"Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward." What do you mean?

Since the Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain", there has been a flurry in the sky, apes singing and birds singing, and blue lakes and white sands returning. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged. Appreciate this passage from Du Gongbu Collection, which was written by Du Fu when he was in Kuizhou in the autumn of 767 AD (the second year of Dali). Kuizhou is on the bank of the Yangtze River. The whole poem tells the poet's complex feelings of wandering, old illness and loneliness for many years through mountaineering, which is impassioned and touching. Yang Lun praised this poem as "the first of Du Ji's seven-character poems" (Du Shi Jing Quan), and Hu Yinglin's "Poetry" is even more amazing, and it is the highest of seven-character poems in ancient and modern times. The first four sentences of this poem are about climbing mountains. The first couplet is right. Focusing on the specific environment of Kuizhou, the poet used the word "wind rush" to drive the All-China Federation, and from the very beginning, he wrote a quatrain that was told for generations. Kuizhou is famous for its many apes, and the canyon is famous for its windy weather. It is cool in autumn, but it is windy here. When the poet climbs the mountain, the sound of "high apes whistling" comes from the gorge, which means "the empty valley echoes, and the sorrow turns to leisurely" ("Water Classic Notes on the River"). The poet moved his eyes from the heights to the rivers and lakes, and on the background of clear water and white sand, he was dotted with birds dancing with the wind and never looking back. This is really a beautiful painting. Among them, the sky, wind, sand, Zhu, apes whistling and birds flying are all made in heaven and naturally paired. Not only the upper and lower sentences are correct, but also the sentences are self-correct, such as the above sentence "day" to "wind" and "height" to "urgency"; The next sentences "sand" versus "Zhu" and "white" versus "green" are full of rhythm. After the artistic refinement of the poet, fourteen words, each of which is accurate and appropriate, are all in name only. In words, "thank you for your axe" has reached a wonderful and difficult state. More notably, the first sentence of the couple is usually pronounced in a flat voice at the end, but this poem rhymes in a flat voice. Shen Deqian praised "two sentences still rhyme, but the style has changed" ("Tang Poetry"). This couplet embodies the typical characteristics of Kuizhou in autumn. The poet looked up at the endless rustling leaves and looked down at the endless rolling river. While writing about the scenery, he expressed his feelings affectionately. Endless and inexhaustible, it makes the rustling roll more vivid, which reminds people of the rustling of fallen trees and the surging Yangtze River, and invisibly conveys the feeling that youth is fleeting and ambition is hard to pay. Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, it shows superb brushwork, and it does have the majestic momentum of "repairing the palace" and "pouring hundreds of rivers into the east". It is reasonable for predecessors to call it "a unique step in ancient and modern times" and "a change in sentence". The first two couplets tried to describe autumn scenery until the necklace pointed out the word "autumn". "Alone on the stage" shows that the poet looks down from a height and closely connects the eye scene with the heart. Frequent visitor points out the poet's wandering life. "One hundred years" means a limited life, here refers to the twilight. The word "sad autumn" is written very painfully. Autumn is not necessarily sad, but when the poet witnessed the desolate and magnificent autumn scenery, he couldn't help thinking of his own exile, the old, the weak and the sick, so he gave birth to infinite sadness. The poet summed up the feelings of this old guest, who is most likely to be sad and sick, and loves to go on stage alone, into a pair of couplets that are "bold, broad, honest and loud", making people deeply feel his heavy emotional pulse. The "Wan Li" and "Centennial" of this couplet also echo the "Boundless" and "Endless" of the previous couplet: the poet's travel worries and loneliness, like fallen leaves and rivers, are inexhaustible and cannot be driven away, and his feelings and scenery are integrated. At this point, the poem has given the general meaning of missing a stranger, added the content of loneliness after a long separation, added the feeling of sadness and pain in autumn, added the sigh of people who have left their homes in Wan Li and are in their twilight years, and is more poetic. There are five or six sentences at the end. The poet suffers from hardship and poverty, worrying about the country and the people, and his hair is getting gray. In addition, because of illness and alcohol deprivation, it is even more difficult for them to let go. The poet's ambivalence is easy to understand, because he once longed to climb high and look far, but now he provokes hatred for no reason, adding to his sorrow. The first six sentences are "flying", and here "soft and cold, infinite sadness is beyond words" ("Poetry"). The first half of the poem describes the scenery, the second half is lyrical, and the writing style is different. The first couplet focuses on describing the specific scenery in front of us, just like the meticulous brushwork of a painter, showing the shape, sound, color and state one by one. The second couplet focuses on rendering the atmosphere of the whole autumn, just like the painter's freehand brushwork, which should only be vivid and easy to understand, so that readers can supplement it with