Metaphor: it can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor; Comparison (also called contrast), contrast (positive contrast, negative contrast), truth (also called Julian and thimble), contrast, duality (also called duality and parallelism), repetition, rhetorical question, irony and parody; Call, intertextuality, echo, metonymy, rhetorical question, parallelism, couplets, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation of sound and imitation of color), exaggeration, pun, allusion, homophonic, symbol, euphemism (also divided into roundabout language, polite language and taboo language), graceful song and synaesthesia.
Features of Common Rhetoric Functions
1. Metaphor:
Metaphor consists of three parts:
(1), ontology
(2) Vehicles
(3), figurative words
The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not.
☆ Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.
Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;
Simile (category) A like B (feature) appears (subject) like, like, like, like, like (figurative words) appears (figurative body) Xiaoming runs like an arrow. (example)
Metaphor (category) A is B (feature) Appear (subject) Yes, it is (figurative word) Appear (vehicle) The dark green scenery is simply a picture of green mountains and green waters. (example)
Metaphor (category) A generation B generation (feature) does not appear (subject) does not appear (metaphor) (metaphor) Countless arrows are shot on the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fall on the roof. (example)
Example: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. -Lao She's Winter in Jinan
2. Analogy:
With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.
☆ Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make articles more vivid.
Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.
Personification:
Write things as people, endow things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.
☆ Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid. Example:
(1). Peach trees, apricot trees and pear trees are all in full bloom, and you won't let me or I won't let you. -Zhu Ziqing, Spring
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. -Du Fu, the hope of spring.
(3) The sun blushed. -Zhu Ziqing, Spring
2. Quasi-object (borrowing things to describe people):
Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another.
Example:
(1). The crowd rushed up in despair.
Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.
Write thing a as thing B.
Example:
(1). The volcano erupted.
(2) Not far away, they saw a man's face, with his lower body growing in the water, under the generous lotus leaf.
(3). Exaggeration:
Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.
☆ Function: Prompt the essence of things, set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power and cause the association effect.
(1) exaggeration: exaggerating the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
Example: The asphalt road is sunburned, even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be sunburned.
(2) reduce exaggeration: reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
You can only see a world the size of a palm.
(3) Exaggeration in advance: what appears later will be said first, and what appears first will be said later.
She was drunk before she served her glass.
4. Parallelism:
Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.
☆ Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic and organized, and be more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expressive effect).
Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
5. Duality:
A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.
Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful music.
Main methods:
(1), exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.
For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
(2) objection. Dual or relative dual forms of the upper and lower sentences.
For example, frown at a thousand fingers and bow your head as a willing ox.
(3), string pair (running pair). The upper and lower sentences have the dual forms of inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis, condition and so on.
For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.
6. Repeatedly:
In order to emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a certain word sentence.
(1). Keep repeating (there are no other words in the middle).
Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.
(2) Interval repetition (there are other words in the middle).
For example, if we lose three provinces, the party and the country will become more and more like a country. If we lose the three northeastern provinces, no one will say anything, but the party and the country will become more and more like a country.
☆ Function: Mainly used in poetry, it plays the role of reciting and expressing strong feelings repeatedly. At the same time, repeated rhetorical devices can make the format of poetry orderly, ups and downs, and beautiful language.
7. ask questions:
In order to attract others' attention, ask questions first and then answer them yourself.
☆ Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.
Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):
Use questions to express definite meaning, use affirmative questions to express negation, use negative questions to express affirmation, only ask without answering, and the answer is implied in rhetorical questions.
Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.
As for me, don't I have anything to blame?
9. Quote:
Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effect of improving language expression can be divided into two types.
☆ Function: Make the arguments conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and make the language concise, implicit and elegant.
Explicit quotation (direct quotation)
For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior.
Dark quotation (indirect quotation)
Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.
10. Metonymy:
Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.
The types of metonymy: feature instead of things, concrete instead of abstraction, part instead of whole, whole instead of part.
