Qin Wang Ying Zheng
This surname won Zheng Ming. In A.D. 13, the State of Qin was ruled by Prime Minister Lv Buwei. At the age of 22, he was in charge of state affairs, put down the rebellion launched by powerful eunuchs, dismissed Lv Buwei, the prime minister, and wiped out the two major forces that split the State of Qin. Since 230 BC, a unified war has been launched, eventually destroying the six eastern countries. By the age of 39, that is, in 22 1 year BC, the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, was established.
Qin destroyed six countries.
In the first 230 years, Shi Teng was sent to attack Korea, and Han Wang 'an was captured, and his land was set up in Yingchuan County, and Han died.
In 229 years ago, Wang Jian and others were sent to attack Zhao. In the first 228 years, Wang Jian defeated the Zhao army, took the capital Handan, moved to the king of Zhao, and lost Zhao. Jia Ran, the son of Zhao, has been king for generations.
In the first 226 years, Wang Jian was sent to attack Yan and take Yan Dou thistle. The prince likes to move the capital to Liaodong.
In the first 225 years, Wang Ben was sent to attack Wei, encircle the girders of Wei capital, and irrigate the girder city with river ditch water. Wei fell and Wei died.
In the first 225 years, Li Xin led 200,000 troops to attack Chu, and the Chu army fought back, and Qin Jun was defeated. Wang Jian, who has retired, led 600,000 troops to attack Chu. In the first 224 years, the State of Chu concentrated its national forces against the State of Qin. Wang Jian is determined not to fight. The Chu people challenged again and again, but Wang Jian ignored them. The Chu army was not allowed to fight, and led eastward. Wang Jian pursued, defeated the Chu army and killed Xiang Yan. In the first 223 years, the king of Chu was defeated by Lu Qin, and Chu died.
In the first 222 years, Wang Ben was sent to attack Liaodong, and the prince of Yan was pleased and Yan died.
In the first 222 years, Wang Ben conquered Wang Jia and conquered it.
Before 22 1, Wang Ben attacked Qi from Yannan. People dare not deny the fact that Chi Bing is in Linzi. The sword surrendered and died together.
After a campaign of 10 years, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, finally destroyed the Six Kingdoms successively, ending the long-term feudalism since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and establishing the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China.
"The King of Qin swept Liuhe and took a fancy to He Xiongzai."
Poems written by Li Bai, a great poet in Tang Dynasty. Li Bai used "Qin Wang to sweep Liuhe (Liuhe, the square of heaven and earth). Sweep Liuhe, sweep the world), eyeing He Xiongzai! A sword strikes the clouds, and the vassals come to the west ",which describes the grandeur and spirit of Ying Zheng's conquest of the six countries and unification of the whole country. This poem contains the whole Tang poetry (volume 16 1).
system?of?prefectures?and?counties
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, some counties and counties directly under the monarch appeared in the border areas of Chu, Jin and Qin. By the Warring States period, there were counties not only in the border areas of various countries, but also in the border areas of the Central Plains adjacent to other countries. After Qin annexed the land of various countries one after another, every time he got a new piece of land, he had to set up a county. With the incorporation of the State of Qin into the six countries, a whole set of county system originally implemented in the State of Qin was widely implemented in China. The county magistrate is Shou, Wei and Jane. The county magistrate is in charge of the people, the county commandant is a soldier, and the censor is an official responsible for supervising the civil officials in Xinji County. There are several counties under the county. The length of a county is more than 10,000 and less than 10,000. There are Cheng and Wei under the county magistrate (long), who are in charge of civil affairs and military affairs respectively. County officials are appointed, removed and assessed by the central government, and their salaries are set by the central government, which has completely changed and abolished the hereditary and feudal systems in the past and ensured the implementation of central government decrees at the grassroots level.
36 counties
Both Historical Records of Qin Dynasty and Biography of Qin Shihuang mentioned that the world was divided into 36 counties in the 26th year of the first emperor (22 1 year ago). But none of them listed the names of 36 counties. "Geography of Hanshu" gambled that there were thirty-six counties in Qin County, such as Nanhai, Guilin and so on, which was published in Chronicle of the First Emperor for thirty-three years. So for a long time, there have been various opinions about the establishment process of Qin county and the names of counties. 1948 Tan Qixiang's Textual Research on the New Examination of Qin County is as follows:
Literature and history are directly under the jurisdiction of Qin, and the system is different from other counties, which is not within the number of counties.
At the beginning of the 26 th year of the first emperor, there were 36 counties in the world. According to the Qin Dynasty, they were Baxian, Hanzhong, Shuxian, Hedong, Longxi, Beidi, Nanjun, Qianzhong, Nanyang, Shangdang, Sanchuan, Taiyuan, Dong Jun, Yunzhong, Yanmen, Yingchuan, Handan, Julu, Yangguang, Shanggu and Yuyang. Among them, Qianzhong, Yang Guang, Chen Jun and Minzhong supplemented Han Zhi's shortcomings.
