It is a better way to explain the views on ancient porcelain item by item. It is not easy to make it clear without explaining it separately. In fact, it is difficult to explain clearly, so here is just a hint, and so is ancient porcelain.
Knowledge and opinions are still too shallow, such as painting patterns, from story painting to fable painting, from totem worship to landscape painting. There are pavilions, mountains and rivers; There is war and peace; There are paintings and calligraphy, and there are dances.
Happy; There are farmers, fishermen, fishermen and so on.
These paintings not only reflect people's pursuit at that time, but also describe history. The depiction of characters on ancient porcelain also meets the needs of porcelain modeling and just conforms to the times. Because of limited knowledge, I can only give a hint here.
First of all, from the content point of view
From bottles, cans and dragon cans with a height of up to one meter to water drops, bird food cans and Go. There are military, imperial, official and civilian. There are many paintings, such as Lu Bu in the Three British Wars and Xiao He chasing Korea under the moon.
Xin, Zhou Yafu, Xi Liuying, Yang Jiajiang, Knife Horse Man, etc. Some of these pictures are complete sets of military stories, some depicting men ploughing and women weaving, some depicting fishermen's music, some depicting handicrafts, and some depicting education, such as the beauty belt and the beauty cave.
Children give lectures, etc. Describe happiness, luck and longevity. There are eight treasures of Buddhism and Taoism, miscellaneous treasures, three-star maps, gossip and other places to worship heaven. There are pictures of Bo Gu for appreciation, pictures of literati Four Treasures of the Study and pictures of Four Treasures of the Study.
These cultural relics include piano, chess, books and paintings, as well as photos of pine, bamboo and plum painted by three friends. There is a photo of visiting a friend with a piano. Twelve women in Jinling introduced the story fragments. There are eight immortals, eight elders and nine elders who introduce various immortals.
There are literati and wise men. There is an operation chart to calculate the day, month, day and place. There are marine animals that people are eager to calm down and control floods, and there are also gluttonous pictures that pray for good luck and peace. There are all kinds of decorative patterns, which symbolize brilliance and China history.
Totems worshipped in past dynasties: dragon, eagle, lion, cicada, bird, etc. There are words, poems and historical records. Through this colorful picture, we can see from heaven to underground, from ancient times to the present, including
Vientiane patterns and shapes. Today, when we appreciate these porcelains, it is like seeing the history of China's civilization for thousands of years. China ancient porcelain provides evidence and materials for Chinese civilization from another aspect. Of course, it is impossible not to touch porcelain.
The clay sculpture art before pottery was porcelain.
Secondly, from the point of view of modeling.
The history of China for thousands of years is the only one in the world that can be recorded. In ancient times, stone tools were used to make sacrifices, utensils and tools. From Jed
You can see the worship at that time in the sculpture; When pottery appeared, it was also said that these utensils were made, because they were all made of pottery in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Later, it developed into the porcelain age, because in
Plastics have been successful, so pottery, bronze and jade are all made of ceramics. Therefore, what can best preserve history is porcelain, and it is also the porcelain that can best reflect historical aspects. This has nothing to do with porcelain not rotting,
It is related to the characteristics of immortality, heavy burial in the history of China, and death as life. In the past, from emperors, nobles to clan households, every family had a cemetery; Retirement, wealthy businessmen and households also have cemeteries. In ancient times, people's ideas required
Some porcelains are buried underground, and these porcelains are kept as valuables. For another example, there are many porcelains underground in China due to burial reasons such as floods and landslides. But if it's not porcelain,
The equipment is a non-corrosive product, which is difficult to protect.
Porcelain shapes include pots, jars, bottles, bowls, dishes, incense burners, barrels, dishes, flower arrangements, vases, etc., which are used for appreciation and decoration; The study is equipped with pens, inkstones, washing, water drops, water containers and containers. There is a rotating bottle,
There are also people who play with snuff bottles; There are wall brick murals and emperor supplies; Having military signs, symbols and seals; There are porcelain beads and poles used by the ministers of civil and military affairs of the imperial court, gifts and palace supplies.