☆ Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of language, make the writing concise and clear, and make the language changeable and humorous; Lenovo makes the expression receive outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.
Method:
1) The whole is partially replaced, that is, the representative part of things is replaced by ontological things.
If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun.
Feature replaces ontology, that is, the name of ontology is replaced by the features and signs of borrowing body (person or thing).
For example, the compass turned around angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ...-"Hometown"
③ Concrete generative abstraction
For example, South China has entered its tenth year. -meiling three chapters
(4) tools instead of ontology.
For example, by the time we were startled by the farming season, eight out of ten households had already set fire to their grain stores and could not open the pot.
(5) Proper names are used for generic names. Use the special name of a typical person or thing instead of the name of the ontology.
For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! -"The Last Speech"
1 1. Irony:
Use words or sentences that are contrary to the original intention to enhance the expression effect through irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.
For example, (students studying abroad in the Qing Dynasty) also broke their braids, which were flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and they have to twist their necks a few times. It's really beautiful.
12. Contrast:
Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together.
For example, some people are alive but dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. -Cang Kejia's Some People.
Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.
13. Lenovo:
What you see and what you think is imagination.
The sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire.
14. Synaesthesia:
The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.
☆ Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty.
For example, the most typical example: "the breeze blows, bringing a faint fragrance, like a faint song on a tall building in the distance." (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond) Incense is the sense of smell, and singing is the sense of hearing. The author communicates two feelings, namely synaesthesia.
In addition, "the morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the bell. The bell you hear passes through the rain and clouds, so it is "wet", and the touch and hearing are connected.
"Good as a drum piano, towering like a mountain, soup like running water" (Lu Chunqiu Ben Wei). Listening to the piano, you know that you are aiming at mountains and flowing water, and hearing and vision communicate with each other.
15. Pun:
Using the polysemy and homophonic conditions of words, it is intended to make sentences have double meanings, that is, puns.
☆ Function: It can make the language expression implicit and humorous, deepen the meaning and impress people.
(1). Homophonic pun.
For example, "I lost my pride, Yang Jun lost her willow tree, and Liu Yang was so ashamed that she soared into the sky." ("Yang" actually refers to Yang Kaihui, and "Liu" actually refers to Liu Zhixun)
"Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night" ("silk" means "thinking" and means love between men and women)
(2) Phonetic pun.
It is a kind of rhetoric that deliberately leads to the meaning of one word and the meaning of another word according to the ambiguity of words, which often appears in two-part allegorical sayings.
For example, cooking jiaozi in a teapot-an old lady can't put lipstick on her mouth-will give you some color to see see.
16. Top truth:
Ding Zhen is also a thimble.
Use the end of the last article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that the adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be passed on to the next article, which is connected end to end and symbolized as "ABC, CDE". This rhetorical device is called "top truth", also called thimble or couplet bead.
The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.
Example: Friendship is a flower that attracts swarms of butterflies.
Friendship is a butterfly, two people dance together.
Friendship is a dance, which lights the fire of passion.
Friendship is a fire that burns forever.
Dreams are wings flying in the eternal blue sky.
Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.
Dream is the sea or a leisurely boat.
Dream is a small boat, braving the wind and waves at sea.
Love is the wind, rolling with thick clouds;
Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain;
Love is rain, which moistens the trees after a long drought;
Love is a tree that supports the shade for you.
17. Text room:
Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry.
In ancient Chinese, the meaning belonging to a sentence (or phrase) was divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary in interpretation, which is intertextuality.
As the old saying goes, it is interpreted as: "You can read the text by referring to the other party's words." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing.
For example, the moon was bright in the Qin dynasty and closed in the Han dynasty.
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand.
The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
Master dismounted and boarded the boat, and we raised our glasses and drank-but, alas, there was no music.
When reading ancient Chinese works, it is easy to ignore the past if you don't think carefully and appreciate some sentences that use intertextuality.
For example:
(1) charmed Yangcheng and charmed Cai Xia with a captivating smile. Song Yu's ode to a pervert means: "She charmed all the dudes in Yangcheng and Cai Xia with a smile."