Twenty-six years later, four counties were added: Nanhai, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Jiuyuan.
Later, Xue Jun was divided into Donghai, Handan into Hengshan, Linzi into northern Hebei, Langxie into Jiaodong, Hedong into Hanoi, Jiujiang into Hengshan and other counties. In this way, since the civil history, every 46 in Qin Jun.
Unified writing
Xu Shen, a native of the Han Dynasty, said in his Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu that during the Warring States Period, countries had different fields (mu, mu size), cars (roads), laws (laws), clothes (clothes and hats), sounds (accents) and languages. In the early years of Qin Shihuang, Prime Minister Li Si played with it and did not cooperate with Qin Wen. " Therefore, the original Biography of Teachers was simplified to Biography, with Reese as Cang Xie, Zhao Gao as Ji Li and Hu Wujing as erudite. These three books are not only textbooks for school-age children, but also models for popularizing Biography. At that time, due to the "numerous official and prison duties", it was urgent to further simplify the writing. Cheng Miao, a county magistrate, was imprisoned for offending the first emperor. After ten years of careful study, he created a simpler writing. After Qin Shihuang knew it, he appreciated the simplified Chinese characters, exempted him from his sins, promoted his official position, and named his simplified Chinese characters official script. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, official script was popular all over the country. The writing of official script is relatively simple, which is very close to the current regular script.
Unified currency
During the Warring States period, currencies of various countries were not unified. Qi and Yan's popular knife coins evolved from practical knives. The cloth coins of Han, Zhao and Wei dynasties evolved from ancient weeding tools. Cloth is a foreign word that appears at the same time. Its shape is like a shovel, so it is also called "shovel coin". Ant nose money, which is popular in Chu State, evolved from copper coins in the shape of shells. The ant nose money protrudes from the front and is cast with characters. The strokes are like an ant, and two small mouths are like nostrils, so it is called ant nose money. Chu also uses gold, which is square, one or two pieces each, and 16 pieces are one gold (Jin). Zhou and Qin used round currency. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, it was stipulated that the upper currency, gold (Japanese yen) and lower currency (half a copper coin with a square hole) of the Qin State were unified currency, and all other currencies were abolished.
Unified measurement
After the reunification of the Qin dynasty, the imperial edict was issued and unified measurement was made. Qin Quan, discovered by later generations, is engraved with the imperial edict of Qin Shihuang: "In the twenty-sixth year (22 1 BC), the emperor merged with all the vassal countries in the world (destroying six countries), and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and made him emperor. This is a letter to the Prime Minister and the Emperor, but the law is clear. " The government is responsible for supervising the weights and measures of the prescribed standards.
burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive
In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), Qin Shihuang held a grand banquet in Xianyang Palace. Seventy doctors came forward to celebrate their birthdays, and Zhou, the medical officer, praised Qin Shihuang's merits in completing reunification. Dr. Chun Yuyue (Qi people) suggested following the example of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties and enfeoffment the descendants, saying that "it is not unheard of to be immortal without learning and skills." Li Si, the prime minister, refuted this, saying that all students were forbidden to quote poems, books and hundreds of languages, taking the past as the past, "going in is wrong, coming out is gossip", slandering state affairs and "confusing leaders", and put forward the suggestion of "burning books", which was recognized by Qin Shihuang. The books burned at that time included two parts: one was the historical records of various countries before reunification, and the other was poems, books and hundreds of languages hidden by the people; As for the history books of the State of Qin, books collected by doctors and books collected by the people on medical skills, divination and cultivation are not included. All banned books must be handed over to the local government for burning within 30 days. To this end, a series of laws have been enacted, such as: dare to talk about the implementation of "poetry" and "book"; Past and present genocide; Private schools are forbidden, and those who want to learn should take officials as teachers. Strictly and resolutely carried out the book burning order, which caused great damage to ancient cultural classics. Due to the burning of the historical records of the six countries, the chronology of the Warring States period has not been fully clarified so far.
In the second year of burning books, Lu Sheng, Hou Sheng and other alchemists and Confucian scholars slandered Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang sent an imperial censor to trace and buried more than 460 alchemists and Confucian scholars alive in Xianyang, which was called "pit Confucianism" in history.
