After years of fighting, Liu Bang came from behind, defeated Xiang Yu and won the world. But a few days later, Ying Bu, the king of Huainan, rebelled and the military situation was extremely prosperous. Liu bang had to do it himself.
On the way back to the victorious dynasty, Liu Bang returned to his hometown Pei County and spent more than ten days catching up with his former friends and neighbors. Once at a lively banquet, thinking of the safety of the world, Liu Bang sang sadly: The wind rises in Yunfei, and Jia Wei returns to the sea.
Andrew, soldiers are always looking! "The wind is surging" is a metaphor for the chaos in the world, and sometimes it refers to touching the scene. (Excerpted from "Han Shu O Gao Di Ji") Material 2: Gong Zizhen, born in Renhe, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou) in the late Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
During Gong Zizhen's period, the Qing Dynasty began to decline rapidly, the rich and the poor were divided, and social problems and crises continued. Gong Zizhen advocates that immigrants should open up wasteland in Xinjiang, develop the western economy and consolidate the border defense (proposal on setting up a western region brigade). Write to Lin Zexu, hoping to ban opium.
In the 19th year of Daoguang, on the eve of the Opium War, Gong Zizhen had to leave Beijing for the south because he offended Zhang Mu, the minister of military affairs. When Gong Zizhen passed by Zhenjiang in the south, he saw a sea of people in the street, which was very lively: people were carrying the Jade Emperor, Fengshen and Raytheon to worship devoutly.
At this time, someone recognized Gong Zizhen. A Taoist priest immediately asked Gong Zizhen to write a eulogy. Gong Zizhen wrote: "Kyushu is furious, and thousands of horses learn from sadness; I advise God to cheer up and not stick to certain norms to belittle more people.
It's sad that China is alive only by thunderous changes. I hope God will cheer up again, don't stick to the rules and give us useful talents. )
"eclectic" means not limited to one specification or way. (From Jihai Miscellaneous Poems) Material 3: After a long and arduous struggle, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, with the assistance of a large number of good ministers and sages such as Yao Chong and Song Jing, created a prosperous period of 30 years in the first century-the world was peaceful, the people were happy, and they came to Korea from all directions.
However, after entering the Tianbao period, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty began to be content with pleasure, regardless of state affairs, and reused treacherous officials such as Li and Yang. At the same time, because of his great ambition, he was keen on the policy of expanding the territory and militarising the army, and the Tang Dynasty set up our time and stationed heavy troops in the border areas. Later, the number of our army and border guards increased.
By the first year of Tianbao, our envoys had increased to 10, and our army had increased to 490,000. The huge number of troops consumes a lot of financial and material resources of the country, and there are hidden concerns in society. Du Fu was deeply worried about the fate of the country when he saw the recruits of "Until the Dust Settles Outside Chang 'an Bridge" going to the front line and his parents and wife "running after you, crying and pulling your sleeve". He wrote: the bow should be used as strength and the arrow as length; Shooters should shoot horses, and leaders should catch their leaders.
There is a limit to killing people, and all countries have national boundaries. If you can invade the mausoleum, how can you kill more? However, because people speak softly, no one listens to him.
A few years later, the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, and the Tang Dynasty almost collapsed, and the Tang Dynasty went into decline. "Catch the thief first, catch the king first" is to catch the key first.
(Excerpted from the sixth part of Frontier Fortress) Material 4: In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, Sun Quan and Liu Bei joined hands to defeat the powerful Cao Cao in Chibi by fire attack, which laid a tripartite confrontation situation among the three countries. More than 600 years later, Du Mu of the Tang Dynasty, walking on this ancient battlefield, has not felt the tension of the coming war.
The poet lamented that time played tricks on people, and wrote this poem "Red Cliff": Don't worry about selling sand and iron, you should learn from the past. If Dongfeng doesn't go with Zhou Lang, the copper finches on the Second Bridge will sell well in spring.
"Breaking the halberd and sinking the sand" describes a disastrous failure. (From Du Mu's Red Cliff) Material 5: Lu You (A.D.1125-1210), a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Lu You was repeatedly attacked by the pacifists because he insisted on resisting gold. In 1 166, 42-year-old Lu You was dismissed from office.
