For thousands of years, the homesickness for the old country, the yearning for relatives of the same flesh and blood, and the feeling of parting from close friends have touched many people's heartstrings, and "parting" naturally became an important part of singing in China's classical poems. From the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin Dynasty to Yuefu in the Han Dynasty, from the poems of the Tang Dynasty to the poems of the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the poems of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the feeling of parting has been sung endlessly, just like the water of the Yangtze River, which has a long history. Due to the magnificent social life and ups and downs in life, "farewell poems" have become the highlight of Tang poetry, and the special social background and special personality pursuit make the farewell poems of Tang people have their own unique characteristics.
First, don't single things.
"People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. This matter is ancient and difficult. " Yes, since there was human and society, there has been separation. Many of them should be together forever, but they must be apart for one day. The same is true in the Tang Dynasty. In the heyday of China, a feudal society, the economy was prosperous, the territory was vast, and there were frequent exchanges at home and abroad, so people's activities were constantly expanding and the population was mobile. Everyone has the opportunity to leave home actively or passively. Therefore, one of the characteristics of farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty is that there are many kinds, involving a wide range of fields, and they all tell each other their hearts.
Meng Jiao's "Old Farewell" and Du Fu's "Newly Married Farewell" describe the separation of husband and wife, and the bitterness and pain of separation are naturally touching. Li Yi's A Short and Happy Meeting with My Brother-in-law happened to meet each other just for parting. Meng Jiao's Old Farewell and Du Mu's Farewell.
Some of them sent their friends to Sichuan, such as Yuan 20 An and Li Shu to Zizhou, and Li Bai sent their friends to Sichuan. Friends go out to be officials, and poets offer wine to bid farewell, which is full of warm words and deep friendship.
Some friends were sent to other places to be officials, but their fate was different. Compared with the former, their friends or colleagues have been demoted. This kind of poetry occupies a large proportion in the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty, such as farewell to Du, farewell to Pei Langzhong by Liu Changqing and farewell to Jizhou by Liu Zongyuan.
There is also a kind of farewell, which is also related to being an official, that is, sending friends on expeditions, such as "sending them to join the army" and "sending them to the Western Expedition". Most of these works are the works of frontier poets, full of lofty aspirations and passionate feelings.
In contrast, the following farewell poems may make people feel more relaxed, that is, to send their friends on a long trip, or perhaps most poets are unwilling to put "daily necessities" in their poems, so we can't read many sentences that they are rushing about for their livelihood, and more are idle, such as Du Xunhe's "Sending Friends to wuyue", Li Bai's "Don't Be Meng Haoran on the Way to Yangzhou" and Liu Changqing.
All of the above are farewell to my hometown, and there is another kind of Tang poems that bid farewell to my hometown, such as Wang Changling's "Lotus Inn Farewell Xin Jian", Li Bai's "Xijing in Jinxiang" and Wen's "Send People East". , that is, send someone back to China, and Wang Weipai minister Chaojian went to Japan, and Wei Zhuang sent Japanese monks back to Japan with dragons. There is also a poem like this.
In addition, there is another kind of farewell poem in the Tang Dynasty, that is, no matter whether it is given away or given away, it is not the owner. For example, Si Kongshu sent judge Pei Tan off at Yunyang Inn, Du Mu and Xuanzhou, and when the shepherd wanted to go to Beijing, Zheng Gu sent his friends off in Huai, and Quan Deyu sent them off for a long time. Both the sender and the traveler here are on the journey.
Second, the techniques are diverse and meaningful.
Farewell poems are first and foremost lyric poems. When poets express their feelings, some express their feelings directly, some borrow scenery to express their feelings, and some use metaphors ... Then, in the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, there are also various techniques.
The parting of good friends is deep, and their affection and friendship are not unpleasant. Therefore, in the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, there are many works that directly express their feelings, such as Gao Shi's Biedongda:
Thousands of miles away in Huang Yun, the sun is shining, and the north wind is blowing snow.
Mochow knows nothing. People all over the world don't know you.
The first two sentences directly write the sunset, and the last two sentences directly write the sincere friendship. They are all unreserved heartfelt words, generous and sad. Another example is Li Bai's "To Wang Lun":
Li Bai was about to go by boat when he heard singing on the shore.
Thousands of feet in Peach Blossom Pond is not as good as Wang Lun.
The first two narratives and the last two are lyrical, and the friendship is as thick as thousands of feet's. With the help of the pool, you can express yourself directly. As for "the same, because of our great love, it is better to touch the towel than the silk." It is even more undisguised to vomit a thick parting.
