This paper puts forward the general characteristics of prose in the Northern Dynasties, and emphatically analyzes its performance and reasons. Compared with the prose in the Southern Dynasties, the prose in the Northern Dynasties has its own distinct overall characteristics. Generally speaking, there are two aspects: one is the simple and vigorous artistic style; Second, the practicality centered on political utility. These two characteristics are interdependent and interrelated.
[Keywords:] Northern Dynasties prose; Simple and vigorous; feasibility
Although some literary historians have summarized the characteristics of prose in the Northern Dynasties, their views are basically based on Wei Zhi's statement in the Tang Dynasty, and there is a lack of discussion on the reasons and manifestations of this feature. This paper puts forward the general characteristics of prose in the Northern Dynasties, and emphatically analyzes its performance and reasons. Compared with the prose in the Southern Dynasties, the prose in the Northern Dynasties has its own distinct overall characteristics. Generally speaking, there are two aspects: one is the simple and vigorous artistic style; Second, the practicality centered on political utility.
First, simple and vigorous artistic style.
The prose style of the Northern Dynasties was first clearly summarized by Wei Zhi in the early Tang Dynasty. He compared the differences in literary styles between the North and the South during the most prosperous period of literature in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Yongming is especially elegant with him, between Taihe and Tianbao, and between Luo Yang and Jiangzuo. At that time, the authors were Jiyang Jiangyan, Wu Jun Shen Yue, Lean Ren Fang, Yin Ji Wen Zisheng, Hejian Xing Zicai, Julu Wei Boqi and so on. And study poor bookstores, attach great importance to humanities, their colors are suppressed in Xia Yun, and their escape sounds like stones. However, they are still good, and there are similarities and differences between them. Jiangzuo Gongshang is more expensive than Qingyi; He Shuo means sincere and firm, more important than temperament. Rhythm is better than its words, elegance is more than its meaning, depth is easy to use, and educated people are suitable for singing, which makes the gains and losses of poets in the north and south even greater. ? [1] Wei Zhi pointed out that the literature of the Northern Dynasties in this period included? The word means sincerity, which is more important than temperament? Characteristics, that is, simple and vigorous style characteristics, also apply to the prose of the whole Northern Dynasty.
Today, many researchers express similar views. For example, Guo Yuheng concluded in the History of China Prose? Judging from the prose, the Northern Dynasties still attached great importance to quality, which is also obvious, and the spirit of chastity was considerable from time to time. ? [2] Tan Jiajian in the "China Ancient Prose History Draft" in contrast to the differences in prose styles between the North and the South said. The articles in the northern dynasties are mainly prose, realistic, quality-oriented, and vigorous and fresh in style; Obviously different from the articles in the Southern Dynasties, the articles in the Southern Dynasties highly praised parallel prose, with a soft and elegant style. ? [3] Mr. Wang Zhongling said: In the development of literature and art, it often happens that many creations of a backward nation are often beyond the reach of advanced nations. The subtlety of melody description and antithesis in the Southern Dynasties is undoubtedly an artistic progress. In this respect, the literature of the Northern Dynasties is far inferior to that of the Southern Dynasties, but its simple and profound charm is far superior to these small delicacies. ? [4] There is no doubt that Mr. Wang actually affirmed the simple and vigorous style of writing of the Northern Dynasties.
In the first hundred years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, prose was basically in a state of silence, and the quality of prose language was generally poor, even without literary talent. It was not until Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang and carried out the sinicization reform that emperors loved literature, and literati learned creative skills from the Southern Dynasties and pursued aestheticism that the development of prose took a turn for the better. Fully mechanized mining is complicated? Articles. However, there is still a big gap between the literary talent and temperament of the prose in the Northern Dynasty and the meticulous carving in the Southern Dynasty. Prose in the Western Wei Dynasty and the early Sui Dynasty, because Yu Wentai and Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty reformed the flashy style and carved it into simplicity, led to the return to simplicity in these two stages, and the artistry was weakened. Even in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties, although the prose creation skills were comparable to those in the Southern Dynasties, they were still not as good as the exquisite circulation in the Southern Dynasties. Therefore, Mr. Wang Zhongling pointed out: The style of writing in the Southern Dynasties is far superior to that in the Northern Dynasties in paying attention to the beauty of words. ? [5]
Simplicity and vitality are also manifested in creative ideas and other skills. Take Fu as an example. The expression of lyricism relies less on foreign things, but directly expresses one's own feelings, especially the fu of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties. This is a manifestation of the straightforward and simple style of writing in the Northern Dynasties, and it also reflects that the overall artistic level of Fu in the Northern Dynasties is not high. ? [6] Cao Daoheng pointed out: Northern literati often express their views directly in their works, and rarely use obscure and tortuous methods. ? [7] Cao Shi's theory also illustrates the simple and vigorous style of prose in the Northern Dynasties.