(2) Zi Kennosuke is like chanting, and Zhong Xuan's pen is like composing. (Wen Xin Diao Si) means: "Cao Zhi and Wang Neng spread out the paper and picked up the pen to write, as if they had memorized it in advance."
(3) Wei Qi guards the border and Han Jing recruits. (Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield") Qi Weijing (Chu) Han and other kings of the Warring States drafted troops to guard the border for the corvee. "
(4) The fierce official came to my hometown, clamoring for something, and suddenly he ran north and south. (Liu Zongyuan's theory of snake catchers) means: "Violent police come to our village, make trouble everywhere and disturb the people everywhere." "East, west, north and south" here generally refers to "everywhere".
(5) don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower") means: "Don't be sad and happy because of the influence of external things, and don't be mixed because of personal circumstances."
18. Cycle:
You can read it forward or backward, but it's all fluent, not fluent!
For example:
The water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden.
Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Weng Yuan milked the milk and fed it to Weng.
Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.
The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have visited the Great Buddha Temple, and the Buddha in the temple is bigger than others.
19. Empathy:
In order to highlight some strong feelings, writers consciously give objective things some characteristics that are consistent with their own feelings, but actually do not exist. This rhetorical device is called empathy.
Using empathy rhetoric, the subjective feelings are first moved to things, and then the infected things are used to set off the subjective feelings, so that things and people can be integrated, which can better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effects.
For example:
(1) He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! . (Du Fu's Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night)
(2) Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. (Du Fu's "Spring Hope")
(3) Wei Qing terminating, sad when a person to the east. (Du Fu's Twenty Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems)
(4) He gazed at the desolate moon from his temporary palace, and the rain at night broke his heart. (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
(5) turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, take no sleep, there should be no hate, why not be round? (Su Shi's Water Tune)
6 red beans are unsightly and full of acacia tears. (Niu Xiji's "Raw Tea")
The meaning of the above two poems is: the dew is particularly light tonight, and the hometown month is particularly bright. Why is this? Because the poet Du Fu experienced the great turmoil of An Shi Rebellion, he had to give up his official position in the autumn of 759 BC and live in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu). In this desolate and desert border town, the poet moved his homesickness to the dew and moonlight, which set off his infected homesickness and integrated things with people, thus better expressing the poet's strong homesickness.
The meaning of the two poems in Example 2 is: lamenting the national turmoil, splashing flowers hurts the heart and tears; I hate the sad heart of a family. Bloom's birdsong is a natural phenomenon without human emotion. Only by using empathy rhetoric can a poet write such a touching poem.
Example (3) says that the Weihe River water only "flows eastward alone" when people are worried; Example 4 says that the moon shines "sadly" and the bell rings "heartbreaking"; Example 5 says that the moon tends to become round when people leave; Example 6 says that red beans are not red beans, but "acacia tears". The above examples all use empathy rhetoric to transfer people's feelings to things, so that people's feelings and things can be integrated and express people's strong feelings better. The difference between empathy and transfer is that empathy transfers people's subjective feelings to objective things, which in turn sets off subjective emotions with infected objective things, so that things and people can be integrated and express strong feelings more strongly; Substitution means that the two things A and B are related, so it is a rhetorical device to transfer the rhetoric words that originally described things A (or people) to things B. In short, the former means "transferring people's feelings and things"; The latter is "moving words to describe things A (or people) to describe things B". The difference between empathy and personification is that the former is
Ex. (3): Qiu, I heard that you have arrived. The latter is "writing things into adults".
20. Call:
When writing an article, call someone or something that is not in front of you directly and talk to him (it). This is called calling. Using the call can increase the lyrical effect and strengthen the appeal.
Example (1): Uncle Shuo! Uncle Shuo! I can't eat without food. -The Book of Songs. Shuoshu
Ex. (2): Good heavens! Why are you doing this to me?