There are daily necessities, some of which are made according to the customs of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, such as sacrifice, appreciation, totem, tribute and so on. It can be said that as long as it happened in history, almost everything can be found in the shape of porcelain.
It can be said that by looking at the modeling of ancient porcelain, we can understand the history of China's worship and the aesthetic history of ancient civilization.
Third, from the perspective of ceramic painting.
From the painter's point of view, we can see a complete painting history from ancient porcelain. On ancient pottery, there are the earliest abstract paintings painted and daubed in the world. Daubing or carving a few knives on ancient pottery, just a few strokes, a seemingly illusory work of art appeared.
Surgical photos. In ancient porcelain, some only use a few strokes to outline realistic and freehand brushwork pictures and patterns. For example, horses, cattle, sheep, flowers and birds, landscapes, grass and stones, figures and so on. Sketches are beautiful and lovely, giving people a better look.
Love to watch, touching feeling.
From the painter's point of view, some use a large pen, some use a small pen, and some use a small pen to touch. There are big sketches, small pens and double tick marks, flying white, leaving blank and drawing white. It can be said that it covers almost all kinds of painting methods of China.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, a blue material was used to show blue-and-white porcelain with five or even twelve grades in the picture, and perspective method was used in blue-and-white water to make monochrome blue-and-white porcelain show landscape paintings in front of and behind the house in a small picture. This blue-and-white porcelain was a very successful blue-and-white porcelain in Kangxi period. If the bottles and cans are unfolded, it is a one-foot or several-foot monochrome ancient painting page.
Painted ink, tricolor, multicolor, famille rose and enamel on ancient porcelain with the color of glaze, including China's traditional Chinese painting, realism, freehand brushwork, woodcut and paper-cutting, as well as foreign western painting and oil painting introduced to China.
Painting, the painter is rough and delicate, but the brushwork is skillful and smooth. Looking at the paintings on ancient porcelain is simply the painting history of China, and it is also the painting history of China people going to the world. Paintings and patterns on ancient porcelain
Decoration is an excellent appreciation variety for studying and learning painting in China, and it is also a treasure house for collecting painting art. Painting on ancient porcelain is a big ethnic group in the painting field.
Fourth, look at calligraphy from the perspective of writing style.
In ancient China porcelain, some poems and inscriptions were written by famous people, such as the handwriting of the emperor and the handwriting of famous calligraphers. Some are imitations of celebrities, such as Wang Xizhi, Huai Su and so on. There are also painters' books.
Legalists write directly on porcelain, and some celebrities imitate celebrities of the previous dynasty; There are Tang poems, famous sayings and sentences, and a long preface to Lanting Collection. There are people who spend a good moon and learn to write stories; There are praises and aphorisms; Educated
Famous sayings of Confucius, emperors and ministers; There are sacrifices to heaven and earth and world history. It can be seen that Chinese and foreign famous sayings have expressions of sustenance and sentences applied to funerary objects; Having a historical record; Wish happiness and good luck.
Yes There are hieroglyphics, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Sanskrit characters, Xixia characters, ancient Chinese characters and minority languages; There are Chinese and foreign languages; There are relief lettering and intaglio lettering; There are printed and pressed flowers; There are also brush strokes and other strokes. have
Capital letters, lowercase letters and cursive script.
From the perspective of calligraphy, China ancient porcelain has Chinese, foreign languages, Buddhist languages and national languages, which are really varied. Appreciating words and learning calligraphy can get a lot of nutrition from porcelain. The calligraphy on porcelain is an imitation.
The most serious calligraphy; It is also the most serious calligraphy work written by celebrities on porcelain. Orthography, cursive script, official script and seal script can be seen on ancient porcelain in China, and the evolution of characters and the development of calligraphy can be seen. So there is something on the ancient porcelain.
Historical traces, and calligraphy written on porcelain also has historical value.
So generally speaking, ancient porcelain with written records is more expensive. Calligraphy written on ancient porcelain is a kind of calligraphy that never fades, does not corrode and can be placed for a long time. The furniture says Copybook for calligraphy. but
Some porcelains not only have long characters, but also draw pictures on the objects they write on. This kind of works with pictures is very precious, often imitating the works of great calligraphers and painters. Some are also stamped and dated.