Having no choice but to serve the country, Lu You returned to his hometown of Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) full of grief and indignation. He shut himself up at home reading all day, often sitting alone in the blue light until late at night.
In April of the following year, gongs and drums were drummed everywhere in the countryside to prepare for the Spring Festival Society (the day to worship the land god), and there was a happy atmosphere. Lu You suddenly wanted to visit the Western Hills twenty miles away.
So he set off with a cane. Walking, the mountain road gradually circled.
After walking for more than an hour, the crowd gradually became scarce. When he climbed a slope and looked around, the mountain in front was heavy and the road was broken, as if he could not walk any further.
Lu you is interested and refuses to look back. He walked dozens of steps along the hillside and turned the corner of the mountain. Suddenly, an empty valley appeared not far ahead, and a small village was hidden in the green Liu Honghua, just like the legendary Peach Blossom Garden. Lu You was very happy and walked into this small village. Villagers with simple clothes and pure temperament entertain guests with their own wine.
With this unforgettable experience and feeling, Lu You cheered up again. I wrote "A Tour of Shanxi Village": Don't laugh at the farmers' wine, leave enough chickens and dolphins in good years.
There is no way to go because of the winding water flow in the mountains, and a mountain village suddenly appears in the willow-green flower bay. The day of playing flute and drums is approaching, and the villagers are still dressed simply.
In the future, if you can go out in the moonlight, I will knock on your door at any time with my cane. "The future is bright" means that the stalemate has suddenly turned for the better.
(From Lu You's poem "Traveling to Shanxi Village") Material 6: Liu Yuxi (772-842), a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Influenced by Wang's "Yongzhen Innovation", he was demoted to Sima of Langzhou (Changzhou, Hunan) in 805.
Nine years later, Liu Yuxi, who was in his forties, was recalled to Chang 'an. I heard that the thousands of peach blossoms in Xuanduguan were beautiful, so I went to watch them with my friends and wrote a poem entitled "Wandering in Xuanduguan": "The world of mortals is full of flowers, and people can't help but return when they see them.
There are thousands of peach trees in the Xuanmiao Temple, all of which were planted after I was exiled to Beijing. "Because of this poem, he was demoted to Bozhou (Zunyi, Guizhou) as a secretariat, later changed to Lianzhou (Lianxian, Guangdong) as a secretariat, and transferred to Kuikui (Fengjie, Sichuan) and Hezhou (Hexian, Anhui), and later was dismissed.
Fourteen years later, Liu Yuxi was recalled to Chang 'an again. At that time, the excitement in Du Xuan was gone: thousands of peach blossoms were gone, only a few cauliflowers on the moss were swaying in the spring breeze.
The poet was very emotional and wrote a poem "Re-visit Du Xuanguan": "A hundred acres of courtyards are half covered with moss, and peach blossoms are everywhere. Where does Taoism return? Liu Lang came again today! " "Former willow waves" means that people will come again after they leave.
Material 7: Qian Kang and Miracle were both monks in the Tang Dynasty. When Miracle was in Daolin Temple in Xiangxi, Qian Kang paid a visit to him.
The master said, "Anyone who associates with my master can write poems.
The source of ancient poetry lies in our country of poetry, which has been the mainstream of literary history for thousands of years.
How did poetry come into being? It turns out that before the formation of literature, our ancestors compiled rhymes in order to pass on the experience in the production struggle to others or the next generation for memory and dissemination. According to Mr Wen Yiduo's textual research, [poem] and [ambition] are originally the same word, and [ambition] belongs to [scholar] and [heart], which shows that what stops in the heart is actually memory.
After the writing came into being, with the help of literature, there is no need for rote learning. At this time, all written records are called records. Desire is poetry.
Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. How did the title of the song come from? Poetry and songs are not the same thing Songs are produced by human labor at the same time, long before the formation of literature and long before poetry.
At first, we only used sighs to express our feelings, such as ah, xi, oh, alas, and so on. At that time, these words were all pronounced with the same pronunciation: "ah". Song is a pictophonetic character, pronounced with "ke".
