Lu You, a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, suffered huge setbacks in his life. Not only was his official career bumpy, but his love life was also unfortunate. The following is Lu You’s literary achievements that I have compiled for everyone. It is for reference only. Let’s take a look together. Lu You's Literary Achievements Chapter 1
Literary Achievements
Poetry
Lu You has many literary talents, especially his poetry. "Ten Thousand Poems in a Year", there are more than 9,300 poems in existence, which can be roughly divided into three periods: before entering Shu at the age of 46, he preferred written forms; from entering Shu to resigning from office and returning eastward at the age of 64, this was the mature period of his poetry creation. It was also a period of great change in the style of poetry, from specializing in "algae painting" in the early years to pursuing a bold and unrestrained style, full of fighting spirit and patriotic passion; in his later years, after living in seclusion in his hometown of Shanyin, the style of poetry tended to be simple and solid, showing a It has a clear and distant pastoral flavor, and sometimes reveals the desolate feeling of life.
1. Poetry content
Lu You’s poetry covers a very wide range, involving almost every field of social life in the early Southern Song Dynasty. It can be roughly divided into four aspects according to its content:
①Insist on resisting the Jin Dynasty and attack the capitulationists. Lu You bluntly stated that "harmony with relatives is not a long-term policy in ancient times", "the most hurtful thing is to be harmonious when you are born, and the golden catkins of the chariot will be lost to Hu Qiang", and exposed that "the princes adhere to the policy of peace and friendship, but the lofty ideals donate their youth in vain". His Yuefu poem "Guan Shan Yue" highly summarizes the contradictions between the upper-level rulers, the soldiers guarding the border, and the people in the enemy-occupied areas on the main war and peace positions, and exposes the serious consequences of the compromise and peace policy of the Southern Song Dynasty ruling group. Lu You's poems, with their distinctive combativeness and pertinence, inspired people's fighting spirit against the Jin Dynasty and were highly praised by people with lofty ideals and benevolence.
② Express the impassioned enthusiasm for serving the country and the grief and indignation of unrealized ambitions. When Lu You was young, he took it as his duty to serve the country generously and regarded destroying the invading enemies and recovering the occupied territory as the first priority in his life. However, his ideal of resisting the enemy was repeatedly frustrated. Therefore, a large number of his poems not only express high-spirited fighting spirit, but also express deep sorrow and indignation. For example, in the poem "Book Anger", the poet is dedicated to serving the country, but his ambition is difficult to fulfill. He is high-spirited and heroic, but mixed with desolation and sadness. It is not only the poet's personal experience but also the epitome of the fate of the nation. It is a typical representative of this type of work.
③Describe pastoral scenery and daily life. Lu You loves life and is good at discovering poetic materials from various life situations. Whether it is mountains and rivers, plants, trees, insects and fish, whether it is ordinary life in the countryside or leisurely fun in the study room, "every grass, tree, fish, or bird is cut into poetry." The poem "Visiting Shanxi Village" has bright colors and contains philosophical ideas in the description of the scenery. Among them, "Mountains and rivers are full of doubts and there is no way, and there is another village with dark willows and flowers." It has become a widely circulated famous line. His "The First Spring Rain in Lin'an" describes spring in the south of the Yangtze River, with virtual scenes and real scenes, delicate and beautiful, and full of charm.
④Love poems. Due to the restrictions on the thoughts and feelings of scholars in the Song Dynasty and the development of Song poetry, the romantic function of Song poetry gradually weakened. The quantity and quality of love poems in the Song Dynasty were difficult to compare with Tang poetry, but Lu You was an exception. When Lu You was young, he had an unforgettable emotional experience with his ex-wife. His poems in memory of his ex-wife were sincere and touching. His "Two Poems on Shen Yuan" written in his later years was called "an extremely sad poem" by later generations. It is a rare masterpiece among ancient love poems.
2. Artistic characteristics
① In terms of artistic style, it has both realism and romanticism. Lu You has a bold personality and great ambitions. In terms of poetry style, he pursues vigorousness and vigorousness and despises delicateness, forming a poetic style that is unrestrained and magnificent. Lu You poured out his ambitions and pride that could not be realized in real life into his poems, and often relied on illusions and dreams to express his heroic spirit. Lu You's dream and fantasy poems are elegant and unrestrained, and he is known as "Little Li Bai". However, there is an insurmountable contradiction between the desire for fame and the resistance of those in power. The harsh real environment puts an inescapable burden on the poet's soul. Therefore, Lu You admires Du Fu, cares about reality, and advocates that poetry "works outside the poem." , the poetic style has a melancholy and sad side close to that of Du Fu.
② The language is easy to understand and the organization is rigorous. Lu You opposed the elaboration of rhetoric and the pursuit of adventure, and his poetic language was "empty and clear as words." Lu You attaches great importance to the training of words. His parallelism is novel and neat, and does not fall into the trap of polished sentences.