Of course, expressing your heart directly is a kind of frankness, which is the most direct embodiment of deep friendship. But deep feelings are often inexhaustible, so many poets don't want to shout loudly, but express them in other ways, so they find a magic weapon to express their feelings by borrowing scenery. Wang Guowei said, "All scenery words are affectionate." Indeed, beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and it varies from person to person. When a poet says goodbye, the scenery in front of him is often accompanied by strong emotional color. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty emphasizes interest, and often relies on "scenery" or "environment" when expressing "emotion" and "meaning", which is also deeply reflected in the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty and is a quite remarkable feature of the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Li Bai's Farewell to Friends.
To the north of the Great Wall is a blue mountain range, and to the east is a white waterline. You must leave me and drift away for hundreds of miles like loose grass.
I will think of you in the clouds, so think of me in the sunset. Waving out from here, my horse brays again and again.
The first couplet is about seeing off in the suburbs, which is picturesque, but once it is "horizontal" and "around", it expresses the feeling of parting with the help of mountains and rivers. The two couplets in the middle describe the feelings of parting, and the couplets imagine the mental journey of friends after parting, expressing their ardent concern for friends. The "floating clouds" in the necklace symbolize the uncertainty of friends, and the "sunset" symbolizes the poet's deep feelings of parting.
Another example is Liu Changqing's Farewell to the South:
There is smoke and water in Lijun, but I still wave my hand and cry for the birds disappearing outside the desolate green hills.
But now, the long river, the lonely sail sailing and the five lakes are shining like spring in the sunset, and along an island covered with duckweeds, it is quiet for communication.
Friends are far away, waving goodbye frequently, but the poet doesn't express his thoughts directly. Instead, I borrowed the scenery on both sides of the Yangtze River from other places into my own poems, and used the word "looking" to integrate my eyes and feelings, so that smoke, mountains and birds could set off my melancholy mood. The word "empty" not only points out that his friends are far away, but also writes the poet's empty and lonely mood at this time. Five or six sentences are written by heart. Infinite worries are placed on Bai Ping, and the scene is truly blended, corresponding to the beginning and end. Xue Tao's song "Send a Friend" has always been valued by people and is a model of scene blending:
The water town is frosty at night, the moonlight is cold and the mountains are gray.
Who said today is like a dream?
The first two sentences go straight to the night scene of Biepu, especially in autumn. The scenery in front of us is awe-inspiring and cold. Moreover, the scenery here is endless, and poetry is used to secretly express the feeling that friends are far away, thinking but not seeing, which makes this poem deeply contained. The tone of the three sentences seems to be relieved, which constitutes twists and turns with the harm implied in the previous sentence, showing the persistence of acacia family, and the dream of the latter sentence is rare.
The artistic technique of borrowing scenery to express feelings is one of the most commonly used lyric techniques since it came into being, especially in poetry, because it is purely to talk about feelings after leaving the scenery, as if this situation has not settled. Therefore, in the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, almost every poem has an example of lyricism by borrowing scenery. However, I think the highest level of lyricism by borrowing scenery is: melting feelings into the scenery, putting in an affectionate, deep and subtle feeling, which is hidden in a simple and seemingly inadvertently acquired scenery, leaving only a looming silk thread for readers to discover and refine. The more you smoke, the more you bring out your heart, ups and downs, and far-reaching effects, just like wine. Although it is clear and delicious, the longer it lasts, the more fragrant it becomes.
For example, Zhang's "Seeing the Beam in Dongting Mountain" is a typical poem of this kind:
As soon as Baling entered autumn, the solitary peak rose day by day.
It is said that the gods can't meet, and the heart drifts with the lake.
In this poem, which marks the entry of the Four Musts into the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the poet hides his own thoughts deeply, and only implicitly reveals some information to us with the help of the scenery: seeing his friends leave, sailing away in front of him, going straight to the imperial court, and living in Yuezhou, never returning. The word "loneliness" is a pun, and the sense of loss and loneliness gradually comes to mind, while a "float" comes to mind. In the third sentence, it is clear that the legendary immortal can't contact his friends, nor can he contact them in the court where his friends are far away. Thus, a sad heart emerges in this simple autumn scenery. With the ups and downs of the long lake, the words have endless meanings. Yan Yu, when commenting on Tang poetry, said: "Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are only interested and have no trace to find."
Another example is Liu Changqing's "Send Master Che Ling":
From the temple, in the depths of the bamboo, came the low sound of the evening bell.
Li He took the sunset, and Qingshan went home alone.
Lyric scenery, feeling in the scenery, writing scenery has a faint artistic conception, exquisite as a picture, thousands of Kulinji are in the distance, bells touch thoughts, the return of shadows evokes the return of poets, but the image of poets is hidden outside the poems. In the artistic conception of leisure, we can see the poet's feelings of leisure, frustration and indifference. But this feeling is all in the artistic conception. The poet didn't say a word, but he was deeply integrated into the scene.