Simplicity and vigor are also reflected in the content of prose in the Northern Dynasties. The social life reflected in the prose of the whole Northern Dynasty is always positive, enterprising and healthy, and it is difficult to find it as pure as that of the Southern Dynasty. Singing snow, gardening? , even? Its meaning is shallow and complicated, its text is hidden and colorful, its words are light and dangerous, and its feelings are sad. [8]' s works have no low-level pornography. Even if someone does this occasionally, they will be accused and corrected, such as Wang Xin of BAIC. Suitable for frivolous articles? Sima Youzhi in the early Sui Dynasty? Wen Yan? Has been convicted. Not to mention military official documents, imperial edicts, ministerial seals and other applied words aimed at governing the country, even some lyric words and landscape words are full of integrity. The landscape essays in the Northern Dynasty always highlight the majestic beauty of the landscape, while the landscape essays in the South mostly show the beauty of the mountains and rivers. ? Writers in the Southern Dynasties did not stop at the microscopic level in describing landscapes, but tried to form artistic conception, covering the whole article. However, the landscape prose of the Northern Wei Dynasty is still immature and naive in technique, emphasizing objective description in landscape description and lacking in artistic conception. [9]。 As far as lyrical writing is concerned, most of the prose works in the Northern Dynasties are sincere and emotional, especially the letters and essays such as A Letter to Yanji and Yuwen Hu and A Letter to Yanji's Mother, which are not limited to form. Words? You can say that, but after reading for thousands of years, all of them were moved by their true feelings. And vice versa? At the end of the Southern Dynasties, there were no works that strongly stimulated or deeply touched people's hearts. What the writer pursues and creates is probably the exquisite, gorgeous and gentle beauty, right? [ 10]。 Compared with the primitive simplicity and vigor of the Northern Dynasties, the prose of the Southern Dynasties appears erratic and powerless.
There are many reasons for the formation of the unique style of prose in the Northern Dynasties, including literature, culture, national customs, geography and so on.
First of all, the prose of the Northern Dynasties and even the whole literature of the Northern Dynasties have a very poor foundation and a very low starting point, and almost began to develop in the desert of literature. Due to historical reasons, at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of scholars from the Central Plains crossed to the south, and during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, they were harassed by wars for years, which caused the prose of the Northern Wei Dynasty to break away from the literature of Wei and Jin Dynasties that had been developing all the time, and made the Northern Dynasty lose its profound cultural background and literary accumulation. The Southern Dynasties inherited the profound literary accumulation of Wei and Jin Dynasties, and intensified along the direction of emphasizing formal beauty since Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Secondly, there were few books in the whole Northern Dynasty, which made the scribes lose the opportunity to enrich their knowledge and learn from their predecessors' creative experience to improve their writing level. Sui Shu made statistics on the books of the whole Northern Dynasties. After Wei Dynasty, Yan and Dai were the capital cities, and the Central Plains was slightly in the south, with a rough but incomplete history collection. Filial piety moved to Luoyi, and borrowed books from Qi and Secret Houses, which was slightly enriched. And Jules' chaos, scattered all over the world. After Qi moved the leaves, he searched for them, stopping at Tiantong and Wuping, and constantly proofreading books. In the second week, the army was born in