In ancient times, [song] and [ah] were the same word, and the [ah] that people uttered in their labor was called composition. Therefore, the title of the song has been used.
Since poetry and song are not the same thing, why did they later be linked together and called [Poetry]? As long as we understand their relationship. At first, Song only used simple interjections to express emotions. With the appearance of language, people's understanding of objective things has gradually deepened and their emotions have become richer, so it is far from enough to express them with a few exclamations.
So content words are added to the song to meet the needs. After the appearance of words, the combination of poetry and songs went further, and lyrics written in words appeared.
At this time, a song includes two parts: one is music and the other is lyrics. Music is lyrical, and the lyrics are poetic and memorable. In other words, poetry is a song with music and a poem without music.
The original poem can be sung with music. Songs are poems, and poems are songs. The combination of poems and songs has been discussed for a long time in China ancient books.
Preface to Mao's poems: "Heart is ambition, words are poetry. Emotion moves in the middle and is shaped by words. If words are not enough, I sigh. If the lyrics are not enough, I will sing. If there are not enough songs, I don't know how to dance.
Shangshu: "Poetry expresses ambition, songs always say", which vividly points out the internal relationship between poetry and songs. Because of this situation, people later called poetry and song side by side, but at present, poetry has become synonymous with poetry.
5. When was poetry first called in ancient times? Poetry was originally called "chapter" or "chapter", not "head". For example, China's earliest book of songs is called Three Hundred Poems, Qu Yuan's poem is called Nine Chapters, and the poem is called First, which first appeared in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
At that time, there was a poet named Sun Chuo, who wrote in "Preface to Sorrow and Music": "It's better to write a poem than to mourn for death." A man named Zhitong wrote in Preface to Taoist Poems: "A poem about chatting.
"From then on, people generally call poetry the first. The word "source poet" of poet V existed during the Warring States Period. How to prove it? "Nine Debates on the Songs of the South" notes: "I admire the poet's legacy and hope to rely on vegetarian food.
"Zhengzitong" notes: "Qu Yuan is a poet because he is a dissolute and his writing is worrying." . "This is the earliest formulation of the word" after the poet ". Since then, the poet has become two nouns used by Han people.
After the rise of Ci and Fu, the word Ci came into being. Yang Ziyun's "Fa Yan". My Zipian said: "Poets are endowed with rules, and those who make speeches are endowed with beauty and ugliness.
Distinguishing poets from poets with "Ze" and "Yin" shows that in modern Han Dynasty, poets are regarded as noble and poets as lowly. After the Six Dynasties, the society attached great importance to ci and fu, and thought that poetry could not go up and fu could not go down, so the word "poet" came into being.
From the Warring States to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, poets and their titles were respected. From the first two words to eleven words of ancient poetry, China is the kingdom of poetry. From ancient times to the present, there are tens of millions of poems, except for those lost for various reasons, which are still preserved in vast quantities.
Poetry, like anything else, has a process of germination, production, development and change. Ge Tan is said to be a ballad in the era of the Yellow Emperor, recognized as a primitive social poem and the beginning of a two-character poem.
The Book of Songs Youpian is the beginning of a three-character poem, that is, "Shake the heron, the heron flies, swallow the jujube and go home drunk". The Book of Changes is the beginning of the four-character poem Bao Sang.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions "rain in the west, rain in the east, rain in the north, rain in the south". The Book of Songs is the beginning of a six-character poem "Auntie thinks of her gold (above the three Tian Zi, below it), and Auntie thinks of her depression".
Luming Literature in The Book of Songs begins with the seven-character poem "I drink purposefully, and I have a Le Yan guest's heart". The eight-character poem "I dare not help my friend escape" in The Book of Songs is at the turn of October. "The Book of Songs" begins with a nine-character poem, "After two days, I will not dare to be king."
Du Fu's poem "A teenager is old before he becomes famous" is also a nine-character poem. At the beginning of Li Bai's ten-character poem, "The Yellow Emperor cast an alchemy sand in Jingshan, and the alchemy sand became a flying dragon in Taiqing's home".