There is also a way in which the poet entrusts his feelings to objects by metaphor, such as Liu Changqing's Farewell to Jizhou in Langzhong:
Apes crow at the end of the river, and people hurt themselves.
As a courtier, you are farther away, and Qingshan Wan Li is alone.
In the last sentence, a friend goes away, but a leaf goes with the flow alone. In fact, it is more painful to write that friends are courtiers, and they are drifting, just like a lonely boat, and they are also courtiers. And the famous sentence in Wang Wei's poem "Send Shen Zifu to Jiangdong": "Only lovesickness is like spring, Jiangnan will send you home." It even compares lovesickness to boundless spring.
All of the above are used to express farewell feelings with the scenery around us. In the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, there is another kind of writing farewell scenery and expressing farewell feelings.
For example, Wang Bo's "Moonlit Biejiang Pavilion" is the second song:
Smoke cages are blue, and the moon flies south.
Lonely from the pavilion, the night is cool.
We can't see clearly, we can only see the scenery after parting. The cold smoke gradually rises, the moonlight slowly fades away, and it is cold at night, and Jiang Ting people go to the pavilion. After his friend left, the poet expected to stay on paper, and the feeling of desolation and loneliness could not help but arise. It can be said that it is a wonderful thing to borrow scenery to express feelings and integrate feelings into scenery. Xu Hun wrote in his "Farewell to Xie Ting": "Wake up at dusk and it is raining all over the sky in the distance." It's a similar technique. Wake up, drunk because of farewell. When I wake up, the dusk is boundless, the wind and rain are misty, and my mood is more depressed and empty, and I feel unbearable loneliness. More exciting is Wang Wei's In the Mountains.
The spring grass will turn green next year, but what about you, my friend Prince? ?
Don't write farewell, just write farewell as a dark field, but write the feeling of loneliness and disappointment after farewell. In the sunset on the second day after leaving, sadness tends to get thicker and denser, but the poet just uses the extremely common action of "Gai Chai Fei" to express his deep affection, which is hidden in this seemingly casual action. As for "Yijun is far away." A boat full of bright moon and a boat full of breeze is to imagine the situation of friends far away.
Third, sadness and openness have their own advantages.
⑦ "Affectionate separation hurts the body since ancient times", which is the separation of Liu Yong with deep sentimental feelings, and also the separation of many people who feel the same way with him. There are many farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty. "Sadness and loneliness, sadness and broken for a hundred years, wandering at will, and life is bitter and bitter." (Wang Bo's Farewell to Xue Hua) Don't attach importance to parting.
In front of my old door, in the yellow grass, it is sad to leave. You must follow the road through the cold clouds, which will take you into the snow tonight.
Your father died; You left home when you were young, and no one knew about your misfortune. We cry, we say nothing. What can I wish for you in this cold world? ?
The word "sadness" runs through the whole poem, and the first couplet is about the parting environment, which greatly aggravates the sadness of parting and sets the tone for the whole poem to feel deeply hurt. The second part of the parting scene is still closely related to the word "sadness" and blends into a deep feeling of parting; Necklace laments the life experience, still clings to the word "sadness", entrusts with gloomy feelings, and integrates parting, feeling the world and sadness into one.
Liu doesn't go to Luoyang, but to Sanxiang after plum blossom.
The world goes with the clouds, and hatred grows with the river.
The poet left his hometown with disappointment of being demoted. The first two sentences are a blend of scenes, which not only points out the season and place, but also exaggerates the atmosphere, giving people a feeling of wandering life and impermanence of parting. The metaphor of three "floating clouds" deepened the bitterness of parting, and the word "empty" at the end expressed a reluctant and helpless state of mind. The Tang poetry is about the pain of moving away, and most people hate leaving.
However, friends are not all sad, such as "bosom friend in the sea, and heaven remains our neighbourhood, why do you wander at the fork in the road, and the child touches the towel?" This is also Wang Bo's farewell poem. The sentences in this poem "Send Du Shaofu to Shu Zhong" and "Don't want Xue Hua" are quite different in style. Wash away the sadness and bitterness of parting, and the artistic conception is open and the tone is bright. "Say goodbye to the Three Rivers and pursue it." Chen Ziang wrote in his song "Send David to the Army" that he sent his friends to war, but he did not fall into the mode of being deeply immersed in love and suffering. In a big way, he showed the author's generosity and enterprising spirit, passionate and heroic. As for the representative poets of the Frontier Poetry School, "Send Li's deputy envoy to March into the Qixi Festival" and "The guards are forbidden to go west, and the horns are loud." In farewell poems, the meaning of wishing success is emphasized, which is unique in farewell poems. "Take off the saddle temporarily into the inn, and send you Wan Li to the Western Expedition. You should accept it immediately after you become famous. It' s a hero' s husband. " Passion rippled between the lines, pervading Changhong, and the meaning of cherishing farewell was implied.