Zhao Yi once commented that Lu's poems "seem to be unrestrained but are actually cautious", and Liu Kezhuang also lamented that "the ancients' good pairs were exhausted by the indulgence". Lu You's seven-character ancient poem "Long Song Xing" has a clear and vigorous writing style and an ups and downs structure. It embodies the grand and majestic momentum in the clear and smooth language and neat sentence structure. It typically reflects the individual style of Lu You's poetry and is known as "Long Song Xing". Later generations regarded it as the final work of Lu Shi.
3. The status of Lu's poetry
Lu You occupies a very important position in the poetry world of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the situation was critical, morale was still high, and the poetry world was also quite upbeat. As the situation of peace in the Southern Song Dynasty developed, the scholar-bureaucrats gradually became negative, and the poetry world also became sluggish. The abject style is increasingly evident. Lu You was devastated by this situation. He raised high the banners of his predecessors Qu, Jia, Li, and Du, as well as the people of Europe, Su, and Nandu (Lü Benzhong, Zeng Ji, etc.) of his dynasty to fight against it. He raised the patriotic theme of Huang Zhong Da Lu's poetic style had a positive influence on the poetry of the late Southern Song Dynasty. Dai Fuxu and Liu Kezhuang, both of the Jianghu Poetry School, studied under Lu You. By the end of the Song Dynasty, the background of the era when the country was destroyed and the family was destroyed made Lu You's patriotic spirit deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Lu You's poetry also had a profound impact on future generations. Especially since the late Qing Dynasty, whenever the country was in danger, people often missed Lu You's patriotism, and Lu Shi's patriotism became the spiritual force that inspired the people to resist foreign invaders. Lu You's poems about landscapes and study life were also popular among poets of the Ming and Qing Dynasties because of their delicate and vivid descriptions and fresh and beautiful language. The couplets against Gongli in Lu's poems are often used as couplets in study rooms or pavilions, which also shows that Lu You's poems of this type have a wide audience in later generations.
Ci
Lu You devoted his main energy to poetry creation throughout his life. He "deliberately wanted to be a poet" and despised lyric writing. Therefore, as the backbone of the "Xin School of Ci Writers" Compared with his poems about characters, Lu You's poems are not many, and there are only about 140 poems in existence. However, Lu You was extremely talented and had experienced the northwest front line. Therefore, Lu You also created another artistic realm that Jiaxuan Ci did not have.
The main content of Lu You's poems is to write about patriotic feelings and express the anger of unrealized ambitions. The characteristic of his poems is that they turn ideals into dreams and form a strong contrast with the sadness of reality, such as "Revelation of Heartfelt Feelings· When I look back on those days, I am filled with sadness. Lu You also has poems about things and love. In his "Bu Suanzi·Yong Mei", the top column describes the scenery and the bottom column expresses the ambition, showing his noble character of perseverance in adversity; The rhythm is rapid, the voice is sad, and the two sighs are soul-stirring, sad and moving.
Lu You's poems have various styles. Many of them are beautiful, lingering, sincere and moving, and are closer to the graceful style of Song Dynasty poems; while some poems often express deep feelings about life, or embody a noble mind. , or it has a profound meaning, and is closer to Su Shi. What best reflects Lu You's life experience and personality are his generous and vigorous lyrics filled with patriotic passion. The style is relatively close to that of Xin Qiji. However, Lu You's poetry is also unable to be refined into a unique personality due to its diverse styles. It feels like it combines the strengths of many schools of thought and "none of them can achieve the best".
Prose
Lu You is quite accomplished in prose. He is good at all genres, has ingenious ideas and pure writing style. Among them, the inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, or the narration of life experiences, the expression of thoughts and feelings, or thesis and poetry, best reflect the achievements of Lu You's prose. At the same time, as in the poem, patriotism is expressed from time to time. Lu You also wrote some unique prose, describing rural life, which is elegant and timeless.
Lu You's "Enter Shu" is China's first full-length travelogue. It is rich in content, including historical miscellaneous records, textual research and dialectics, poetry reviews, novels and stories, etc. The form is flexible, the length is arbitrary, and the text is It is quite concise; especially the part passing through the Three Gorges, there are many descriptions and comments on the natural scenery, historical sites and historical figures. The words are full of patriotism and interesting. "Notes of Laoxue'an", an essay-style prose, is simple but rich in content. Most of the records are anecdotes, which are of great historical value. It is a masterpiece of notebooks in the Southern Song Dynasty. At the same time, Lu You is also good at the four-liu poems, and there are many excellent four-liu poems in the collection. For example, Lu You's "Sacrifice to the Leichi Divine Essay" has a simple language and majestic momentum, which is quite close to his poetic style.
Historical achievements
Lu You also has historical talent. Lu You's historical achievements are not mainly due to the "Records of the Two Dynasties" and "History of the Three Dynasties" he compiled when he was a historian. The privately written "Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty". During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 11 historical books describing the history of the Southern Tang Dynasty, including the "Old History of the Five Dynasties" compiled by the History Museum led by Xue Juzheng, and the "New History of the Five Dynasties" privately written by Ouyang Xiu. Compiled into eighteen volumes of "Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty".
