Li Qing has a cloth Bi Sheng, which is also a trap. Its method: carved with mud, as thin as the lips of money, every word is printed, and fire makes it strong. First, an iron plate is erected, on which rosin, wax and paper ash are exposed. If you want to print, put an iron fan on the iron plate with words printed on it. If you use an iron fan as a plate, the iron fan will catch fire. If the medicine melts slightly, press a flat plate on its surface, and the words will be as flat as a stone. It is not easy to stop printing three or two books; If you print hundreds of thousands of copies, it will be very fast. I often make two iron plates, one printed and the other printed by myself. Only when this printer is finished, the second edition is already available, which is more interoperable and can be used instantly.
Each word has several seals, such as the words "Zhi" and "Ye", and each word has more than 20 seals, in case of duplication on one board. If you don't use it, stick it on paper, one for each rhyme, and store it in a wooden lattice. There are grotesque figures, who are unprepared. If you spin them, the grass will burn them, and it will be done in an instant. Those who don't take wood as the object, those who are dense in arts and sciences, and those who touch water, are uneven and stick to medicine, which is not desirable; If it is not scorched earth, the medicine will be melted by fire and brushed by hand, and its seal will fall without pollution.
Ascending to death, it was printed from the group and has been preserved to this day.
Second, translation:
Printing books by block printing has not been done on a large scale in the Tang Dynasty. It was not until the Five Dynasties that the Five Classics were printed by block printing. Since then, important books have been printed by block printing.
In the Qing Dynasty, a civilian named Bi Sheng invented letterpress printing. Its method is: carve words with clay, the words are as thin as copper coins, each word is carved with a word, and it is burned hard. Put an iron plate first, and spread something like turpentine and wax mixed paper ash on it. When printing, put an iron frame on the iron plate, and then fill in the type. When it is full, it becomes a version. Then bake by the fire. After turpentine and wax have melted slightly, put them on the page with a flat plate and press them down. Type printing is as flat as a millstone.
If only two or three copies are printed, it will not be easy; If you print dozens or even hundreds of copies, it will be extremely fast. Generally, two iron plates are made, one for printing and the other for typesetting. This one has just been printed and that one is ready. These two printing plates can be used alternately, and printing can be completed in a short time. Each word has several fonts, such as "Zhi" and "Ye", and each word has more than 20 typesetting to prevent repetition in one version.
When not in use, make a mark with a piece of paper, make a label for each rhyme, and store it in a wooden lattice. When you encounter an uncommon word that you don't usually prepare, you should engrave it immediately, bake it with grass, and it will be done in a short time. The reason why wood is not used to carve movable type is because the texture of wood is uneven, and it will become uneven when it meets water. In addition, it will stick with turpentine and cannot be removed when unloading the board. Unlike the movable type made of clay, it is baked with fire after printing, so that the drug turpentine and other things melt, and the movable type naturally falls down when touched by hand, and it will not be touched by the drug turpentine and other things at all.
After Bi Sheng's death, those fonts were bought by my cousins, and they are still treasured.
Extended data
First of all, it introduces the creative background and related situation of Meng Qian's Bi Tan.
Shen Kuo, the author, clearly stated in The Preface to Meng Qian Bitan: After 1082 (five years of Song Yuanfeng), the author was politically frustrated, and lived in Runzhou around 1088 (three years), where Meng Xi Park was built (east of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and his daily life was less.
The name of Meng Qian's pen talk is because the author Shen Kuo finished his work in Meng Xi Park. Written language is due to talking with guests in the garden at ordinary times, and the author often records "talking with the guest speaker" in the book. Friends and friends have been together for a long time, and the author thinks it is like "talking with the speaker, just writing with a pen and inkstone", so he uses the name "pen talk"
Two. Brief introduction of the author
Shen Kuo (103 1 year-1095), a native of Qiantang County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, was a politician and scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Shen Kuo was born into an official family and traveled around with his father in his childhood. In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), he was a scholar, and was named Yangzhou secretariat to join the army. In Song Shenzong, he participated in the Xining political reform and was highly valued by Wang Anshi. He has served as Prince Zhongyun, torture room, supervisor of the Ministry of Heaven, review of the history museum and three ambassadors. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he started his career in Yanzhou, served as a road show ambassador, and was stationed in the border to fight against Xixia. Later, he was demoted for participating in the battle of Yongle City. In his later years, he moved to Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and lived in seclusion in Meng Xi Park. Born two years less (1095), died of illness at the age of 65.