It can really be said that it is a collection of such an ancient porcelain, a collection of ancient porcelain, a collection of calligraphy and painting copybooks. Appreciation is the taste, reproduction is the purity, and possession is the satisfaction.
Five, from the classification of ancient ceramics
The classification of ancient porcelain is very early, and there are very strict standards. This classification is not only the classification of kiln mouth, but also the classification of feudal society and imperial system. There are categories of ruling and ruled, differences between dignitaries and servants, differences between young and old, differences between men and women, and differences between public and private use; The classification of civil and military, military, life, worship to heaven and places of worship is very clear.
For example, ancient porcelain in Song Dynasty was rated as five famous kilns: Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Ding kiln and Jun kiln. There are Longquan, Dehua and Jizhou kilns. Another example is monochrome glaze, blue and white porcelain, tricolor, multicolor, bucket color, enamel color and so on. It can really be said that the larger point has the age and kiln mouth, the smaller point has the glaze color, and the subdivision has the application level.
There are bottles, incense burners, smoke stoves and buckets in China. Daily necessities include pots, bowls, plates, dishes, cylinders, cans and so on. It is also divided into circular cutters (vertical pieces and horizontal pieces), official porcelain (official kiln) and folk porcelain (folk kiln). Official use is divided into royal supplies, toys, palace supplies, princess supplies, gifts and rewards. Public goods are divided into play, display, birthday celebration porcelain, celebration porcelain and so on.
These ancient porcelains have strict production rules in shape and decoration. For example, after the Ming Dynasty, the emperor used the dragon with five claws, and the harem used the dragon, phoenix and horse, but the common people could not use it. Yellow glaze is special for the court. Military attache used lions, tigers,
Leopard, bear, etc. , Kirin, crane, golden pheasant eagle, crane, etc. There are military symbols and tokens, and there are literati Four Treasures of the Study. The decorative patterns of these porcelains have strict requirements.
There are also reflux pots, thermos pots, thermos pots, fair cups and mugs for drinking water, which are convenient for life. These utensils are well-made and have clear handwriting. Often a palace article will be screened at different levels before it can be sent to the palace.
We can study the development of history and culture through the classification of ancient porcelain. Ancient porcelain has important historical and cultural values. It is a national treasure and a part of human history. Not only are there many types of applications,
It can also be divided into domestic porcelain and export porcelain, and can be divided into traditional Chinese painting porcelain and western painting porcelain from the painter. Therefore, the classification of ancient porcelain not only reflects the history of China, but also reflects the history of other countries, which can be studied from the classification of ancient porcelain.
Part of world history.
Sixth, look at clothes from the painting figures.
The costumes of the characters painted on ancient porcelain are very particular. Because China ancient porcelain has a long history and covers a wide range, many people's decorations are targeted and painted according to the costumes of historical figures at that time. Song style is the painting method of the Song Dynasty.
Yuan Dynasty is the painting method of Yuan Dynasty, and Ming and Qing Dynasties also have their own painting methods. They all drew their own clothes according to their own situation. However, their descriptions of historical figures of the previous generation are basically based on the original historical appearance. Clothing, Action and Worship of Roles
Wearing, riding equipment, utensils and hand-held objects were all drawn according to the regulations at that time. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, the costumes of the conference semifinals in the western regions were mostly painted, and the riding clothes were mostly nomadic grasslands. In the Ming Dynasty, Han people mainly painted clothes in the Central Plains, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and the Yangtze River, which were often worn.
Silk and cotton products; Painting soldiers dressed in armored robes, painting literati dressed in robes and black hats, painting ladies dressed in long-sleeved brocade, with long hair fluttering and delicate faces; Draw a grinning, disheveled bad guy; Draw a good face and get dressed.
Decent and tidy; Draw naughty children, dressed in colorful clothes and wide pants, wearing small hats and beautiful clothes. There are winter clothes, summer clothes, long shirts and short coats; Some are elegant, some are stiff; Some people can tell who they are in history from their clothes.
