Four steps of appreciation
Master rhetoric
The rhetoric in the appreciation of ancient poems is mostly metaphor, personification, allusion and metaphor.
1. Metaphor
In order to express the characteristics of what is sung in a certain aspect and achieve the purpose of vivid image.
Answer format: the poet uses figurative rhetoric to compare what to what, and vividly shows the characteristics of what in which respect.
For example, mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs. (Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Dingding Ocean")
The poet uses figurative rhetoric to compare national peril to "wind" and personal ups and downs to "rain beating ping", which vividly expresses the author's anxiety and personal feelings about national peril.
Another example: Qian Fan is near the sunken ship, and Wan Muchun is in front of the sick tree. (Liu Yuxi's "The First Meeting in Yangzhou")
Poets use figurative rhetoric to compare themselves to "a sick tree sinking into a boat", which not only vividly expresses the poet's positive and optimistic attitude towards the future, but also reveals the profound philosophy that new things will inevitably replace old things.
Use allusions
Poets use allusions mostly to express their wishes and opinions, or to satirize the present with the ancient.
For example, when I sit here and watch a fisherman throw fish, he has a feeling of being a fish. (Meng Haoran's Message from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang)
Poets use allusions to express their desire to reuse and contribute to the country.
Another example is: homesickness sings and smells flute fu, and going to hometown is like rotten ke. (Liu Yuxi's "The First Meeting in Yangzhou")
The poet used the allusions of "Wendy Fu" and "rotten Ren Ke" to express his joy at seeing his old friend and his resentment at being relegated for a long time.
exaggerate
The use of hyperbole rhetoric is to highlight the outstanding characteristics of things in a certain aspect.
The mist of Yungu and Menggu hangs over Yueyang City. (Meng Haoran's Message from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang)
The poet used exaggerated rhetoric, and "steaming" and "shaking" highlighted the transpiration, choppy and magnificent characteristics of Dongting Lake.
Another example: the creator has given all mysterious natural grace here, and? A day immediately enters dawn and dusk .. (Du Fu's "Looking at Yue")
The poet used exaggerated rhetoric, a word "cut", which highlighted the majestic and majestic scene of Mount Tai.
Another example: after three months of war, a piece of news from China is priceless. (Du Fu's "Spring Hope")
The poet used exaggerated rhetoric to express the poet's curse on war. At the same time, due to the Anshi rebellion, the poet's wife and children were separated, his letters were precious, and he missed his family infinitely.
For example, I'm afraid the boat won't move. I'm worried. (Li Qingzhao, "Wuling Spring Festival Evening")
With exaggerated rhetoric, the poet turned the intangible into the tangible, expressing the poet's deep sorrow for the death of his country and the early death of her husband.
personification
The personification rhetoric in poetry is often combined with the lyricism of the author, conveying the poet's feelings, or touching the scene, or sending feelings to the scene, in order to achieve the purpose of blending scenes.
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. (Du Fu's "Spring Hope")
The poet used personification rhetoric to melt his feelings into the scenery, and expressed his feelings of worrying about his country and homesickness with "tears in flowers" and "bird alarm".
Another example is: cut a color on the flounce skirt, and the hibiscus opens to both sides of the face. Lotus is mixed in the lotus pond, and it is difficult to recognize the lotus pond. Only when you hear the song do you know that someone is picking lotus in the pond-picking lotus. (Wang Changling's "Lotus Picking Song")
Please enjoy "Hibiscus opens two sides".
The poet used anthropomorphic rhetoric to show that flowers also have feelings, competing to open to lotus pickers, as if competing with lotus pickers.
Second, grasp the key verb (that is, "poetic eyes")
In a poem, just a few words or one word are often expressive, and these words are usually called "poetic eyes".
Verb answer format: a word image specifically indicates what a certain aspect is.
For example, when I saw the autumn wind in Luoyang, I wanted to write a book. When the letter is written, I am worried that I have not finished what I want to say; When the messenger started, he opened the envelope and gave it to him. (Zhang Ji "Qiu Si")
Appreciate the beauty of the word "look"
The word "Jian" is invisible and tangible, which vividly and concretely shows the bleak scene of autumn leaves everywhere and expresses the poet's homesickness in a foreign land.
Another example is: Lonely Wu Tong Shen Yuan locks the clear autumn. (Li Wei's "Hui Huan")
The word "lock" in this poem means "cover", which vividly shows the quiet scenery of the courtyard on a moonlit night and the desolation and sadness of being a king of national subjugation.