the suburbs, forced by the neighbors. At the beginning of Baoding, the collection of books stopped at 8 thousand volumes, and then it increased slightly to 10 thousand volumes. Zhou Wuping qi, first sealed the bookstore and added old books, only to 5 thousand. ? [1 1] It can be seen that the total collection of books in the Northern Dynasties only reached 15000 volumes. The private collections of southerners are often tens of thousands, and some are even more than the total collections of the Northern Dynasties. Like Shen Yue? Good tomb, gather books to 20 thousand volumes, all under Moby? [12], Ren Fang? I can see everything in the book. Although my family is poor, I have collected more than 10,000 books at different rates. [13], Wang Sengru? There are more than 10,000 books in good tomb-robbing records, and the rate is different from that of Shen Yue and Ren Fang. [ 14]。
Third, the high-spirited and enterprising national spirit in the north and the subsequent simple and frugal lifestyle are also important factors in forming a simple and vigorous style of writing. A person, even a nation, if she is positive and increasingly powerful, then her attitude towards life is generally thrift; If she turns from prosperity to decline, then her attitude towards life is generally luxurious. Most people in the Northern Dynasties were thrifty, showing a positive and enterprising spirit. Because there were many wars in the northern dynasties, the economy was far less than that in the southern dynasties, which was unique? Living together? The way of life requires scholars in the Northern Dynasties to advocate frugality and be proactive. "Yanshi family precepts? Manage the family: Today, the custom rate of northern soil can be thrifty to support food and clothing. Although Jiangnan is luxurious, it is not surprising. ? [15] Even the rulers of the upper class mostly take thrift as the beauty and practice it. Moreover, emperors in the north have great ambitions to unify the world, such as Daowudi, Taiwudi and Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Gao Huan and Wen Xiang in the Northern Qi Dynasty, Yu Wentai, Zhou Wudi and Sui Wendi in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. However, it is difficult to find such an ambitious emperor in the Southern Dynasties. On the contrary, the ruling clique rarely has a grand vision, but takes maintaining temporary stability and peace as the fundamental policy of governing the country? [ 16],? The extravagance and waste of literati is not an individual phenomenon, is it? [ 17]。 Looking closely at the history of the Northern Dynasties, we can easily find that from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the Northern Dynasties experienced a process of continuous strength until the reunification of the North and the South, while the Southern Dynasties experienced a process of continuous weakness and encroachment until their demise. Different lifestyles and national spirits in the north and south have produced different aesthetic orientations, which are reflected in the works and formed different styles of writing.
Fourth, the differences in national feelings between the North and the South will also have an impact on the style of writing. "Yanshi family precepts? Wind drill:? Don't make it easy before it is difficult, which was emphasized by the ancients. From Jiangnan, crying to say goodbye. ? [ 18]? Beiguan, disdaining this matter, parted ways and laughed at each other. ? [19] The people in the Northern Dynasties were bold and unconstrained, which was related to the social environment of long-term integration with ethnic minorities and frequent wars. Sister Liu pointed out in the History of China Literature Development:? The emotion in the south is weak, preferring personal enjoyment, while the emotion in the north is magnificent. ? [20] Southerners are emotionally fragile, while northerners are emotionally strong. Reflected in the style of writing, the southern dynasty was weak and the northern dynasty was vigorous.
