was an important official of Yongzheng tyrant. Without him, it is difficult for tyrants to ascend to the throne, especially Roncodo, who directly participated in the regicide reform and usurpation. When the tyrant's land is safe, he will get rid of those who know the secret. Nian Gengyao has been removed, and Long Keduo must die. In October of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Long Keduo was tried for possession of jade (royal genealogy). Wang unanimously determined that Long Keduo had committed forty-one major crimes, so he was forbidden to enter forever, and his property was recovered from the stolen money, and his second son was also punished. The following year, Roncado died in the detention center.
However, the case related to the Renkodo case ended several months before Renkodo was convicted. Justine was born in Haining, Zhejiang. In the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), he was a scholar and was elected to the Imperial Academy. He was made a cabinet scholar by Duobao, and was later made a left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites by Zuodu Yushi Cai Bao. For details about this literary inquisition, please refer to the six-volume Cha Chuan in the early Qing Dynasty. In May of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the case ended, and Justine slaughtered his body, beheaded his relatives or exiled him, and all the Jiangxi officials involved were dismissed. Not only that, because both Wang He and Justine are from Zhejiang, the tyrant took it out on Zhejiang scholars. In October of the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the next month when Justine was imprisoned, the Qing court set up special envoys in Zhejiang to supervise the scholars and rectify the style of scholars (then the southeast provinces set up special envoys one after another to observe the rectification). 1 1 month, send a letter to stop the examination and examination in Zhejiang Jinshi province. The assistant minister of the official department supported this proposition, thinking that Wang, Cha and others had made the conclusion that "the more water shames, the more Wu Shan shames", and Chen put forward ten suggestions to change customs and curb scholars. Yongzheng tyrant approved the governor of Zhejiang province and made a proposal to rectify the customs. In August of the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), at the request of Li Wei, the governor of Zhejiang Province, the tyrant lifted the imperial edict to stop having obtained the provincial examinations, and two years later cancelled the task of keeping the customs.
Ganlongchao literary inquisition
By the time the so-called "Holy Lord" and "Perfect Man" Emperor Qianlong arrived, the literary inquisition reached its peak, and * * happened more than 130. Among them, the criminals in 47 cases were sentenced to death, which means that the living people died, the dead were slaughtered, and the male relatives over 0/5 years old were sat down and beheaded. However, the literary prison created by far-fetched, literal meaning-seeking and catching shadows is uncontrollable, such as a runaway wild horse. Even some lunatics smeared it at will and identified it as a "negative case". It was ridiculous that they died that year.
When Emperor Qianlong first ascended the throne, he was also hypocritically popular. First, the punishments were ordered to take out Wang's skull hanging at the mouth of the food market and "bury it with a pole", and then a decree was issued to pardon the relatives of Wang and Justine who had been sent. In order to avoid wronging criminals who use words in prison again, Emperor Qianlong temporarily listened to the suggestion of Cao, an imperial envoy of Shandong Province, that "please forgive bad words and forbid false accusations", and approved the suggestion of the Ministry of Punishment: in the future, anyone who reports other people's poems, documents and other treason and ridicule, if there is no original trial, will be charged as false accusations; If the rate of the judge in charge of the trial is higher than that of the prisoner, it is regarded as "the crime of entering the people". Although the literati at this time had been stripped of their backbones by the Kang Yong dynasties, they were still very happy. They praised Ganlong's "no secrets up and down" and "leniency for politics" and compiled a folk song with great emotional agency: "Ganlongbao, longevity test; Work for thousands of years. " Compare Yongzheng's song "Yongzheng Money, Poor for Half a Year".
However, happiness will bring sorrow. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong (175 1), the literary inquisition revived, which began with the case of "pseudo-Sun Jiagan playing manuscripts". Sun Jiagan has successively held important positions in the central and local governments, such as the suggestion of Zuodu, the history of the official department, the history of the criminal department, the governor of Zhili, the governor of Huguang, etc., and is famous for his courage to speak out. Around the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), an excuse appeared among the people, which was written by Sun Jiagan. The content of the draft is "five puzzles and ten mistakes", which is directed at Emperor Qianlong, and almost all the ministers at that time were exposed and reprimanded. The whole country 18 provinces are scrambling to copy fake manuscripts. In June of the following year, when the fake manuscript reached Yunnan, it was discovered by the authorities. As a result, the author of the forged manuscript was traced nationwide.
Asha, the governor of Shanxi, said that Wang was a native of Zhili, living in Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province, and offering poems and couplets to slander sages. Arrogant and rebellious Emperor Qianlong immediately ordered a careful investigation into whether he was the "party member" of the fake champion case. Later, Aha discovered that Wang Xian's poems were written to please the emperor and asked him to be appointed, which had nothing to do with the fake manuscript. Then, it was revealed that Shandong Governor Zhun was too dereliction of duty to check the fake champion, and he was immediately dismissed by Emperor Qianlong and asked to be transferred to Henan Governor E Rong 'an to take over. The above two things, in the view of emperor Qianlong, the former shows that the fake champion is widely circulated and there must be many cronies; The latter shows that local officials deliberately shirked and delayed in handling this case. So on August 28th, Emperor Qianlong ordered the minister of the Ministry of War to send a message to the governors, saying that all criminals who wrote and passed on false stories were the culprit: anyone who copied and used it to incite people's hearts, annotators, copyists and private recorders should be dealt with strictly. He also warned the governors that if they tolerated traitors; If you get away with it, those who are not practical will be dealt with according to Zheng Tai's disposal.