Another example is:
A letter is typed in the sky, and eight thousand in Chaozhou Road in the evening. If you want to eliminate disasters for the wise, you are willing to decline and cherish the old!
Where is the home of Yunheng Qinling? The heavy snow hindered the horse's progress. Knowing that you came all the way, you should have done it on purpose so that I could collect the bones by the river. (Han Yu's "Moving to the Left to Show Grandnephew's Neck")
Please appreciate the words added in the poem.
The comparison between "Chao" and "Chao" in the poem shows the shortness of time, "Playing" shows the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and the people, and "Demotion" shows the fatuity of the court. The poet only used four words to compare the two, expressing the poet's sadness and anger at being quickly convicted and relegated.
Three stresses on writing (expression skills)
Expression is a big concept, including both rhetoric and expression. In addition, the common expression techniques of ancient poetry include: expressing ambition through material, expressing emotion through history, expressing emotion through scenery, expressing emotion through material, changing static into dynamic, comparing static with dynamic, combining virtual with real, imagining, associating, comparing and symbolizing.
For example, everything here is silent, but the bell is ringing. (Chang Jian's bankruptcy plan for Tihoushan Temple)
The poet used the technique of dynamic and static contrast to show the silence in the depths of the Buddhist temple.
Another example: at the end of the mountain and the beginning of the plain, the river winds through the wilderness. (Li Bai's "Seeing Friends Off at Jingmen Ferry")
The poet uses the brushwork of turning static into dynamic, and uses a word "Sui" to express the changing process of the mountain, highlighting the sense of space in the picture; The word "Ru" shows the choppy waters of the Yangtze River and highlights the fluency of the picture.
Another example is: the trip to the sun and the moon, if it is unexpected; Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise. (Cao Cao's "Watching the Sea")
With exaggerated rhetoric and rich imagination, the poet painted a magnificent picture of the sea swallowing the sun and the moon and the stars merging into the Han Dynasty. It shows the poet's broad mind and great ambition to unify the world.
Another example: the flowers are helpless, and it seems that they have met Yan's return (Yan Shu's "Huanxisha")
The poet touched the scene, evoked memories of the past from the spring scene in front of him, and expressed the poet's feelings of hurting spring and cherishing time.
For another example, since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving a heart that shines through history. (Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Dingding Ocean")
The poet speaks his mind directly, showing lofty integrity and loyal national integrity.
Fourth, grasp the poet's emotional attitude and grasp the truth contained in poetry.
"What you say must be done", "Poetry expresses ambition". Poetry is always felt by the author.
There are always poems in my heart (such as "Looking at the South of the Yangtze River" by Wen) to express sadness and not hate;
There are expressions of anxiety and resentment about serving the country (such as Xin Qiji's Fu Zhuang Ci for Chen Tongfu);
Some express the ambivalence of contributing to the country and worrying about the country and homesickness by describing the magnificent and peculiar scenery of the frontier fortress, such as Fan Zhongyan's Fisherman's Passion;
Some express their leisure after retirement by describing rural scenery (such as Wang Wei's landscape poems and Tao Yuanming's Meng Haoran's pastoral poems);
One is to use history to express the depression in which his heroes are useless (for example, most of Du Mu's poems describing history);
There are also historical events or historical sites to reveal the real society (such as Zhang Sanqu) and so on.
To appreciate ancient poetry, we should be clear about the theme of poetry and answer questions closely.
This will be crucial, and all the other mountains look small under the sky ... (Du Fu's "Looking at Yue")
The poet hopes to climb Mount Tai one day, which shows his great ambition and heroism.
Another example is: Xing, the people suffer; Death makes people suffer. (Zhang, "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia")
Through comparison, it reveals that in feudal society, no matter the rise and fall of dynasties, it is always the social reality of the people who suffer, which shows the author's deep sympathy for the tragic fate of the people.
Another example: falling red is not heartless, but turning into spring mud protects flowers more. (Gong Zizhen's "Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems")
Although the poet resigned from his post and returned to his hometown, he still cared about the country and showed the spirit of selfless dedication.
Another example: However, when China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor. (Wang Bo's "Farewell to Shu Guan")
These two poems imply that a good man has a broad mind in all directions and express the poet's broad mind in the face of friends.
Frequently Asked Questions and Answering Skills
First, the emotional types of content
General question method:
(1) What picture does this poem depict?
(2) What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
(3) In the interpretation and analysis of this poem, choose the following incorrect one.
Example 1
See the boundless ocean
On the east coast, climb Jieshi Mountain to see the vast sea.
The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea.
Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging.
The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean.
Journey to the sun and the moon, if you go out.
Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise.
I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire.
What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
The first step (landscape) This poem outlines the sea, which contains thousands of scenes.
The second step (emotion) shows the poet's broad mind and political ambition of unifying China and making contributions.
Answer steps:
(1) depicts the picture displayed in the poem. Candidates should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in their own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful.
(2) Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to answer "expressing the author's sentimental feelings", but also to answer "sentimental" why.
The thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry mainly include: not afraid of difficulties, worrying about the country and people, making achievements, missing hometown, missing relatives, sighing about the world, being ambitious, aloof and refined, showing compassion for others, loving mountains and rivers, being open-minded, showing compassion for others, yearning for beauty, being indifferent, leaving sorrow and parting, anxious and contradictory, being despised, cynical and unhappy.
Second, analytical ability.
General question method:
(1) What's the meaning of this poem? What's the advantage in expression?
(2) Some writing methods are used in many places in poetry. Please find an example to briefly talk about the benefits of this writing.
Example 2
Lotte in Yangzhou met for the first time.
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up.
"Qian Fan is beside the sinking ship, and Wan Muchun is in front of the sick tree." What rhetorical devices are used? What philosophy is expressed?
A: "The sunken ship" and "the sick tree" are metaphors of the poet himself who has been relegated for a long time, while "Qian Fan" and "Wanmu" are metaphors of the nouveau riche whose official career is proud after relegation. Later appreciators and quotations did not compare themselves with "sunken ships" and "diseased trees", but only adopted the philosophy expressed by this association to explain that the declining things should be allowed to decline, the new things should develop, the society is advancing, and the prospects are flawless.
Appreciation skill
1. Master rhetorical methods (metaphor, personification, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions, etc. )
2. Master the expression (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion, focusing on description and lyricism)
3. Master other expressive techniques (contrast, contrast, rendering, allusions, cadence, association, imagination, scene blending, dynamic and static combination, coexistence of reality and reality, etc. )
Answer step
Step 1: (by what means)
Step 2: (what to write)
Step 3: (What role)
Step 4: (What emotions are expressed)
Example 3
Jiangchengzi went hunting in Michigan.
Su Shi
I've been talking about juvenile madness, with yellow on the left and pale on the right.
Golden retrievers carve autumn, and thousands of riders ride flat hills.
In order to repay the prefect of the city, shoot the tiger and see Sun Lang!
After drinking wine, my chest is still open and my temples are slightly frosted. What's the harm!
When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei?
Bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius!
"When will Feng Tang be sent to the cloud?" What kind of expression is used? What's the role?
A: Use allusions. Comparing yourself to Shang Wei means that the imperial court can reuse itself, just like sending Feng Tang to pardon Shang Wei. More tactfully, I hope the court can send someone to pardon him and give him a chance to go to the northwest frontier to resist foreign invasion.
Third, language appreciation.
General question method:
(1) What word is used in this poem? Please tell me the reason.
(2) Can a word in the poem be replaced by other words? Tell me your opinion.
Example 4
Wang yue
Du Fu
What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is! Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen.
The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north.
Zeng Yun was born with a wobbly chest, and he will definitely go back to the bird.
Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet.
This poem is about the scenery seen from the close view of Mount Tai, in which the words "zhong" and "qie" are well used and have always been praised. Please briefly analyze the advantages of the word "cut"
A: The word "cut" means that the tall Mount Tai blocks the sunshine in the south and north of the mountain, forming two different natural landscapes. It highlights the image of Mount Tai covering the sun.
Example 5
A berth at the foot of Gubei Mountain.
Wangwan
Under the blue mountain, my boat and I meandered along the green water.
Until the river bank widens at low tide, and no wind blows my lonely sail.
... night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness.
I can finally send my messenger, the wild goose, back to Luoyang.
"..." The night becomes the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in the fresh air "has always been welcomed by people. Please choose an angle and make a simple appreciation.
A: When it didn't calm down last night, a red sun rose from the sea. The old year has not passed, and the river has shown spring. The sea is born in the dead of night, which will drive away the darkness; Jiang Chun, the "spring" of river scenery, will break into the old year and drive away the severe winter.
(1) reveals a natural sense of interest, and vividly writes about the sunset at night and the changes in winter and spring.
② Take "Sun" and "Spring" as symbols of new and beautiful things, and emphasize them with reference to the position of the subject.
③ "Life" and "Ru" are personified, which endows people with will and emotion.
4 show optimistic and positive feelings.