imagination. Triple expression of feelings, from vertical (time) and horizontal (space) two aspects, from wandering to sick and disabled. Quadrupling the number of white hair, protecting illness and abstinence from alcohol can be summed up as the hardship of the times is the root of poverty. In this way, Du Fu's feelings when he was worried about the country and the people and hurt the country were vividly displayed. All eight sentences in this poem are correct. At first glance, the beginning and the end seem to be "wrong", and the chest and abdomen seem to be "wrong". After careful consideration, "every sentence in the article is law, and every word in the sentence is law." Not only "the whole article can be taught", but also "choose words and make sentences", "people in ancient and modern times dare not speak and will never speak" It is natural to win the reputation of "masterpiece" (see Hu Yinglin's poem). The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand. The sky is high and the wind is urgent, the autumn wind is cold, and the apes cry, which is very bleak; Qingjiangzhou, the sandy shore is white, and the gulls return to Xiang at low altitude. In comparison, the first two sentences re-use rhyme, and the sentences are self-aligned, and none of them are nominal. This is what the poet saw when climbing the mountain, which constitutes a sad picture of autumn scenery and sets the tone for the whole poem. Looking up, Jiang Tian was originally open, but in the poet's pen, he strongly felt the sadness of the wind, the mourning of apes and the dancing of birds, all of which were controlled by the invisible autumn air, as if everything was in an uncertain state of autumn air arrival. The wind is urgent. Kuizhou is located on the bank of the Yangtze River, at the mouth of Qutang Gorge, the head of the Three Gorges. It is famous for its swift water and strong wind. "The Ape Howls", there are many apes in the martial arts, and their voices are piercing. The local folk song says, "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the ape cries three times." Zhu is a small piece of land in the water. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Leaves, boundless, swirl, rustling down; The flowing Yangtze River is surging and rolling forward. Zhuan Xu is a famous sentence throughout the ages. It is written about the solemn and bleak and vast scenery in autumn, which is scattered when you look up and down. "Boundless" magnified the appearance of fallen leaves, and "rustling" accelerated the speed of falling. While writing the scenery, I deeply expressed my feelings and conveyed the feeling that my youth is fleeting and my ambition is hard to pay. Its realm is magnificent, and its touch on people is not limited to the sadness at the end of the year, but also reminds people of the disappearance and limitation of life and the infinity and eternity of the universe. Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, it shows the poet's superb brushwork and has the majestic momentum of "building a raft and walking on a banyan tree", which is praised as "unique in ancient and modern times" by the predecessors who "pay attention to the East". Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. I am wandering in Wan Li, living in other places all the year round, and I feel more sad about autumn scenery; I have been ill since I was born, and today I am alone on the high platform. Neck couplet is a high generalization of the poet's life, and it has the god of frustration. The poet writes from two aspects: space (Wan Li) and time (a hundred years), and integrates the feelings of a long-term guest who is most likely to be ill in autumn and go on stage alone into a vast and muddy dialogue, which makes people deeply feel his heavy emotional pulse. The language is extremely concise and is a famous sentence through the ages. Luo Dajing, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, analyzed this couplet in He Lin Yu Lu: "Wan Li is far away; Sad autumn, when sad; Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; For a hundred years, teeth are dying; Sick and sick; Taiwan, high also; Alone on the stage, no relatives or friends; There are eight meanings between fourteen characters, and the duality is extremely accurate. " "Eight meanings", that is, eight sorrows: it is sad to live in a foreign country; Frequent visitors, two sorrows; Wan Li is a guest, three sorrows; When the bleak autumn, four people are sad; A few years have passed, nothing has been achieved, and five are sad; The death of relatives and friends is six sorrows; It's sad to go to Deng alone; It's sad to be sick. After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged. The world is cold, life is hard, and I often hate Bai Rushuang; Turbid wine kills sorrow, so poor that you need to give up drinking. The end of the couplet turns to lament the trivial things around the individual, which forms a tragic contrast with the majestic world like the opening "Songs of the South". "Bitterness and hatred" means deep sorrow and hatred. "Down and out" means that you are depressed and frustrated. New turbid wine glass: generally interpreted as abstinence, inappropriate. "Stop" refers to a temporary interruption on the way to continue an action state. This sentence means that I went on stage alone, drinking muddy wine alone, without relatives and friends. I slowly lifted the cup to relieve my worries and stopped at my mouth-my body couldn't bear it. I've been drinking nonstop, and I've never stopped drinking. I can't help but feel startled at my physical and mental decline. New refers to the first appearance. "Turbid wine" is a kind of inferior wine compared with "sake", just like rice wine today, it was called "mash" in ancient times.