The beginning of Su Dongpo's eleven-character poem "An old friend in the mountains invited me back" The appearance of Chinese painting poetry has always been considered to have begun in the Tang Dynasty, and its founder is Du Fu.
First of all, what is an inscription poem? If painting poems refer to poems inscribed on the screen, according to the existing data, it is only in the Tang Dynasty. If we don't specifically refer to painting poems, but regard indirect painting poems as painting poems, such as chanting paintings, painting poems, painting fans, painting poems and painting poems, then according to the existing data, there were painting poems in the Six Dynasties.
For example, there are three poems written by Ye Tao in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in The History of Han Dynasty, The History of the Three Kingdoms, Poems of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, one of which is: "Seven treasures draw a round fan, and the moon is bright. It is summer with Lang, but I won't forget each other.
"Although simple, it is really a song about painting fans. In particular, Yu Xin, an outstanding poet from the Liang Dynasty to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, wrote 25 "painted screen" poems in the Liang Dynasty, which vividly described the beautiful pictures on the painted screen and played an important role in the development of painting poetry creation. It can be seen that China's poems on paintings were produced in the Six Dynasties.
3. The origin of ancient poetry: God created a sound sky full of singing hymns, which is another treasure in the main recovery.
First of all, we should know the origin of poetry. Poetry is basically an expression of feelings and sentiments that a person has because of the enjoyment in his soul. God created man to make sounds, and man not only makes sounds (animals and plants also make sounds). Generally speaking, human beings still have a history of sadness and joy. A loving God is associated with us, that is, his actions on us produce joy, gratitude, praise and appreciation in our lives.
This universe is full of exclamation marks, with God, his love, his light, his everything, his infinite measurement, and everything is full of singing. The fourth chapter of Revelation reveals that there is a throne in heaven, a government, elders and angels in heaven. What do you do around this loving God every day? Full of singing and praise.
From the eternal past, the universe is full of praise. The first sentence praised by the four living creatures is holiness, which is to give glory and honor to God. Twenty-four elders also praised him for his honor and honor. Not only is the eternity of the past full of praise and singing, but it is also full of admiration when God created the universe into time. When God spread out the heavens, they sang and the stars sang, and the sons of God cheered loudly and praised God's creation.
God has economy, God has creation, and there are cheerleaders in the universe. Come on. Then God gave birth to man and began the history of God's contact with man.
Throughout the Old Testament, the work of God to man in all previous dynasties was a step-by-step and elaborate work of God to man. In Adam, we saw the redemption of God; In Abel, we see that Abel inherited the vision seen by Adam and embarked on the road of redemption. In Enos and his father Seth, we can see that people get rid of the empty burden of human beings by calling God, get God and be filled with God.
In Enoch, we can see that people who call on God walk with God, calling on him to be his breath and becoming a living person who cannot live without it. In Noah, we saw people walking with God working with God-building an ark, ending that generation, saving the whole family and becoming a new race.
All this history, all this process, we have seen God's meticulous, step-by-step and careful work in people. On the other hand, when God's people experience such a loving God, such a wise and thrifty God, such a God with a will in us, the more they experience, the more they will admire. Only poetry and songs can express this admiration incisively and vividly, be pithy, be circulated and be overflowing.
Therefore, in the Old Testament, from Genesis to Esther, it belongs to the history of God's contact with man. In these histories, since the Book of Job, there are five volumes about it. It is said that in this long history, they experienced the worship of God himself, which overflowed to the highest point and became poems and songs.
These five volumes reflect the appreciation of God in the whole historical process of the combination of God and man. The Song of Salvation-The Book of Job is about a self-righteous man. Finally, job said, "I have heard of you before, but now I have seen you with my own eyes."
(Job 42: 5) There are many thanks and regrets for him. Job filled these feelings with poetry.
