Yang Wanli's nicknames are: Yang Tingxiu, Yang Chengzhai, Yang Wenjie, and Mr. Chengzhai. Font size: Zi Tingxiu Chengzhai. Era: Song Dynasty. Ethnic group: Han. Birthplace: Jishui, Jizhou. Date of birth: October 29, 1127. Time of death: June 15, 1206. Main works: "Send off to Lin Zifang at dawn from Jingci Temple", "Xugong Store in Suxin City", "Suffering Spring", "Rising from Sleep in Early Summer", "Send to Luwu Temple", etc. Main achievements: poetry creation and creation of "Chengzhai Style".
We will introduce you to the details of Yang Wanli from the following aspects:
1. Yang Wanli’s poems
"Little Pond", "Dawn Out" "Farewell to Lin Zifang at Jingci Temple", "Three Elegies of Prime Minister Yu", "Rising from a nap in early summer", "Walking in the garden in early autumn", "Xugongdian in Suxin City", "Rising from sleeping in early summer", "The boat passes Anren", "New Willows", "Good Things Are Near", "Zhaojun's Resent", "Five Poems on the Lotus Pond in the Evening Heat", "Four Quatrains for Crossing Hundreds of Houses", "Three Elegies for Prime Minister Yu", "Planting Yangge", "Late "Wind", "Early Spring in Nanxi", "Passing Yangcun", "Drama", "Send to Luwuguan".
2. Outstanding Deeds
The four ZTE masters had a great influence at that time. His poems are as famous as Lu You, Fan Chengda and You Miao, and are known as the "Four Great Masters of Zhongxing" (the Four Great Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty). At first, he imitated the Jiangxi School of Poetry, but later he realized that the Jiangxi School of Poetry pursued formality and was difficult and astringent. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), he devoted all his energy to writing more than a thousand poems, determined to break away from the stereotypes of the Jiangxi School of Poetry and find a new path. . He recalled the creative path he had taken in his "Preface to Jingxi Collection": "In his poems, I first learned from the gentlemen of Jiangxi, and also learned the five-character rhyme of Houshan (Chen Shidao), and the seven-character rhythm of Banshan Old Man (Wang Anshi). "I learned quatrains from people in the Tang Dynasty in the late 1890s. When I wrote poems in 1898, I suddenly realized it, so I thanked the people of the Tang Dynasty and the gentlemen of Wang, Chen, and Jiangxi for not daring to learn it," he also expressed clearly in his poems. : "I am ashamed of the sects and sects, and the writers each have their own style. Tao (Qian) and Xie (Lingyun) are more prominent before leaving." (Part 3 of "Postscript Xu Gongzhong Province Qianjin Poems") It is precisely because he does not follow others' footsteps and follow others' footsteps. Under the fence of others, he dared to go all the way, innovate, and finally formed his own style of poetry. His poetry style is simple, colloquial, and innovative in conception, which is called "Chengzhai style". It played a certain role in promoting the change of the poetry atmosphere at that time.