The purpose of Lu You's compilation of "Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty" was to draw lessons from the past and the present, and to set up a historical mirror for the Southern Song Dynasty. In this book, Lu You affirmed Li Ming, the great martyr of the Southern Tang Dynasty, as "the great-great-grandson (Li Ke) of King Jian, the eighth son of Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty", corrected the concept of the Five Dynasties of the Central Plains as Zhengshuo, and used "emperor" and "I" many times in the book Words such as these are used to express strong patriotic sentiments by describing the kings of the Southern Tang Dynasty in governing the country, governing the people, and using military force.
The historical achievements of Lu You's "Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty" are mainly reflected in: ① Institutional innovation. Lu Shu only has the original chronicle and biographies, making it a special case in the chronological history of biographies; especially its "biography", in addition to the characters being similar to each other, he also created "Biographies of Zayi, Alchemists, and Jieyi" (Volume 17), "Biographies of Buddha, Khitan, and Goryeo" (Volume 18), the classification is accurate, and the historical knowledge is better than that of the predecessors. ②The historical commentary is colorful. During the Song Dynasty, the study of acting flourished, and Lu You upheld the view that morality rather than political achievements should be the only criterion for judging characters. For example, most historians criticized the later leader Li Yu for being obsessed with poetry and not thinking about politics, thus losing the foundation of the Southern Tang Dynasty. However, Lu You first praised the later leader " "He is naturally filial and pure" and "loves the people first", and then briefly criticizes his "love of pagodas", and finally concludes that "although his kindness is enough to impress his remnants, his death cannot protect the country." ③ Rigorous spirit of governing history. Lu You distinguished the mistakes of previous history and made up for the mistakes of previous history. Although the number of books and characters in his book are not as many as those in Ma Ling's "Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty", many historical materials have been verified by textual research, and there are "simple verifications and methods". There are many achievements in the supplement and preservation of historical materials. Great value.
The art of calligraphy
Throughout Lu You’s life, in addition to poetry, calligraphy was the sustenance of his ideals and his eternal pursuit. Judging from his poems about calligraphy and the surviving calligraphy handwriting and inscriptions on inscriptions, Lu You is good at three-body calligraphy: regular, running and cursive calligraphy, and is especially good at cursive calligraphy. Lu You's formal calligraphy was learned from the calligraphy of the Jin and Tang dynasties. It is deep and powerful, full of charm, and has obvious regular script style of Yan Zhenqing. His running script and cursive script are based on the styles of Zhang Xu and Yang Ning, and are also influenced by Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and others. , more pursuing the compatibility of character and spirit, paying attention to the changes and rhythm of contrast.
Lu You's calligraphy slips are good at blending cursive and vertical strokes, making them elegant and straight. In his later years, his writing power was vigorous and unrestrained. Zhu Xi said that his writings were "exquisite and profound." His "Self-written Poems Volume" still retains the brushwork style and customary brushwork he learned from Yan Zhenqing and Su Shi's calligraphy in his early years, but it also clearly integrates the strengths of Yang Ning's running script and Zhang Xu's cursive script. Integrated with the poem, Cheng Xun of the Ming Dynasty wrote the postscript "The poem is very flowing and beautiful, and the calligraphy is also clear and vigorous". It is a rare masterpiece of calligraphy. Lu You's Literary Achievements Part 2
Lu You's poems can be said to be of various genres. Whether they are ancient style, rhymed poems, or quatrains, they all have outstanding works. Among them, the seven rhymes are especially numerous and well written.
Poems
Lu You not only wrote professional poems, but also wrote long poems. Because he did not pay much attention to this poetry style, he did not write many lyrics. There are 130 existing lyrics. His lyrics are also diverse in style and have their own characteristics. Many of the poems are written in a beautiful and lingering way, which is closer to the graceful style of Song poetry. For example, the famous Hairpin-headed Phoenix falls into this category. And some words often express deep feelings about life, or express a noble mind, such as the broken bridge outside Bu Suanzi Posthouse, double-headed lotus flowers and stars on the temples, etc., or they are distant or have profound meanings. These words are closer to Su Shi. . But what best embodies Lu You's life experience and personality are his generous and vigorous lyrics that are full of patriotic passion, such as Spring Arrows in the Han Palace, Xie Chichun Joining the Army at the Strong Age, and Telling the Heart of the Years of Searching for Feng for Thousands of Miles Hou, Night Tour in the Palace with Snow at Dawn, and the Rising of the Qingjia Chaos are all vigorous works of enthusiasm for serving the country. This type of words is relatively close to Xin Qiji.
Prose
Lu You also wrote a lot in prose and was quite accomplished. Among them, the inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, or the narration of life experiences, the expression of thoughts and feelings, or thesis and poetry, best reflect the achievements of Lu You's prose. At the same time, just like in poems, patriotism is expressed from time to time, such as "The Story of Jingzhen Hall", "The Story of Tonghu Pavilion", "The Story of Shuwei Bridge", etc.