2. Explain the classical Chinese letterpress, and fill in the blanks with the sentences in the first half of the sentence: The characteristic of letterpress printing is "A: Before introducing letterpress printing, briefly describe the history of letterpress printing, which not only explains the inheritance and development relationship between letterpress printing and letterpress printing, but also paves the way for the unprecedented letterpress printing to be introduced below.
2.( 1) clay sculpture, as thin as money lips.
Function: For example, it vividly illustrates the depth of lettering.
(2) Press the surface with a flat plate, and the words will be as flat as a rock.
Function: For example, the image shows the flatness of trapped text.
(3) it is not easy to stop printing three or two copies; If you print hundreds of thousands of copies, it will be very fast.
Function: List and compare the figures, highlighting the advantages of trapdoor in improving printing speed. The more you print, the faster it will be.
(4) Those who don't take wood as the object, those who are dense in arts and sciences, and those who are stained with water are uneven and stick to medicine, which is not desirable; If you don't burn the soil, melt the medicine after use and brush it with your hand, and its seal will automatically fall down without being polluted.
Function: Through comparison, the advantages of clay impression are highlighted.
(5) Each word has several seals, such as "Zhi" and "Ye", and each word has more than 20 seals to prevent one board from being duplicated.
Function: Examples and figures show that the number of words printed is alive, which highlights the "liveliness" of the trap.
This is a trap of classical Chinese, 1. What should I do if I encounter unfamiliar words that I have not prepared at ordinary times? Answer: rotate it and burn it with grass, and it will be done in an instant.
2. Why not use clay instead of wood for lettering? A: The arts and sciences are dense, but the water is uneven, so it is not appropriate to stick to medicine. If you don't burn the soil, melt the medicine after use and brush it with your hand, and its seal will automatically fall down without being polluted.
3. The main part specifically introduces the production, use and efficacy of relief printing. Time sequence (process) and logical sequence are used to illustrate the "activity" of flying people in the following aspects: A-type activity, B-type activity (mudra), C-type activity (one board, one board, more intercommunication) and D-type printing activity (each word has several prints). Emergency use of rotary carving), f collection work 4. Introduction to letterpress production (lettering with clay-words are as flat as rocks) In chronological order (process), it is a process of lettering, plate making, typesetting (printing), (disassembling), word matching, firing and leveling. 5. The efficacy of relief printing, measures to improve the efficacy, and clay carving. Please answer with the two most critical sentences in the original text.
A: It's more interactive. There are several seals on each word. 7. Write a short relief printing process according to the content. Answer: The first step is lettering, typesetting, printing and disassembling. Movable type is made (lettering), the raw material used is (clay), and the purpose of burning movable type is (to make it firm) (please answer with one or two words in the original text respectively) 9. The text adopts (procedural) interpretation method.
10, answer with the words in the text. (1) Clay figurines are as thin as money lips. (2) The words printed after burning are as flat as a rock. (3) Movable type printing is characterized by extremely high speed. (4) The main features and advantages of movable type are: 1 1. In this paper, a variety of interpretation methods are adopted and three examples are given.
(3 points) A: List figures: I often make two iron plates, one is printed and the other is printed by myself. For example, every word has several marks, such as "zhi" and "ye", and every word has more than twenty marks.
For example: as thin as money lips and as flat as words. Contrast: not wood-oriented, arts and sciences intensive.
12. What is the reason why this article doesn't use woodcut? And what are the benefits of lettering with clay? Answer (in the original): dense arts and sciences, but uneven water, but also sticking to medicine; After use, melt the medicine with fire, and brush it with your hand, and the seal will automatically fall off without contamination. 13, the main feature of the trap is the word "live".
"One word and one seal" means that the word is alive; "Dense typesetting" means that typesetting is alive; "Every word has several impressions" means that the impressions are alive; "One board ... one board ... is more interoperable" means that printing is alive; "Strange words are unprepared, and the engraving is urgent", which shows that practice is also alive. 14. What are the two specific ways to improve the working efficiency of letterpress printing? Please answer with the two most critical sentences in the original text.
Answer: (1)_ _ More interoperable __(2) Each word has several stamps _ _ 15 to explain the content. Write a short letterpress printing workflow: lettering-plate making-typesetting-printing 16. This paper introduces the movable type plate making technology. 17, the paper is very fast, that is, it can be washed immediately after opening, without pollution, which shows the advantages of letterpress printing.
18. What is the status of movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng in the history of science and technology in China and even in the world? Printing is one of China's four great inventions. Engraving printing in China began in the Tang Dynasty and developed highly in the Song Dynasty.