Yang Wanli is knowledgeable and talented. His works are rich in variety, including the majestic and magnificent masterpieces of "Gui Qianjun, Inverted Three Gorges, Chuan Tianxin, and Penetrating Moon Grottoes"; there are also objects and postures that describe people's feelings. He can pick them up casually, but they can express the scene and express emotions in a wonderful way. Little poem. The poetry style is simple and natural, the conception is novel, humorous, fresh and lively, and has a strong artistic appeal. He also paid great attention to the advantages of studying folk songs and absorbed a large number of vivid and fresh spoken ballads and proverbs into poetry. Therefore, his works often "slang and proverbs come from the tongue" (Jiang Honghe's "Hantang Poetry Talk"), giving people a simple and natural feeling. Feel. For example: "The moon shines crookedly on Jiuzhou, some families are happy and others are sad; I worry about killing people and having to worry about menstruation, so I have to rest and rest." ("Bamboo Branch Song") is completely like a folk song blurted out, reflecting his The achievement of learning from folk songs. Some of Yang Wanli's existing poems directly express his patriotism and concern for current affairs. Especially when he served as the accompanying envoy of the Jin Dynasty He Zhengdan, he crossed the Yangtze River and Huaihe River for the first time and went to the north to meet the Jin envoy. He saw with his own eyes that the great rivers and mountains of the Song Dynasty fell into the hands of the Jin people. The Huaihe River became the northern boundary of the Southern Song Dynasty. The flesh-and-blood fellow villagers were unable to travel freely, and they felt infinite emotions in their hearts. They wrote many patriotic poems, such as: "The boat leaves Hongze and the sand on the shore, and people are not happy when they arrive at the Huaihe River; why should Sanggan be far away? To the north of the middle stream is the end of the world!" "The boats on both sides of the river are going in different directions, and it is difficult to negotiate the waves. There are only gulls and herons flying from north to south." ("First Entering the Huaihe River") When he passed by Jinshan in Zhenjiang, he saw the picturesque scenery. The pavilion in Jinshan became a place dedicated to entertaining the Jin envoys to cook tea. He angrily wrote the poem "Shame for others at the end of the river! Sadness for others at the end of Jinshan" ("Snow Ji Xiaoxiao Climbing Jinshan"), deeply criticized The humiliated small court of the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, poems such as "Crossing the Yangtze River", "Elegy of Prime Minister Yu", "Two Poems on the River in Yuzhang", "Su Muniuting Qin Taishi Tomb" and other poems may express thoughts about home and country, or call for the war of resistance and restoration of the country, or sing praises The generals who died fighting the enemy, or the satirical traitors who betrayed their country and surrendered to the enemy are all famous stories in Wanli.
Concerned about people's livelihood, he also wrote some poems that reflected the lives of working people and expressed his concern for people's livelihood and his sympathy for the working people. For example, "Compassion for the Farmers", "Viewing the Harvest", "Farmer's Sigh", "Autumn Rain Sigh", "Compassion for the Drought", "Song of Bamboo Branches", "Planting Yangge", etc., are of high ideological and artistic quality. However, the number of works in the above two categories is not very large.
Extant poems Most of Yang Wanli's existing poems are lyrical and social poems about rivers, winds, mountains and moon. In this part, some of the themes of the works are too detailed, lack a high degree of artistic generalization, and are crude and vulgar. But he also has many short poems that describe the scenery. Due to his meticulous and in-depth observations, vivid descriptions, and sincere feelings, they are full of interest and quite moving. For example, "The plums leave sore teeth, and the plantains are divided into green and window screens. When the day is long, I wake up with ruthless thoughts, and I watch the children catching willow flowers." ("Relaxing in Early Summer from Afternoon") "The mountains and rivers outside the fog are not real, only the chickens and dogs can recognize them." Qiancun. The ferry boat is covered with frost and snow, marking the first mark of my green shoes." ("The Crossing of Dazhen Ferry at Dawn on the Fifth Day of the First Month of Gengzi") "In the sound of spring raindrops and the stream, people are intoxicated by the shadows of plum blossoms and bamboos.
"("New Year's Eve") are all written in a round and natural way, fresh and lively, and very thoughtful. They are taking a different path from those poets who specialize in describing the wind, clouds, moon and dew. In modern times.
3. Introduction
Yang Wanli (1127-1206), courtesy name Tingxiu, was born in Jizhou, Jiangxi (now Tangcun, Huangqiao Town, Jishui County, Jiangxi Province) and was a great poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. Jinshi in 1154. He successively served as Dr. Guozi and Dr. Taichang, and he was also the right minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. He promoted the official affairs of tea and salt in Changping, Guangdong, and was opposed to the use of iron money. In the counties south of the Yangtze River, he changed his name to Ganzhou and did not go there. He resigned and returned home to live in the countryside. In the history of Chinese literature, he is known as one of the "Four Southern Song Dynasty poets" and "the four great poets of the Zhongxing Dynasty" together with Lu You, Fan Chengda and You Miao. He composed more than 25,000 poems, but only a few have been handed down.