Things are literature, martial arts, fierceness and goodness. Clothing changes according to age and status. It should be said that the paintings on ancient porcelain are also an exhibition of China's historical costumes, a military, political and official exhibition.
Folk costume atlas is a large-scale atlas of ancient official and civilian costume models. This has a thousand-year documentary function for the research of costumes and the textual research of historical costumes, and its research value and archaeological value are immeasurable. So there are many in the world.
China ancient porcelain reflects the national costumes. The figures and costumes painted on ancient porcelain in China are indelible and non-corrosive. So it can be said that it is a treasure on earth and priceless.
Seven, look at the sculpture art of ancient ceramics.
China ancient porcelain has had sculptures since it had porcelain. In ancient pottery, it was even earlier. In fact, ceramics itself is a sculpture made of clay. At first, it was mainly based on pressing stripes and rewinding coils. Later, animals and plants were carved on ancient porcelain, resulting in landscapes and figures. These porcelains are very precious.
There are not only various sculptures in ancient pottery in China, but also complete sets of character story sculptures. These ancient porcelain carvings include the living habits at that time, people's pursuits and their pictures.
The sculpture of the case is very beautiful and simple. Such as sawtooth shape, coin shape, etc. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a crochet bottle with imitation red paint engraved with eighteen arhats fighting Wukong. The characters are very vivid, giving the impression that everyone is moving.
Emotions and actions are real, the whole picture is very beautiful, even the joints, muscles and eyes of the hands are carved accurately, and the overall layout of the picture and the prominent parts of the characters are also perfect, which is the level of ancient porcelain carving.
In some ancient carved porcelain, various carving techniques were used to make them look skilled. The knife method is excellent and smooth. In ancient porcelain, you can see the techniques of carving, engraving, printing, pressing, picking, digging, picking, sticking, pasting, stacking and molding, including
Relief, intaglio, openwork, etc. In the Qing dynasty, superb techniques were used in bottle rotation, which made the inside and outside of the bottle divided into two layers, engraved, embossed and rotatable. This is an artistic masterpiece of mud and fire, which is very successful.
As early as the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were sculptures of figures and animals, such as camels, figures, cows and horses, as well as watering pots, insulation plates and thermos pots. These porcelains brought convenience and fun to people at that time. Kong Mingwan told people the story of the Three Kingdoms that happened in the history of China.
Ancient porcelain sculpture not only brought convenience and fun to people's lives, but also brought development and expansion to ancient porcelain, leaving wealth and historical materials for human sculpture. Looking at ancient porcelain carvings, we can see the carving skills and carving.
In the history of its development, it can cultivate sentiment and taste delicate expression techniques. Ancient ceramic sculpture skills are a very comprehensive and useful group of figures in ceramic sculpture, which are appreciated by archaeologists, artists, sculptors and collectors.
Those who study sculpture at home have left a holy place for probation and appreciation.
Eight, look at the firing and construction of ancient porcelain.
From archaeology, we can find ancient porcelain in China, including daily necessities, ornamental ornaments and toys, as well as a large number of beautiful and applicable building products. For example, ancient pottery bricks discovered by archaeology are all hung with colored glaze, as well as colored glazed wall bricks, colored glazed art sculptures, tomb animals, glazed tiles for sewers and so on.
In some ancient towns, such as Beijing and Xi 'an, there are palace buildings. These buildings have glazed glazed tiles, and the porcelain glaze of walls, roofs and colonnades is auspicious.
Things. There are glazed ceramic dragon tanks and vats of standby water, lions and unicorn piers at the door; There are large colonnades; There are glazed wall tiles, floor tiles, glazed tiles for eaves, and artistic tiles for walls; There are nine dragon walls. can
It is said that there are many ancient ceramics used in buildings, which bring beauty to ancient buildings. These ancient ceramic building materials are beautiful and durable, adding colorful colors and artistic atmosphere to the building.
Today, the scope of building porcelain is very wide, from sewer pipes, sanitary ware and bathing equipment to electrical insulation, chemical corrosion protection and acid resistance, as well as waterproof and corrosion protection in life.