Urged by the emperor, provincial governors tried their best to investigate and did not dare to neglect. From September to1February, various provinces successively found out that there were fake comments: Zhejiang Guo county magistrate, inspector and general manager Qian Ceng circulated fake comments; Some criminals who copied and disseminated fake manuscripts were also found in Gansu Province. What's more, some of the manuscripts were copied by local officials in the southwest Tusi territory. At that time, the provinces found out that fake manuscripts were copied and sent to Beijing like snowflakes. Emperor Qianlong sighed: "These bad words spread all over the provinces, even to the toast, and they spread widely." By the end of that year, many criminals had been arrested in various provinces, including Huguang and Jiangxi, with more than 280 people arrested in Sichuan alone. In this case, secret access is no longer possible. Seventeen years after Qianlong, secret visits to some provinces had to be turned into nationwide public investigations. However, after investigation, the suspect and the copywriter either blamed each other or the deceased, and some confessed under torture, and the punishment was relaxed, and the case was complicated. At the end of the year, the whole case is still very confusing and there is no result.
The case of forging manuscripts was not traced well. Emperor Qianlong took his anger out on the governor officials, involving government officials, and some courtiers tried to remonstrate. 1February 19, Yu Shi wrote: the case of forging manuscripts is a series of troubles, please forgive the current offenders. However, he was reprimanded and dismissed by Emperor Qianlong. Later, another assistant minister, Chen Qun, who lived in the countryside, spoke, meaning that there was no need to investigate the fake manuscript, and he was also reprimanded by Emperor Qianlong. At this point, no one dares to discourage. At this time, Emperor Qianlong thought that it had expanded to several provinces, and it was too late to stop suddenly, but it was difficult to continue the investigation. In this dilemma, the Governor of Jiangxi, Erong 'an, caught Lu Lusheng, the chief of the Qianzong Sect of Changhuai who copied the fake manuscript. After being interrogated by the military affairs minister, he handed over the manuscript to Liu Shida and Liu Shoupu of Nanchang Garrison. Therefore, Lu Lusheng and Liu Shida were taken to Beijing and instructed the military department to conduct interrogation. In emperor Qianlong's view, the case of fake manuscripts seems to have a clue. Not surprisingly, the fake manuscript must have been fabricated by Lu Lusheng and Liu's father and son. However, Liu Shoupu's screen friend Kong Zeming handed it over to Liu Shida, who handled it for him. His fake manuscript is from Suzhou. As a result, the case is complicated and caught in the dilemma of not being able to catch up with the source.
Over the past year, the whole country has been vigorously pursuing forged manuscripts. I don't know how much manpower and financial resources have been spent, and I don't know how many people are involved. Emperor Qianlong couldn't find the principal offender and couldn't continue to pursue it, so he took Lu and Liu as scapegoats. In February of the 18th year of Qianlong (1753), the minister of war reported to Emperor Qianlong that a letter was sent by the Ming Dynasty. After interrogation, it was all wrong. Lu Lusheng has repeatedly "enlightened" and admitted the "truth" of making fake manuscripts with Liu Shida. These comments and reports were actually inspired by the Dragon Emperor. In the same month, Emperor Qianlong couldn't wait to announce that the case of fake manuscripts was notorious. Lu Lusheng, the "principal offender", was taken to the city by Cao Lingchi and put to death. At the same time, he announced to the Chinese and foreign countries that all criminals who copied fake manuscripts would be exempted from punishment. Officials who plagiarize fake manuscripts will be punished as usual. In addition, Jiangxi governor, provincial judge Ding Tingrang, Nanchang magistrate Qi and other unsuccessful officials were dismissed and submitted to the Ministry of Punishment for punishment. Yin Jishan, Governor of Liangjiang, and Calchi Mountain, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, handed over the crime of oversight to the Ministry of Punishment for strict discussion. So far, a year and seven months, in Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi and remote Tusi and other places caused a national sensation to investigate and deal with the case of pseudo-Sun Jiagan's manuscript, which ended hastily.
Fake manuscripts are all over the country, which shows that this discussion has won the hearts of the people, and the emperor should "smell it and change it." However, Emperor Qianlong didn't think he was really wrong at all, but felt that there was an undercurrent of hostility all over the country, so he defined the reason as "all because of the lenient politics in the past", and the policies such as "Please forgive the bad words" and "No false accusations of poetry" condoned "slander". Emperor Qianlong decided to change the "lenient policy" of "women's benevolence" and inherit the harsh policy of his ancestors, and decreed: "These traitors spread rumors, which are false and have a lot to do with customs and people's feelings. They must be sorted out. " From then on, the literary inquisition was magnificent, until it was a historic move to investigate and ban books in the name of compiling the Four Ku Quanshu and completely destroy the spirit of the Chinese nation.