From the sixth to eleventh year of Chun Dynasty (1179), he served in Guangdong. He found that there were no military camps outside Hui, Chao and other prefectures, and all the soldiers lived in the city. He asked for permission to build barracks outside the village on all roads, and soldiers were not allowed to move into the city. In Huizhou, he wrote popular poems such as "White Crane Peak", "Visiting the Former Residence of Dongpo" and "Unleashing the Boat at Huizhou New Bridge". "You Feng Lake" and so on, among which "You Feng Lake" is one of the famous poems about West Lake in Huizhou: "Three West Lakes have the same autumn color, Qiantang Yingshui and Luofu. The east slope was originally the length of the West Lake, and it would have to stop if it did not reach Luofu." His poems had a great influence in Huizhou and were enshrined in Jingxian Temple by the West Lake.
4. Life
Yang Wanli was awarded the title of Jinshi in Ganzhou in the 24th year of Shaoxing. After Xiaozong came to the throne, Zhang Jun became the prime minister and recommended Yang Wanli as a professor in Lin'an Prefecture. His father died after serving. Zhi Fengxin County. In the sixth year of Qiandao (1170), he was appointed as a doctor of Guozi and began to serve as a capital official. Soon he moved to Taichang Cheng and was transferred to Shaojian. In the first year of Chunxi (1174), he was transferred to Zhangzhou and changed to Changzhou. In the sixth year, he was promoted to Changping Tea Salt in Guangdong. He suppressed Shen Shi's uprising army and was promoted to Guangdong Tidian Prison. Soon after his mother died, he was called back to be a member of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and was promoted to doctor in the twelfth year (1185). ) In May, he responded to the imperial edict with an earthquake, discussed ten current political issues, advised Xiaozonggu to take things easy and focus on preparing for enemies, and firmly opposed some people's suggestions to abandon the Huaihe River and withdraw from the Yangtze River, which was harmful to the country. , advocated the selection of talents and actively prepared for war. The following year, he was appointed as the prosecutor of the Privy Council and the prince's minister. In the 14th year (1187), he was moved to the position of Secretary Shaojian. Wan Li criticized Zhang Jun for being worthy of serving in the temple. Hong Mai's "referring to deer as a horse" angered Xiaozong, who sent him to Yunzhou (now Gao'an, Jiangxi). After Guangzong ascended the throne, he was appointed as the Secretary Supervisor in the first year of Shaoxi (1190), and served as the successor to the Jin Dynasty He Zhengdan and the reviewer of the Shilu Academy. Because Xiaozong was dissatisfied with him, he was appointed as the deputy envoy to Jiangdong. Yang Wanli thought it was inconvenient for the people and refused to obey the order. He disobeyed the prime minister and changed his mind to Ganzhou, so Wanli realized that his ambition could not be carried out. He did not go to his post, but returned as a shrine official (having no actual official position, only receiving a salary, which was equivalent to retirement). From then on, he no longer served as an official. He was called to Beijing several times by imperial orders, but he refused to go in the second year of Kaixi (1206). He hated Han Zhou for taking power and harming the country, so he died of grief and anger. He eventually became a scribe in Baomo Pavilion, and was given the posthumous title of "Wenjie" as a posthumous gift to Dr. Guanglu. .
There are more than 4,200 poems in existence today, many of which express patriotism. His poems such as "Four Quatrains Entering the Huaihe River for the First Time", "Viewing from a Boat Crossing the Yangtze Bridge", "Crossing the Yangtze River", and "The Rain Remains at Dusk and the Sunny Comes Back Again" recall the present and recall the past, express feelings about the scene, and are of high ideological and artistic quality. He also wrote some poems that reflect the lives of working people, such as the seven poems of "Song of Bamboo Branches" about trackers sailing on rainy nights, "Ten Interpretations of Poems for Polders" about the construction of dikes and polders, and "Planting Yangge", "Compassion for Farmers", "Compassion for Drought" ", "Farmer's Sigh", "Autumn Rain Sigh", etc. all show sympathy for the difficult life of farmers from different angles. At the same time, there are also brisk poems describing scenery, such as passing by Lingjiu Temple. He once wrote two of the seven unique poems of "Su Lingjiu Temple": One of them goes: "At first I suspected that the rain at night suddenly hit my eyes, but it was the mountain spring that sang all night long. The flow came to There are no words in front of the stream, but many sounds are made in the mountains. "Yang Wanli first learned the Jiangxi Poetry School, focusing on the rhythm of words and sentences. After the age of 50, the style of poetry changed, from imitating his predecessors to imitating nature, forming a unique Chengzhai style. body. Chengzhai style pays attention to the so-called "living method", that is, it is good at capturing fleeting interests and expressing them in humorous and accessible language. For example, "A Call to the Feng Bo": "The Feng Bo persuades you to have a glass of wine, why do you need a drama to shock the old man!" This fully embodies the characteristics of the Chengzhai style. His "Chengzhai Poetry Talk" does not focus exclusively on poetry, but also contains some literary theory. The poems he wrote are famous for "Wuxi Fu" and "Hai Fu". Only 15 of his poems exist today. Their style is fresh and full of interest, which is quite similar to his poems. He was also proficient in the study of "Yi" and wrote "Chengzhai Yi Zhuan", which used historical evidence to prove "Yi" and was criticized by classics scholars. He has written 133 volumes of "Chengzhai Collection" (including 10 collections of poems and articles in various genres), including the "Sibu Congkan" edition; 42 volumes of "Yang Wenjiegong Poems Collection", including a Qianlong edition; 20 volumes of "Chengzhai Yi Zhuan", including The Song Dynasty version of "Shao Shu Ting Ying"; "Chengzhai Poetry Talk" volume 1, there is a "Sequel to the Poems Talk of Past Dynasties" edition.