Enter many fields of people's lives. It can be said that ancient porcelain has opened up a new world for mankind in architecture. Ceramic building materials are used almost all over the world. This credit is inseparable from the ceramics invented by China in ancient times, China in ancient times.
The result of ceramic inheritance. It is the contribution of China ancient ceramics in the construction industry.
Nine, look at the folk customs on ancient ceramics.
From the modeling and pattern painting of ancient ceramics, we can see the folk customs of various periods in history. Their sculptures and paintings, characters' expressions and costumes, furniture and hand-held items, rocks, etc. They all reflect the folk customs of each dynasty very delicately.
People, houses, mountain villages, bridges, blue bricks and white walls, pavilions, mounts, customs of the times, etc. Painting on porcelain can reflect the folk customs at that time. For example, the costumes of the Yuan Dynasty are different from those of the Tang Dynasty.
Those generations wore silk gauze and chubby faces, while people in the Yuan Dynasty wore western-style clothes, which seemed to lack a sense of elegance. From the flat bottle of Hu people's music and dance in Yuan Dynasty, we can see the dance posture and musical instruments of grassland herders at that time, and we can see our love for dance. Ching Dynasty
A lady brought by a beautiful woman, dressed elegantly, sits in a chair at the table, with calligraphy and painting or stationery for study on the table, one or several boys playing, and a bottle of mirror, which is intended to tell people a knowledgeable person.
A woman, she can teach and take good care of her children, and they can take the imperial examinations. Some fly kites, some hold gongs and drums, some set off firecrackers, some practice boxing, some play chess, and some watch calligraphy and painting, which strongly shows folk customs. have
Some paintings show teenagers holding lotus flowers, while others give people a sense of respecting literature and martial arts. Some paintings of the birthday girl are intended to pray for a long life, to respect the old and love the young, to celebrate Ma Gu's birthday, to give gifts to Kirin, to get Li Bai drunk and to paint fishermen's music. In these paintings and shapes, because
Different years of production, different combinations of costumes and characters, and different embellishments of pictures are all caused by the influence of folk customs at that time. For example, those who painted ladies in the Yuan Dynasty in the early Ming Dynasty were dressed with bronze mirrors, and those who painted ladies in the late Qing Dynasty were dressed with mercury glass mirrors, all of which reflected the fashion of the times.
The content is also very rich, including Shiro's visit to his mother, Mu, Mulan, Emperor Taizong, The West Chamber, Peach Blossom Fan, Peony Pavilion, men's ploughing and women's weaving, and fishing, osprey training and net catching in Fisherman's Music.
The scene of a bumper harvest. Some paintings are auspicious and full of blessings. Peony looks rich, bamboo looks taller and taller, pine and cypress are evergreen, rock scenery, villages under the day and the moon, gods and sculptures.
Guan Gong and Guanyin statues, some represent pursuit, and some represent hope. Others are for the houses in the town.
There are all kinds of folk customs. In ancient porcelain, the characteristics of animals, plants and creatures were used to create wonderful meanings, and the homophony of these animals and plants was also used to create many splendid pictures. Reflect the style of each dynasty and generation on ancient porcelain.
Ge is an excellent garden for studying ancient folk customs and national culture. Porcelain contains the folk customs of many ethnic groups in China, because in the past, many provinces in China had kilns for burning porcelain, and there were also many provinces for archaeology.
Pottery was found in. In addition, porcelain fired in one place may also flow to other places in commercial circulation, or it may be customized from other places to places with porcelain kilns. So the areas with porcelain are nationwide.
China ancient porcelain is a chronicle of folk customs in China, and it is also a multi-body record of multi-ethnic folk customs and folk customs in China.
Ten, look at the appreciation of ancient ceramics
Because ancient porcelain covers a wide range, anyone who loves his job and has professional qualities can choose an ancient porcelain related to his own industry to enjoy. Such as: engaged in construction, optional construction.
Artistic tiles, porcelain carvings, beams and paintings; Britain fought three wars against Lu Bu: sword and horse, bottles and jars, Guiguzi Mountain and Zhou Yafu Xiliuying; Legal personnel engaged in handling cases may choose to hold three sessions for joint trial; People who play sports have children kicking shuttlecocks.