Fifth, the simple style of writing is also influenced by the style of study and religion in the Northern Dynasties. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the Northern Dynasties are simple and practical, which is different from the style of study in the Southern Dynasties. Sui Shu? The Scholars points out the differences between the North and South styles of study. Although the rules of the north and the south are good, they are different. Generally speaking, southerners simplify, get their English and their literature, while northerners are knowledgeable and poor in their branches and leaves. ? [2 1] This difference in style of study is not unrelated to the development of metaphysics in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. There was almost no metaphysics in the Northern Dynasties, and only a few people were interested, such as Lu Yuanming in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Du Bi and Yang Lie in the Northern Qi Dynasty. In the end, the whole northern dynasty failed to form an atmosphere. However, the Southern Dynasties were different. Southerners inherited the ethos of being kind to Hyunri since Wei and Jin Dynasties, so that the pursuit of Hyunri became a symbol of the aristocratic status of scholars, thus advocating metaphysics became a popular social trend of thought in the Southern Dynasties. Xu Hangsheng pointed out in the History of Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties:? The northern style of study tends to be simple, with the legacy of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. The Southern Dynasties inherited the discussion of metaphysics from China and Korea, and advocated the study of Hyunri. Correspondingly, the Buddhist culture in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was obviously different: in the North, Buddhism paid attention to the practice of seeking Fukuda, such as building large-scale temples and statues and digging Buddhist grottoes; The south was more influenced by metaphysics, focusing on Hyunri who explored Buddhism. ? [22] Tang Yongtong also pointed out that Buddhism in the Northern Dynasties emphasized practicality. From Emperor Xiaowen's advocacy of returning learning with righteousness to Xuanwu and Xiaoming's time, the translation of classics has been quite prosperous. However, the court worships Buddha, or makes meritorious deeds first and asks Fukuda for forgiveness. Therefore, building temples with statues is a characteristic of Buddhism in the Northern Dynasties. ? [23] Taoism in the north and south is also obviously different. No matter how different their views are, Taoists in the south all seek personal cultivation and longevity, which seems to have little direct connection with Confucianism. ; And the northern dynasty? Should Kou Qianzhi help? Taiping Zhenjun? ,? Minor in Confucianism? , the two are obviously different? [24]。
Sixth, the simple and vigorous style of prose in the Northern Dynasties also has a certain relationship with the unique geographical environment in the North. Yan Zhitui in his book Yan Jiaxun? In the words of voice: The soil and water in the south are warm and moist, and its sound is clear, but it is superficial and its language is more vulgar. The mountains and rivers in the north are deep, and its sound is heavy and dull, making it straight and its words are old-fashioned. ? [25] The unique and profound geographical environment in the north, on the one hand, will affect the formation of specific aesthetic psychology, on the other hand, the scenery in the north will form works after the writer's aesthetic photos, and it will also present a magnificent and vigorous style of writing.
Second, the practicality centered on political utility.
Another feature of prose in the Northern Dynasties is its practicality centered on political utility. ? Northerners are far more concerned about political ups and downs than southerners? [26],? The writings of the Northern Dynasties were mainly calligraphy, while writers paid attention to classic writing and practical military style? [27]。 Yan Kejun's full-back Wei Wen * * contains more than 300 essays/kloc-0, and about 40 pure literary works, including bibliographies, accounting for less than 3% of the total (including some political and utilitarian words such as eulogizing virtues), and most of the rest are practical articles such as commemorative books and inscriptions. As Zhou Jianjiang pointed out:? Throughout the Northern Dynasties, the views on articles were biased towards the practicality of articles, that is, to express Confucianism, learn Confucian classics and military literati's articles first. ? [28] These articles are undoubtedly very practical, even works that express the mind are no exception. In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, due to the political chaos and social darkness, there appeared some poems that reflected the reality of the dark society and expressed the author's dissatisfaction, such as the body-shape poems, lyric poems, Yang Gu's performance poems and Yuan Shun's flying poems. The four major prose works of the Northern Dynasties represent the highest achievements of prose in the Northern Dynasties, and they are all very practical, just as Fan Wenlan pointed out. The important works of the Northern Dynasties are more practical. ? [29] For example, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics is a geographical work. Because of its excellent description of landscape, it is also a landscape travel prose; Yang Xuanzhi's Galand in Luoyang is a historical essay that records the rise and fall of Buddhist temples in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Shu Wei itself is a history book and an excellent historical prose. Yan Zhitui's Family Instructions for Yan Family is a kind of family instruction, is it for educating future generations? Settle down? And work. The mid-Northern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty and the early Sui Dynasty were the most prominent periods in the prose of the Northern Dynasty, which occupied more than half of the history of the Northern Dynasty. Although with the deepening of the influence of the writing style in the Southern Dynasties and the gradual consciousness of the aesthetic consciousness of the writers in the Northern Dynasties, the aesthetic degree of the prose in the Northern Dynasties has improved, but the practical value of the article has never been ignored.