Yang Wanli advocated the war of resistance throughout his life and opposed surrender. In many "letters", "policies" and "notes" to the emperor, he repeatedly stated the country's ills and denounced the mistake of surrender and the patriotism. Love is beyond words. He was an upright official and tried his best not to disturb the people. Xu Ji, a poet at the time, praised him as "as clean as water, but poor as gold." After his term as deputy envoy to Jiangdong was completed, he should have had tens of thousands of money left over, but he abandoned it all in the official treasury and returned without taking any money. He was upright and upright, spoke out when things happened, pointed out the ills of the times, and had no scruples, so he was never of great use.
In fact, he did not bother to seek promotion when he was an official. When he was a Beijing official, he was ready to be dismissed at any time. Therefore, he prepared the travel expenses home from Hangzhou in advance, locked them in a box, hid them in his bedroom, and warned his family not to buy them. I am afraid that my luggage will be cumbersome when I leave my job and return to my hometown. Later, during the fifteen years when he was idle and at home, when Han Zhou was in charge of the government, Han built a new Nanyuan and asked him to write a "note", promising to reward him with a high-ranking official. Wan Li refused to write, saying that "the official can be abandoned," "You can't do it." You can imagine his character by doing several things. The poet Ge Tianmin praised him as "a spine as iron as a heart as stone" (see "Collections of the Sages of the Southern Song Dynasty. Collection of Ge Wuhuai"), which is not a posthumous compliment.
Yang Wanli has loved the countryside all his life. For example, "Compassion for Drought", "Bamboo Technique Song of Crossing Baisha", etc. describe the hardships and sufferings of farmers' life, "Song of Four Seasons", "Sowing Yangko", etc. Write about the hardships and joys of farmers.
In the spring of the 24th year of Shaoxing (AD 1154), Yang Wanli became a Jinshi.
In the twenty-sixth year (AD 1156), Ganzhou Sihu was awarded the title of joining the army.