During the Northern Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, movable type printing was invented for a lifetime, which was more economical and convenient than block printing. This was a great technological revolution in China's world printing history, and later spread to Asian and European countries, which promoted the development and exchange of world culture.
4. Explain several sentence patterns of classical Chinese in detail, especially the forms of several inverted sentences. Examples of Common Special Sentences in Classical Chinese There are four common special sentences in classical Chinese in junior middle schools: judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, passive sentences and inversion sentences. It is called a sentence. It usually consists of the following ways: 1. Judgment sentences expressed by function words with certain sentence patterns, such as loanwords "zhe" and "ye". (l) Chen, a native of Yangcheng, also fought for her husband in a noble family, and his courage was also argued. The beauty of qi is also. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. 2. With the help of words such as "Nai", "Yes", "Wei", "Ze" and "Ben". (1) Fu Su's Chen She family is the founder; (2) Alice is a middleman; (3) Xiang Yan is the Chen She family of General Chu; (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower; (5) This is an example of Zhen Liang's death. Using nouns or noun phrases as predicates to express judgments is also a form of judgment sentences in classical Chinese. (1) Seven Classics and Four Libraries, Book Borrowing by Emperor Huang Sheng (2) Book Borrowing by a Rich Family, Book Borrowing by Huang Sheng (2) Elliptic Sentences Some sentences omit some components of the sentence in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called ellipsis. In ancient Chinese, common ellipsis sentences have the following forms: 1. Subject ellipsis (1) The wild snake in Yongzhou, [snake] is black and white, "The Snake Catcher said" (2) [The man in the Peach Blossom Spring] saw the fisherman, but was shocked by the Peach Blossom Spring. Predicate ellipsis (2) Li is the head of the family. 3. The object ellipsis (left) Ambassador [Fu Su] will send soldiers to the Chen She family. (2) The fisherman will go home. (4) Preposition ellipsis (L) Chen She Family [2] Wu Lingren. Narrative sentences in which the subject and predicate are in a passive relationship are called passive sentences. Generally speaking, there are the following forms: L. Passivity is expressed by "for ………" and "for". (1) was printed as a trap for the pack to follow, (2) was offered to the village at the beginning of the week, and (3) his childhood interest was swallowed up by two worms. Infantry are mostly users. The rabbit in Home (2) cannot be recovered, while Waiting for the Rabbit (3) in Song Dynasty uses "Yu" to express passivity. (1) is only humiliated by a slave's hand. (2) Worship Wu Zong's "Le Gong Luo Cheng". Therefore, in the translation of classical Chinese, it is sometimes necessary to make appropriate adjustments. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following forms: 1. Verb inversion (1) is very bad. You don't like Yugong Mountain (2). Sadly, the world is also sad. 2. Preposition object A. What's wrong with pushing the object with the auxiliary word "zhi"? Put it before a verb or preposition. 3. "Zhe" is often used as a marker after the attribute, and it is placed before the noun in translation. (1) People who cover the peach pit and narrow it call it "the story of the nuclear ship" (2) "Ma Shuo" who traveled all the way from the horse to eat or eat all the millet stones (3) and then took the lead in taking on three husbands. Translation should come before predicate. (1) Bone-throwing Wolf (2) Fighting with a long spoon; Cao Gui Debate (3) Sacrificing four special sentence patterns in classical Chinese above Chen She family, which are often encountered in junior high school classical Chinese learning. Mastering the usage of these special sentence patterns is of great help to improve our reading ability of classical Chinese. The passive sentence of special sentence pattern in classical Chinese is called passive. That is to say, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior indicated by the verb, not the active and implementer. If you use "for" to express passive "death, death, the whole world is laughing", will you complain? ... laughed at by the whole world) and "being" to express passive "loyalty" and slander? " (loyalty is vilified by others, can you not resent it? In classical Chinese, the subjects of passive sentences are passive and patient (…… cheated in vain) and passive "subject to others" (subject to others) and "intolerable distance". "(can't be tolerated by neighbors). In ancient Chinese, the subjects of passive sentences are passive and patient, not active and agent. That is, with the help of some passive verbs, the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called passive sentences with ideas. Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: the preposition "Yu" is used after the verb to indicate passivity, and "Yu" plays the role of guiding the initiative. For example, "Therefore, I am confused about Zheng Xiu. The foreign bully is Zhang Yi." ("Historical Records". Biographies of Qu Yuan) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here were issued after "Yu" with Zhang Yi. Sometimes, the preposition "Yu" or verb is preceded by "Bei" to form the form of "Bei". Yu. ".I'm afraid I will be bullied by the king. I'm afraid I will be wronged by the king. (ditto) I was violently attacked by the king. (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia) There is a special usage of Jian, which is very similar to the passive form of Jian, such as "Is Ji Jun honest or angry". "(such as" forgive me "in modern Chinese. Use "Wei" and "Wei". Cable "to express passivity. For example, "(the giant) will be merged by others in a distant county." Zi Tong Zhi Jian uses "Bei" to express passivity. For example, "Yu Jude remembers that Duke Zhou was arrested and Ding Mao looked forward to March.