Mengtian
Qin dynasty famous soldier. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he ordered Meng Tian to send 300,000 soldiers north to pursue the Huns and seize Henan (now south of Hetao). Because the river was impassable, he built 44 counties near the river and moved into the garrison. He also supervised the restoration of the Great Wall and the straight road leading to Xianyang. Meng Tian has been stationed in counties for more than ten years, which made the Huns win a great victory. After Qin Ershi ascended the throne, he forced Meng Tian to commit suicide by taking poison.
the Great Wall
After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period was preserved, repaired and connected, and the Great Wall was built from Lintao in Longxi County in the west to Liaodong County in the east, with a total length of more than 5,000 kilometers. The northern section of Qin Changcheng, along the Langshan Mountain, Wulashan Mountain and Daqingshan Mountain in the yinshan mountains to the east, crosses the upper reaches of Luanhe River until Liaodong, and is located in the north of the Ming Great Wall. Qin Changcheng remains, such as Zisai in the north of Datong, Shanxi, and the Great Wall in the west of Min County and the north of Kaicheng County, Gansu. Some of these sites are rammed with soil mixed with gravel, and their width, width and height vary with the terrain. Generally, it is 5 meters wide and about 1 ~ 4 meters high, and the rammed layer is 8 ~ 10 cm. Some are built with stones into neat walls inside and outside, and some are well-preserved lots. Some are 5-6 meters high, 5 meters wide at the bottom and 3 meters wide at the top.
Yue nationality
In the Qin Dynasty, the Yue people living in the Pearl River valley were called Nanyue, because they belonged to Yangzhou in Kyushu, Gong Yu, also known as Yangyue. Fujian and Vietnam live in the Minjiang river basin; Dongyue, also known as Ou Yue and Dong Ou, lives in the Oujiang River Basin in Zhejiang Province. Collectively known as Baiyue. The more, the more Guangdong.
Qin Shihuang unified the Yue nationality area.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he sent Tu Youyou to lead 500,000 troops into Lingnan in five ways. An army rushed from Yuechengling to today's Guilin, and an army went south from Mengzhuling to today's Hexian County, all the way to Tian Ling, all the way to Panyu (now Guangzhou), all the way from Dayuling to northern Guangdong and all the way to Yugan, Jiangxi. Qin Jun's attack was resisted by local Vietnamese, and Qin Jun didn't know his armor for three years. Qin Shihuang sent Shilu to dig a spiritual canal to pass the route of providing foodstuff. 2 14 years ago, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo led reinforcements to conquer the Vietnamese in Lingnan, set up Guilin, Nanhai, Xiang Jun and other places, and recruited 500,000 people to stay there and live with the Vietnamese.
Before Qin destroyed the six countries, the Vietnamese in the southeast coast had surrendered to Qin. Qin set up Huiji County and Minzhong County there.
Qin did not send troops and officials into Fujian and Vietnam. King Min and King Yue remained relatively independent.
Lingqu
Located in Xing 'an, Guangxi, it is called Gui Xiang Canal or Xing 'an Canal. The state of Qin sent troops into the Yue area and dug it up. Lingqu is 33 kilometers long, of which 4 5 kilometers are excavated manually. It connects Hunan and Lijiang, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, and becomes a waterway connecting the Central Plains and Lingnan areas. Lingqu was originally named Qin chisel canal, or canal for short. Later, because there was zero water in the upper reaches of Lishui, it was also called Zero Canal and Canal, and it was called Lingqu after the Tang Dynasty. It is recorded in Huai Nan Zi Ren Xun, Historical Records Biographies of Zhufuyan and Biographies of Yan 'an, Han Shu that "the supervisor was ordered to open a canal to transport grain" (supervisor, suggestion). The Qin system supervised the county with the imperial history. Therefore, Jian Lu is also called Shilu.
Lingqu project is very arduous and complicated. Lingqu runs through hilly areas, with steep slope, rapid water flow and difficult navigation. At that time, in order to solve this problem, the river channel was deliberately dug in twists and turns to extend the flow, slow down the flow rate and facilitate smooth navigation. At the same time, at regular intervals, there is a "steep gate", also called "bucket gate", which is a simple ship lock. It can be opened and closed to block the canal water flow in stages, so that the water level can rise or fall step by step, and the ships can move forward step by step and cross the mountain safely. This is actually the design method of modern interlocking. This method is more than 2,000 years earlier than the Panama Cascade Canal built by the United States, which fully shows the ingenuity of the Lingqu designers and the great creative ability of our working people.
Attachment 1: Answers to Thinking Questions in Textbooks
What policies and measures of the Qin Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on later generations?
Answer: ① Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in China history. The supreme ruler is called the emperor, and all national politics, big or small, are decided by the emperor alone. (3) the county system is implemented throughout the country. ④ Unified writing, currency and weights and measures. ⑤ Build the Great Wall. ⑥ Dig a canal.
Annex II: Tips for Exercise Questions
Option: b
Appendix 3: Bibliography of this lesson
Lin Jianming Qin History Draft (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 198 1 edition).
History of Qin and Han Dynasties written by Jane Bozan (Peking University Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1982), the first part, chapter 1-4.
History of Qin and Han Dynasties (China Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1986, 1 edition) Qin part.
Guo Moruo's Draft History of China (People's Publishing House 1979 Edition), Volume II, Part III, Chapter II.
Jane Bozan's Outline of China History (published by People's Publishing House 1965), Chapter 4, Section 1.
The first chapter of Luo Shilie's History of Qin and Han Dynasties.