These poems bid farewell with pride, unlike children's behavior. It is with deep affection that they write the feelings of knowing ourselves and ourselves, and they are bold and unconstrained. Similarly, some poets, although not so heroic when leaving their friends, are also broad-minded, showing the unique open mind of the Tang people.
For example, Wang Changling's "Send Wood to Serve the Imperial Palace":
Running water connects five mountains, and farewell is not without harm.
Green hills share the same sex and rain, and the bright moon has never been two townships.
Friends in the distance, separated, it is inevitable that there will be sadness. However, the poet comforted his friend that the two places are connected by flowing water, and the green hills are the same as the rain, and the bright moon is visible, which is not really separated. Here, the poet skillfully combines the two places into one, comforting the separation of friends, with novel meanings and broad feelings.
Another example is Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er Shi An Xi":
Weicheng is rainy and dusty, and the guest house is green and willow.
I advise you to drink more wine, there is no reason not to go out to the west.
In this affectionate parting, we can't see any ecstasy. The poet skillfully arranged the environment by the time and place of farewell, making the scenery fresh, clear, light and full of emotional appeal.
Another example is Li Bai's "Lu Shimen sends Du":
After a few days of drunkenness, I boarded the pool platform. When Shimen Road was opened again, a golden urn appeared.
Surabaya is full of autumn waves, and the sea is bright. The sky is far away, and the cup is in hand.
This poem begins with drunkenness and ends with a toast. It is full of heroic, bold, cheerful and optimistic feelings from beginning to end. Its style is bright and clear, and there is no lingering and sad mood. The beauty of nature and humanity in the poem set each other off, and it is full of poetry and painting, especially the ending two sentences, which are concise and powerful, with endless implications.
These bold and broad-minded poems sung at parting reflect the open-minded and optimistic attitude towards life of the Tang people, sweeping away the sadness and parting thoughts and becoming a landscape in farewell poems.
Fourth, the sentence is carefully judged and the words are simple.
True literature is pure and sincere feelings are pure. Throughout the ages, the feelings of friends have been sung and praised by people. It is because of the sincere feelings between friends that people are excited. It is a pure beauty of human nature, a true beauty of friendship, and true beauty never needs to be carved. "When seeing friends off, poets often put.
For example, Quan Deyu's "Farewell to Long-separated People on the Ridge":
Ten years have passed and we met here.
Where is the horse's head? Sunset is ten thousand peaks.
The whole poem uses simple language to write a long-lost parting, and the whole poem is unpretentious. In the plain narrative, there is a deep and eternal feeling, and simplicity has its own natural charm. The first two poems have been frankly separated for ten years, but although they have not written about vicissitudes of life, the feeling of vicissitudes of life arises spontaneously in the plain narrative and is unique. Three or four sentences are a sketch that quietly leaves in the sunset in the mountains, and there is a longing. In the quiet and slightly desolate realm, people can't help feeling the separation and integration of life. Don't be so accidental, hasty and unpredictable, a strong feeling comes to mind. Every sentence is carefully examined, and the words are shallow and affectionate, all of which are romantic.
Another example is Meng Haoran's Farewell to Wang Wei:
I waited slowly and reluctantly day after day, until now I have to go. If the roadside flowers don't mean goodbye, my old friend, how sweet they will be.
The lords of the kingdom are very hard on us, and the people who handle affairs are not our own kind. Only when I am lonely will I close the door of my old garden.
The whole poem has neither beautiful pictures nor flowery words. The sentence is plain in spoken language, with natural words, but affectionate, shallow words and long aftertaste.
"In the past 20 years, everything has been the same, and now the road diverges in the west. If the emperor returns to the field, he will be a neighbor at the age of six. " Liu Zongyuan's A Farewell to Dreams contains complex emotions and deep feelings in plain language, which seems straightforward, but in fact it is profound. "Across the river and across the sea, I haven't seen you for many years. Suddenly I saw a dream and choked and asked how old I was." This is a greeting when friends meet, which is natural and unpretentious, but lovesickness becomes a disease.
Farewell is a matter for lovers, and it is a matter for people with true feelings. Therefore, every farewell poem is sincere and pure language, natural and does not need to be modified. We will be moved by that profound friendship.
As a wonderful flower in the grand view garden of Tang poetry, the farewell poems of Tang people greatly enriched the theme and content of Tang poetry in terms of ideological content; In terms of artistic expression, bold or implicit style, broad or profound style, lyrical or explicit or vivid, or borrowing scenery or supporting things, the language is shallow and unadorned, which truly embodies the artistic characteristics of "being near and far-reaching, shallow and affectionate".
Therefore, whether it is ideological content or artistic technique, the farewell poems in Tang Dynasty are worthy of our serious study and in-depth discussion.