5. Who knew that the translation of classical Chinese lead printing used a rigid printed version, which was not widely used in the Tang Dynasty?
It was only in the Five Dynasties that the Five Classics were printed, and all kinds of books in the future were printed by block printing. In the Qing Dynasty, Bi Sheng, a civilian, created another trap.
Its method is to carve words with clay, which is as thin as the edge of copper coins. Every word is made into a font and hardened with fire. Put an iron plate first, and spread paper ash mixed with turpentine and wax on it.
If you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate, then arrange the type closely, fill an iron frame as a board and bake it by the fire; If the medicine melts a little, press a flat plate on the surface, and the words lined up on the flat plate will be as flat as a grindstone. If only three or two books are printed, it will not be easy; If you print dozens or even hundreds of copies, it will be soon.
When printing, two iron plates are usually made. One printing plate is being printed, and the other printing plate has been arranged with another type. This edition has just been printed and the second edition is ready. The two boards can be used alternately and can be completed in a short time. Each word has several fonts, such as "Zhi" and "Ye", and each word has more than twenty fonts to guard against repeated words in a board.
When not in use, put a label made of paper, make a label for each rhyme, and store it in the wooden box. If there are uncommon words that you don't usually prepare, carve them out immediately and barbecue them with grass fire, and they will be done soon.
The reason why wood is not used to make movable type molds is because the texture of wood is loose and delicate, uneven after being soaked in water, and it adheres to drugs and cannot be taken off; It is best to burn the fonts with clay, bake them with fire after use, melt the medicine and try them by hand, so that the fonts will fall off by themselves and will not be touched by the medicine at all. After Bi Sheng's death, his fonts were acquired by my cousins, and they are still treasured.
Please tell us all the interpretation methods used in China's ancient poem "Folklore". Each method uses analogy, comparison and examples to explain.
1. "Carving with mud is as thin as money lips" is a metaphor, and "money lips" is a metaphor for the hardness of carving. 2. "If the surface is pressed with a flat plate, the characters will be as flat as a stone" is explained by analogy, which vividly highlights the characteristics that the characters are very flat after being pressed with a flat plate.
Third, "if you stop printing three or two books, it is not easy; If you print hundreds of thousands of copies, it will be very fast. " By using column numbers and contrast, the advantages of letterpress printing in improving printing speed are highlighted. The more you print, the faster you print.
Fourth, "those who don't take wood as a thing are dense in arts and sciences, and those who touch water are uneven and stick to medicine, which is not desirable;" If you don't burn the soil, use it to melt the medicine. When you brush it with your hand, its seal will automatically fall and will not be polluted. " By using the method of contrast, the superiority of cement font is highlighted.
5. "Every word has several seals, such as the words' Zhi' and' Ye', and each word has more than 20 seals to prevent one board from being reprinted." Examples and figures show that the lettering tree is alive, which highlights the "liveliness" of the trap.
7. Classical Chinese translation of Ma Shuo, Humble Room Inscription, The Story of the Nuclear Ship, Movable Edition and Ma Shuo in Grade Two.
Where there is Bole, there is a swift horse. There are always swift horses, but there is no Bole. Therefore, even a famous horse will only be humiliated by the servant's groom and die in the stable with ordinary horses, instead of being famous for walking Wan Li Road every day.
A horse that travels thousands of miles a day sometimes eats a stone after a meal. People who feed horses don't know that they can walk thousands of miles a day without feeding them. Therefore, although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles a day, its food intake and physical strength are insufficient, and its talent and advantages cannot be shown from the outside. If you still want to be an ordinary horse, you can't do it. How can you expect it to walk thousands of miles a day?
If you don't take measures to feed it, you can't give full play to its talents. A swift horse screams, but you can't understand its meaning. All you have to do is stand in front of it with a whip and say, "There is no such thing as a swift horse!" " Alas, is there really no maxima? I'm afraid I really don't know Maxima!
Look for it in Baidu! !