Wrestling and polo; Four Treasures of the Study, poetry, calligraphy and painting are artists. Farmers can collect ploughing and weaving pictures and auspicious pictures to celebrate the harvest, hoping that the unicorn with a bumper harvest will see the sun again; Those who like to make friends include pictures of visiting friends with a piano, those who like to recite poems with pictures, and those who engage in science include pouring pots, whistling water, drinking Gao Zubei and fair cups. Collectors from all walks of life can almost find their favorite collections and appreciation products from the shapes and ornamentation of porcelain, and can find ancient porcelain and fun related to their own business from porcelain, and find elegance to cultivate their sentiments. Today, it can be said that many people all over the world are studying China ancient porcelain and enjoying China ancient porcelain. These collectors and appreciators will further bring far-reaching influence and benefits to China ancient porcelain.
In the general introduction, I wrote ten questions, but in fact there are more than ten questions. For example, historians and archaeologists often use porcelain to excavate sites and use ceramics for dating. In the current flourishing age of China, we must
There are many people who study, play with and appreciate ancient porcelain, and there will be more in the future. China has several old sayings: one is "shout what you do", the other is "appreciate what you love to cultivate your sentiment" and the other is "what you love is priceless".
Treasure ". So what industry does ancient porcelain not involve? Who doesn't like antique porcelain? As long as they like it, they will collect it.
Facing the upsurge of ancient porcelain collection in China, people are eager to have one or several pieces of ancient porcelain to enjoy, and more and more people regard them as treasures. So who can learn to appreciate ancient porcelain as soon as possible? Therefore, the author adopts China's most traditional fast learning method-
Formula learning method compiles ancient porcelain appreciation into a book as learning materials for beginners before practice.
Look at the drawings made by ancient ceramic technology and understand the making …
In order to know and identify ancient ceramics better and faster, we should know how to make some ancient ceramics, which is very helpful and necessary for identifying ancient ceramics. I know that in the production of ancient porcelain, due to the technology at that time,
Due to the limitation of conditions, the cutting foot when making the bottom is different from now. In the appraisal, we will try our best to find out the situation related to the production process at that time. Such as: uneven, knife jumping, knife cutting marks. Do you know how many vertical pieces there are in ancient porcelain?
Block butt joint production, in the identification will try to see if there are butt joints.
In order to master this knowledge, this volume briefly introduces the production of ancient porcelain by graphic method. By looking at the pictures, we can understand the making process of ancient porcelain. Beginners can see pictures of ancient porcelain, know its craft and know its characteristic origin. It is beneficial to distinguish between true and false, convenient to learn quickly and effectively, and master its identification skills.
1. Looking at ancient porcelain paintings is like being with the ancients.
Looking at pictures is like listening to a class. It feels sincere and utopian.
It seems that, like the ancients, they mined in the mountains and took the material yard.
In the whole process of transporting and selecting materials, you have extensive knowledge of scouring materials and practicing mud.
To annotate ...
Reading pictures is fast and good, and it is clear at a glance, which is faster than learning any book. Time-saving, labor-saving and intuitive.
2. Look at the ancient porcelain-making map carefully and you will know its working procedure.
In the process of repairing the tire incision, the ancient kiln worker acted obviously.
Repair tires, dry blanks, glaze, rough painting and fine painting.
Into the furnace, into the kiln to burn, out of the furnace to choose. These ceramics will be shipped to bitter kilns abroad.
To annotate ...
Look at the pictures carefully, so as to understand the ancient porcelain-making technology and lay a good foundation for future study.
Only by looking at the pictures of ancient porcelain can we know the characteristics and reasons of ancient porcelain.
Look at the picture and you will know that the kiln is difficult and the tools are clumsy.
I know the methods of making ancient porcelain like the back of my hand, and I can only return to the ancient meaning by identifying porcelain.
To annotate ...
When looking at the pictures, we can really understand the ancient tools, utensils and porcelain-making technology, so as to better learn the making technology of ancient porcelain and master the trace characteristics and sources of ancient porcelain, which is very helpful to identify ancient porcelain.