In October of the 29th year (AD 1159), he was transferred to the fortress of Lingling County, Yongzhou. At that time, Zhang Podi, the leader of the main war faction, lived in Yongzhou and thanked guests behind closed doors. Yang Wanli went to see him three times but was unable to see him. Afterwards, he sent a letter to ask for help and was introduced by his son Zhang Shi before he was able to see him. Zhang Jun said to him: "Noble man Yuan Fu, what's wrong with those with gold, slim and purple waists? Only the names of Zou Zhiwan and Chen Yingzhong compete with the sun and the moon!" (Volume 1 of Luo Dajing's "Helin Jade Dew") At the same time, he encouraged him The study of "honesty and sincerity". Yang Wanli believed in his teachings for the rest of his life, so he named the room where he studied "Chengzhai" to clarify his ambition. Hu Quan was living in Hengzhou at that time, and Yang Wanli asked him to write "Cheng Zhai Ji" for this purpose. As Cheng Lingling, "two divisions were acquired in one day" ("Twelve Postscripts of Zhang Wei Gong's Reply to Hu Gongshu"). Zhang Jun and Hu Quan, two famous patriotic ministers, became the role models that Yang Wanli followed throughout his life. Shaoxing
In June of the 32nd year (AD 1162), Emperor Gaozong Zhao Gou abdicated, and major changes occurred in the political situation of the Southern Song Dynasty. Xiaozong ascended the throne and made great efforts to restore the throne. He appointed Zhang Jun as the privy envoy, and soon made him the prime minister. In the autumn of the first year of Longxing (1163), Yang Wanli left Lingling and was transferred to Lin'an. Due to Zhang Jun's recommendation, the professor of Lin'an Prefecture was removed. Before taking office, he returned to Jishui in the first month of the second year due to his father's illness. On August 4th, his father died of illness and stayed at home. "For three years, the house was not closed and he was not polite." The privy envoy Chen Junqing and the privy envoy Yu Yunwen wrote the political treatise "Qianlu Ce", which was divided into "the way of the king", "national power", "governing the source", "talent", "discussing the prime minister" and "discussing the generals". , "On Military Affairs", "Control of Officials", "Selection of Laws", "Criminal Law", "Redundant Officials", "Civil Affairs" *** 30 articles, which profoundly summarized the historical lessons of the hard-earned Jingkang period and bluntly criticized the imperial court's Corrupt and incompetent, he proposed a set of policies and strategies to revitalize the country, which fully demonstrated Yang Wanli's political talent. After reading it, Yu Yunwen praised: "There is such a person in the southeast! At the beginning of a certain period, if two people are recommended together, this person should be the leader. " (Volume 4 of Part B of "Helin Yulu")
In the sixth year of Qiandao (1170 AD), Yang Wanli was removed from Longxing Prefecture as the magistrate of Fengxin County. It coincided with a severe drought in Fengxin and the people's lives were very difficult. Yang Wanli took office on April 26th. He saw that the prisons were full of people who could not afford to pay taxes, but the government offices and treasury were still empty. He knew that it was due to exploitation among the officials, so he ordered that all the prisoners be released. "Prisoners" were prohibited from arresting and whipping the people, and then a notice was issued to each household to relax the tax amount and deadline. As a result, the people came to pay taxes on their own initiative, and within one month, all the tax arrears were paid in full. Half a year later, he practiced his politics of not disturbing the people for the first time and achieved great results. In October of the same year, due to the recommendation of the Right Prime Minister Yu Yunwen, Yang Wanli removed Dr. Guozi and began to serve as the capital. The following year, Zhang _ was opposed to Hou Xingjin. When he held an important position, he offended Yu Yunwen and was squeezed out of Yuanzhou. Yang Wanli resisted and argued that Zhang Mo should not be removed from his position. He also wrote to Yu Yunwen, admonishing him with justice and forgetting selfishness. In July, he was transferred to Dr. Taichang; In the eighth year of Wandan's reign, he was promoted to the rank of Taichang and the right servant of the Ministry of Officials; in April of the ninth year, he was transferred to the post of Shaojian.
In the first month of the first year of Chunxi (1174), he was not allowed to leave except Zhangzhou. He forgot the letter and advised the emperor to avoid corrupt officials and treat honest officials. He stayed at home for three years due to illness. In the first month of the sixth year of Chunxi (1179 AD), he went to Changzhou. In addition to the official duties of Changping Tea and Salt in Guangdong, Yang Wanli left Changzhou with his family in February and stayed for nearly a year. In the first month of the seventh year, he left Jishui and went to Guangdong in February. The thief Shen Shi entered Meizhou, and he led his troops to pacify it. He was called "the brave man of benevolence" by Xiaozong and was given the title of Zhimi Pavilion. In July of the ninth year, his stepmother died and he left office in mourning. In October of the eleventh year of Chunxi (AD 1184) In May of the twelfth year, he was appointed as the Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. In response to the imperial edict, Wang Huai, the Prime Minister of Seoul, asked "What is the most urgent priority for the Prime Minister?" He answered that "Talents are the most urgent priority" and wrote in the "Recommendation of Scholars", recommending Zhu Jiao and other sixty people, all of whom were honorable men. Xiaozong's relative Yao made him the prince's attendant, and the prince named him "Chengzhai". Two characters. In the thirteenth year of Chunxi's reign, he was transferred to the Privy Council and served as the Minister of the Imperial Palace. Xiaozong accepted the advice of Hanlin scholar Hong Mai and appointed Lu Yihao and others to worship in Gaozong's temple.