The main reasons for this feature are as follows. First of all, the Northern Dynasties ruled the world with Confucianism, and the essence of Confucianism lies in practical application, which requires literature to have strong political utility and practicality. In the section on the motivation of the development of prose in the Northern Dynasties, it is mentioned that Confucianism has been very prosperous in the Northern Dynasties. Most emperors love Confucianism, and scholars also study classics. Sui Shu? The Scholars pointed out the prosperity of Confucianism in the Northern Dynasties. After he got married, he cultivated culture and education, learned from the master of gentry, benefited from the dynasty, and sewed great Confucianism, often outstanding. His elegance and lofty righteousness are not as good as those of Song, Qi and Liang. ? [30] Zhao Yi pointed out: Although people in the Six Dynasties paid equal attention to rhetoric, there were still many famous scholars who studied classics in the Northern Dynasties. ? [3 1]? The northern dynasty, which was partial to stealing the country, also knew that Confucian classics were the most important. In order to meet the above needs, the above people use this as a way to recruit talents and scholars, and scholars also work hard for this. Therefore, the study of Confucian classics in the northern dynasties was slightly better than that in the southern dynasties, and the people actually had something to do with it. ? [32]
Secondly, the northern dynasties were economically backward, and the scribes were not allowed to create unrealistic and unrealistic articles. Due to the economic backwardness of the Northern Wei Dynasty, hundreds of officials had no welfare. For example, although Gao Yun is an official of the imperial court, what about it? When officials have no money, Yun Heng makes all the scholars self-sufficient? [33] It was not until the eighth year of Taihe that Lu was prepared. The harsh living environment in the Northern Dynasties? Is it the objective basis that the northern nationalities are not allowed to be divorced from the reality of existence and to meditate and live in the world? [34]。 Liang Qichao pointed out that he was very insightful: The land in the north is bitter, cold and barren, and it is not easy to make a living. Its people are trying their best to get food and clothing and maintain society, but they are still afraid that they will not be able to give it, and there is no room for indulging in mysterious philosophy. Therefore, his academic thoughts are practical learning, practical learning, humanism, practical learning and experience, and the skill of self-cultivation and governing the country and benefiting the people is the most developed. ? [35]
Third, people in the Northern Dynasties attached importance to the practicality of literature in their literary concepts and opposed the unpractical and superficial style of writing. Yan Zhitui was very positive about practical writing, which represented the literary view that people in the Northern Dynasties paid attention to practicality. The court * * *, the army vowed righteousness, invented merit, and the herdsmen built the country in many ways. ? On the contrary, he objected to the empty talk and entertainment, saying:? As for cultivating spirit, calm irony and persuasion are also a pleasure. If you have free time, you can go to wisdom. ? [37] Say it again:? A gentleman's life is valuable to his ears, not just empty talk, but to abolish his position. ? [38] In the fourth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty reformed his writing style and advocated? Public and private, how to record? [39]。 Then, Li Yu criticized those articles that had nothing to do with Buddhism, saying that they were? Okay, by abandoning the orbit model of the Great Sage, is it useless to construct it? [40] Obviously, they also hold the practical literary view of political utility.
Although people in the northern dynasties also attached importance to aesthetics, with the development of prose, aesthetics has been continuously enhanced, but articles that blindly pursue form and ignore content will be strongly opposed. For example, Wang Xin of the Northern Qi Dynasty was dismissed by Wen Xuandi Levin for singing frivolous articles in the Southern Dynasties. "Northern history? Wang Xianchuan attached a new biography:? The angrier the emperor was, the more he ordered: (Wang Xin) Faking the taste of betel nut is a good way to praise frivolous articles. Claiming to simulate Chu, it's a pleasure to make the wind push it for a long time. What will happen if you don't tie this rope? Officials have to cut it off. [4 1] What a coincidence, the early Sui Dynasty? Sima You, the secretary of the state secretariat, showed Hua Yan and paid the punishment? [42]。