Although few people like reading the Book of Job, because it is full of debates, as far as our experience is concerned, we should admire your salvation all our lives, because we are all self-righteous people. If we record all the debates with God, it may be thicker than the Book of Job. Although we may not be as knowledgeable as the three friends in the Book of Job, when it comes to debate, people all over the world may be the same, and even robbers can have a full debate, so there should be a Book of Job. Although I really don't like reading the Book of Job, I'll be grateful for reading the last few chapters at most, because the previous history is really unbearable, but don't forget that even those debates are poetic genres.
We don't know why Job is so poetic. Even arguments, swearing and quarrels are expressed in poetry. In retrospect, we also think that he is too emotional. The self-righteous job is really hateful in the eyes of God, so he described the hateful job himself and let people know it through the ages. How hateful is such a good job in the eyes of God? But thank God, no matter how he defended, God finally came to him.
Isn't that how we are all saved? So you should always sing the song of redemption. This song of redemption is your Job.
From poems to songs of songs-songs of songs, God's people moved God and began to pursue him, get close to him and enjoy all his grace in enjoying him. This is a hymn. Poetry is the poetry produced by the connection between God's saints and God and the experience of God's grace and love.
After that, I not only enjoyed the grace of God's love, but also gradually felt the reality of God's light, so there were proverbs. Proverbs show us another name of Christ, which is wisdom. This is a personalized name. "Wisdom" shouts in the street, just like a person shouting in the street.
In fact, it refers to Christ. When we enjoy the grace of Christ, we gradually realize that Christ is practical, so we have a lot of wisdom.
The more I touch the Trinity God, the more I see the emptiness in the sun. The more I feel the glory above the sun, the more I see how tasteless the cycle under the sun is. Because of this, there are many comparisons in Ecclesiastes, and people can see the emptiness of all experiences in the sun.
Of course, this poem has reached its peak again, so it is called Song of Songs. It regards Christ as our only scope, and we pursue him in him until the kingdom on the Mount of Vanilla appears. Poetry-A Complete Life Course These five volumes are all poetry genres. Although it is not easy for us to see this poetic genre after translation into Chinese, it is true in the original text. After translation into Chinese, we can see the dual genres in poetry and those that seem to be poetic genres.
Thank God, the Bible has five volumes, and they are all rich. There are about forty chapters (* * * forty-two chapters) of preserved music songs; Because of the infiltration in love and appreciation of poetry.
4. The origin of ancient poetry, the origin of ancient poetry "Poetry" appeared in China, but the concept of "Ancient Poetry" first appeared in Nineteen Ancient Poems, that is, in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
Poems before 1840 can be called "ancient poems". The place of origin is obviously in China, and the specific location is difficult to verify.
Let's take a look at ancient poetry (old-style poetry) first: about old-style poetry, it can be divided into two categories, one is old-style metrical poetry, or ancient poetry, also called ancient style. For example, The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties. , are irregular poems, that is, ancient style.
The other is the old-style rhythmic poetry, also called modern poetry, with five or seven words in each sentence, which is abbreviated as five or seven words. A poem has four or eight sentences, four of which are quatrains and eight of which are regular poems.
In a poem, there are strict rules for the fluency and rhyme of each sentence, while in an eight-sentence metrical poem, it is strictly required that the middle four sentences are correct. Before the Tang Dynasty, when the old-style poems were formally formed, the forms of China's classical poems were irregular.
For example, The Book of Songs is mainly composed of four words, the most classic of which is "Guan Guan's pigeon, in Jiangzhou, is my fair lady, and a gentleman is a good gentleman". Everyone knows this poem, which is also the main feature of The Book of Songs. However, there are also one to nine-word miscellaneous poems in The Book of Songs, and there are no rules on the number of words, the level and the rhyme of each poem. As for Chu Ci, four words, six words and eight words are commonly used, and the number of sentences is not necessarily. For example, Qu Zi's Li Sao and Jiu Ge are basically 468 words. There are five words and seven words in all kinds of poems in Yuefu and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and some are both. During this period, a new style poem with a little rhyme began to appear, that is, "Yongming style", such as a five-character four-sentence poem similar to a quatrain, which was an ancient quatrain.