Yang Wanli strived to have Zhang Jun, the famous general in the main battle, as his companion. He accused Hong Mai of not waiting for deliberation and being arbitrary, which was like "referring to a deer as a horse", which angered Xiaozong: "Why is Wanli Yilian like the master?" So he cut off the Zhimi Pavilion and made Zhizhi. Juanzhou (now Gao'an, Jiangxi).
In February of the 16th year (AD 1189), Guangzong accepted Zen. Yang Wanli returned to Zhimi Pavilion in May, was summoned in August, and came to Beijing in September. He wrote three letters asking Guangzong to protect talents. To prevent traitors from being "diligence on the first day, frugality on the second day, judgment on the third day, love for the gentleman on the fourth day, and reward for outspokenness on the fifth day" ("Third Zhazi"). In August of the first year of Shaoxi (AD 1190), the imperial emissary Cheng served as the envoy of He Zhengdan of the Jin Dynasty and served as the reviewer of the Record Academy. As usual, the "Calendar" of Emperor Xiaozong was completed. As usual, the secretary should supervise Yang Wanli for the "Calendar". 》preface, but the prime minister told others otherwise, so Yang Wanli committed dereliction of duty and asked to resign, but Guangzong persuaded him to stay. Then because he wanted to enter Xiaozong's "Holy Government" book, the prime minister regarded him as an official, but Xiaozong still missed the old evil. , was very unhappy, so he went out to Jiangdong to transfer the deputy envoy.
In the second year of Shaoxi (AD 1192), the imperial court ordered the use of iron money to gather children in the counties south of the Yangtze River. Yang Wanli wrote a letter to dissuade him, but he refused. He offended his ministers, so he changed his mind to Ganzhou. In August, he recovered from his illness and returned to Jishui. "It's like a sick crane emerging from its cage, like a rabbit that escapes from its cage and falls into the forest. Since then, it has been isolated from the rest of the world." (Reply to Shen Zishou Shu) .
In the first year of Qingyuan of Ningzong (AD 1195), he was called to Beijing, but Yang Wanli refused to go. In September, he was promoted to Huanzhang Pavilion and promoted to Xingguo Palace in the first month of the fourth year. In March of the fifth year, he was promoted to Baowen Pavilion and became an official. In the third year of Jiatai, he was granted the title of Kaiguozi of Jishui County. In August of 1203 AD, he was ordered to be a bachelor in Baomo Pavilion and given clothes and belts; in the first month of the fourth year, he was granted the title of Marquis of Kaiguo in Luling County and added 300 households in the city.
In the first year of Kaixi. (A.D. 1205), he was summoned to Beijing and resigned; in February of the second year, he was promoted to a bachelor of Baomo Pavilion. Yang Wanli vowed not to serve as an official in his later years. It is said that he was dissatisfied with the powerful minister Han Zhou who was in charge of the country and asked him to build Nanyuan. "Recording accounts, he said: "Officials can be abandoned, but records cannot be written!" He firmly refused. Later, because Han Zhuan was very close to the sun, he quickly became ill with worry and anger. His family knew that he was worried about the country and did not know any news about current affairs. Dare to tell.
On May 7, the second year of Kaixi (AD 1206), a nephew of the clan came from outside. Not knowing that he was lazy, he talked about Han Zhou's Northern Expedition reported in the Di newspaper. Yang Wanli After hearing this, he cried bitterly and sighed angrily: "You are looking for death!" He expected that if Han Zhou was taking chances and acted rashly, he would inevitably fail and harm the country. He could not sleep all night. The next morning, he refused to eat. , sitting in his study, he wrote in handwriting: "The treacherous ministers of Han Dynasty monopolized the power of the Yuan Dynasty, used troops to destroy the people, and tried to endanger the society. With my head like this, I have no way to serve the country, but to be lonely and angry!" He also wrote a farewell letter with fourteen words. His wife and children passed away at the age of 80.