Fourth, people in the Northern Dynasties valued the merits of governing the country and regarded literature as the way. In fact, some upper-class aristocrats often look down on literature and often use it? Knives and pencils? 、? Carving insects? 、? Traces? Treat literary scholars with such contemptuous words. This phenomenon is rare in the Southern Dynasties. At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was an argument about Hu Taihou's father posthumous title, and Fan Yuan, who was quite talented, was despised. (Zhang) Pratt & Whitney grabs the shot (yuan). Xia Qing has a staff sergeant, not just a doctor and a man! But today's trip, with ether and two double cranes, had to be extremely. Carving a worm, Enoch. As for here, it is beyond your reach! ? I'm sorry to turn over. I was silent. ? [43] When Wen Xuandi was in the Northern Qi Dynasty, courtiers discussed the "Song of the Forest", and Prince Shao Bao Li Hun tasted Wei Shou. I am not as good as Qing; The national code is in the chapter, and Qing is not as good as me. ? [44] After Dou Tai was defeated in violation of military orders, Gao Huan asked Du Bi why he didn't stop Dou Tai. Bi right:? I am a young man with a knife and a pen, and I only know how to write and ink. Cheap things are not negotiable. [45] Another example is Yan Jiaxun, which contains literary things, all of which are contemptuous and contemptuous. In Qi Dynasty, there were people sitting on the table, honest people, officials who went to Taiwan, people who despised literature and people who mocked Liu. The rhetoric of your generation is like splendor, and you can't exert your great talent for a while; Is it worse than my pine tree that often has wind and frost? Don't wither! ? Liu Yingzhi said: There are both cold wood and spring flowers. Why not? ? Xiao said: Yes! [46] "Xi Pi" means literature that achieves first and can be passed down through the ages, and then it is a temporary play. Li Chang of the Northern Zhou Dynasty also held this view: Often in the Taizu era, it was already the center, and the army and horses had been punished, and they were entrusted with it, and books and articles were made. And Kim is in power, and the appointment is as old as before. Changchang said? The matter of the article is not enough for future generations, but for the ancients. ? Therefore, the composition should be written with a pen without draft paper. Just focus on politics. ? [47] In this way, the literature of the Northern Dynasties has never achieved an independent status, and literature can only become a vassal of politics and serve politics.
Fifth, North Korea is more important? Why? His literary view is also a factor that forms the practicality of prose. North Korea is heavy? Why? ,? Is it convenient to use when it is deep? [48]。 People in the northern dynasties often play it? Words? With what? Why? Relative, or? Resign? With what? Why? Meanwhile, rational? Refers to the content of the article. Words? Or? Resign? Refers to the form of an article. For example:
On the first day of August, (Emperor Xiaowen) announced:? Don't worry about your language, be simple. ? [49]
(Xuan Wudi) Imperial edict:? Words are sincere, but they are hard to take away. ? [50]
(Ying Xing) When he met Shen Tuo, he wrote poems to convey information, express loyalty with words, and sort out rhyme [5 1].
(Liu Chang) Since Chen's death, the Mongolian court has been full of kindness and prestige, and it has been deafening [52]
"An Shu Gui (Cui)" Liang said:? And the court tribute, only for its text, not to take it. ? [53]
(Pei) Although it is not called learning, it is tireless, and the text is rampant, and no one cares [54].
Kong Kun and other 45 scholars wrote:? So Li Mi, Zhao Jun and Chu Shi said, "Don't speak against the scriptures, but use rhetoric instead of reasoning." . ? [55]
(Emperor Xianwen) Zhao Yue: South Korea's invitation to play frequently makes sense. ? [56]
(Emperor Xiaowen) Yue:? I looked down at the article in Shangshu and said? Four gods, less than six cases? The text is connected together, like the same thing. ? [57]
(Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) Lao Tzu said: I have read this sentence several times, and the words are just right, which is beyond my meaning. ? [58]
(Li Wei) So he wrote: Therefore, it is necessary to preserve differences and restore inheritance, seek virtual refinement, strive for the strangeness of rhyme, and strive for the cleverness of word. ? [59]
"Yanshi family precepts? Article:? Argument between words and reason, victory over reason; Natural selection, natural selection, natural selection. ? [60]
With the northern dynasties? Why? On the other hand, the Southern Dynasties are more important? Love? So the north and the south are different, and the writing style is different.
In fact, the above two characteristics are interdependent and interrelated, the latter determines the former, and the former reflects the latter.
In a word, the prose of the Northern Dynasty shows the simple and profound artistic style and the practical characteristics centered on political utility, which is quite different from the elegant style of the prose of the Southern Dynasty, which emphasizes lyric and ci. This is mainly determined by the cultural differences between North and South.
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