At the same time, there is also a close-up poem with five words and eight sentences, but this new style poem is not strict in meter, almost without meter at all, and its form is limited to five words, which is different from the meter poems locked in the Tang Dynasty. It can only be said that the appearance of ancient times began to make the transition from non-metrical poetry to metrical poetry.
How did the old body rhyme develop? First of all, many monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese are square characters, which are easy to form duality. As early as the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, there were many antithetical sentences. The prevalence of parallel prose in Qi and Liang Dynasties urged the author to pay attention to form and consciously emphasize the use of duality. Under the influence of this trend, it is natural to use antithesis properly in poetry.
Duality is one of the factors that later formed the old-style rhythmic poetry. Secondly, the tone of Chinese, in the Middle Ages, was found to have four tones.
Qi Yongming, Shen Yue and others summed up the "Four Tones Theory" at the end of the year. According to the characteristics of rhythm and musical beauty required by poetry, through practical exploration, the principle that poetry must be "within five words, within two sentences, with different phonology and different angles" is summarized.
What does this sentence mean? That is to say, the poem must be in five words in each sentence, the tone must be different (that is, the tone must be flat), and the melody between the upper and lower sentences cannot be the same. In the Tang dynasty, the theory of "eight diseases" was formally put forward, which laid the foundation for the later leveling law of old-style poetry.
From "four tones" to "eight diseases" and then to the duality of four tones, it is divided into two categories: ping (flat) and ping (up, down and middle), which not only provides the concept of ping, but also gradually summarizes the changes of ping in each poem and the ping between poems. In a poem, the combination of parallelism and prose sentences can also show the intricate beauty of language.
In this way, after more than 100 years' development of Yongming style, in the Tang Dynasty, the metrical poetry reached a rigorous and precise stage, and finally fixed the form of the old-style metrical poetry. It should be pointed out that the appearance of archaic rhyme is the inevitable result of historical development, based on the characteristics of Chinese and the special requirements of poetry, and is not created by anyone.
So once it was produced, it had a very strong vitality, which lasted for more than 1000 years until today. All this is enough to show that the old-style rhythmic poetry (including lyrics and songs) has such a strong vitality because of its national style and broad mass base.
The original meaning of "ancient poetry" is a poem written by ancient people. Before and after Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared a number of five-character poems written by scholars before Wei and Jin, which had no title and no author. Most of them are lyric poems with unique expressive techniques and artistic styles, which are collectively called "ancient poems".
Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty said, "Nineteen ancient poems are not the words of one person. I abandoned my wife at a high rate, my friends were rich, I wandered abroad, and I felt a sense of death and new things.
Or fable, or express, or repeat. At first, there were no fantastic ideas and thrilling sentences, and the ancient poems of Xijing were all below. "
During the Jin and Song Dynasties, these "archaic poems" were regarded as models of five-character poems. Lu Ji once imitated 12 sentence by sentence.
Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Bao Zhao in the Song Dynasty. There are "quasi-classical poems" that study the skills and styles of "classical poems". In the Liang Dynasty, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Zhong Rong's Shi Pin theoretically summarized and evaluated the artistic characteristics and value of "ancient poetry", and discussed its author, era and origin, which were generally recognized as works of the Han Dynasty.
At the same time, Xiao Tong's Selected Works and Chen's Xu Ling Yutai's New Poetry define the scope of "ancient poetry" from the classification of poetry: all works without clear titles are called "miscellaneous poetry" by the author and "ancient poetry" by anonymous people. Therefore, after Liang and Chen, "ancient poetry" has formed a special name with a specific meaning.
Like the two Han Yuefu songs, it generally refers to the five-character poems written by Wu Ming in the Han Dynasty, which has developed into a general reference to the artistic achievements of "ancient poetry". Introduction to the development of classical poetry In order to make it easier for everyone to understand the artistic characteristics and genre classification of poetry, the development history of classical poetry is first introduced.
In the history of China literature, the earliest poem we can see is The Book of Songs, which is about 3000 years ago. This is the earliest collection of poems in China, with a total of 305 poems, which was called "Poetry" or "Poetry 300" in ancient times. Its content consists of three parts: wind, elegance and praise, which are divided from the perspective of music.
There is "expressing."