Answer step
1. Find expressive words, such as verbs, color words and so on.
2. There are reward expression techniques and use expression techniques.
Fourth, poetry appreciation skills summary
The examination of poetry understanding generally involves the following aspects: understanding the meaning of poetry, understanding the scenery, images and emotions in poetry, understanding the deep meaning of the whole poem, and understanding the famous sentences in the whole poem, which can be roughly summarized as follows:
1. The main contents of the poem are:
(1) Write lyric poems about scenery, praise scenic spots and describe natural scenery.
(2) Ode to things and express feelings, and entrust the poet's quality or ideal through what he sings.
(3) Emotion is caused by one thing.
(4) Recalling the past and reciting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing feelings.
(5) Frontier poems, describing frontier fortress scenery and the military life of soldiers guarding the frontier.
2. The characters in poetry mainly include:
(1) bold and free-spirited image, such as "Since God has given talents, let it go and you will be hired! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " By Li Bai.
(2) the image of worrying about the country and the people, such as Du Fu's "An De Wan Qing Lou, all the poor in the world are happy."
(3) An optimistic and open-minded image, such as Liu Yuxi's "Qian Fan on the side of a sunken ship, Wan Muchun in front of a sick tree".
(4) Generous and tragic images, such as Fan Zhongyan's "A glass of turbid wine is settled in Wan Li, and Ran Yan is unhappy." .
(5) the image of loyalty to the country, such as Su Shi's "bow like a full moon, look northwest, shoot Sirius".
(6) Self-satisfied image, such as Xin Qiji's "getting rid of the king's affairs in the world is better than his name before his death".
3. The thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry mainly include:
Not afraid of difficulties, worrying about the country and the people, making contributions, missing hometown, missing relatives, sighing about the world, being ambitious, detached and refined, showing compassion for others, loving mountains and rivers, being open-minded, showing compassion for others, yearning for beauty, being indifferent and complacent, leaving sorrow and parting, anxious and contradictory, being ridiculed and cynical, being incompetent, being full of melancholy and so on.
4. The following features of poetic language:
(1) fresh and natural, such as "under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, leisurely see Nanshan".
(2) vivid image, such as "like a strong wind in spring, blowing at night, blowing open the petals of ten thousand pear trees".
(3) Implicative and meaningful, such as "flowing water in spring is heaven and earth".
(4) concise and meaningful, such as "... the night now gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness".
(5) Plain and simple, such as "Gushan Temple is in the north of Jiating West, and the water level is low."
(6) Concise and lively, such as "When you climb to the top of the mountain, you will know that other mountains are dwarfed." .
5. Poetry expression:
(1) The scenery is lyrical. Such as "helpless flowers fall, deja vu Yan GUI."
(2) Feel the scenery, such as "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers will last forever, and the vegetation will spring back".
(3) Express your wishes by supporting things, such as "I will ride the wind and waves one day, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea" and "Rivers set the yen".
(4) the combination of motion and static, such as "moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream".
(5) The virtual and the real coexist, such as "the petals have flowed like tears, and the lonely bird has sang grief".
(6) See the big from the small, such as "The east wind does not follow, and the bronze sparrow terrace locks Er Qiao in the spring".
(7) Write a sad story in a happy scene, such as "the old vine is faint and the bridge is flowing."
(8) Poetry, such as "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen."
(9) use allusions, such as "nostalgia, singing flute, turning to hometown is like rotten ke".
(10) Use rhetoric: metaphor: "I am worried about the bright moon and go to the west with the wind", antithesis: "A few early warblers compete for warm trees, whose new swallow pecks at the spring mud".
6. Poets' artistic style helps to grasp their thoughts and feelings expressed in their poems.
Poets have formed different artistic styles in their own creative practice, such as: Tao Yuanming's simplicity and naturalness, Du Fu's depression and frustration, Li Bai's heroic and elegant, Bai Juyi's easy to understand, Wang Wei's poetry and painting, Wang Changling's lofty and lofty, Gao Shi's sadness and desolation, Li Shangyin's obscurity, Wang Changling's vigorous and vigorous, Gao Shi's vigorous and extraordinary, Wei's fresh and elegant, and Han Yu's strangeness and novelty. Liu Yuxi is sober and clear, Li Shangyin is beautiful and elegant, Du Mu is subtle and graceful, Li Yu is affectionate and delicate, Ouyang Xiu is sad and bright, Fan Zhongyan is desolate and tragic, Yan Shuqing is sparse, Su Shi is broad-minded and heroic, Liu Yong is sentimental, Huang Tingjian is natural and smooth, Qin Guan is sincere and sincere, and Li Qingzhao is graceful and sad.