Historical evaluation: Zhuge Liang is also a prime minister, comforting the people, showing etiquette, appointing officials, subordinate to power, sincere and fair; Although people who are loyal to the times will be rewarded, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength! (Chen Shou)
Critics: It seems that it is a historical conclusion that Zhuge Liang is difficult to be a finalist. In fact, Zhuge Liang can only be regarded as an eternal loyal minister, not an eternal name; The history books say that Zhuge Liang is a famous person throughout the ages, which remains to be discussed. Because Zhuge Liang just can't understand the overall situation and abandon the details, he must bow to everything, indicating that there are few talents around him; There are talented people who don't need it, mediocre people who are used to things, and ignorant people; The ineffectiveness of the whole army has led to several failures in cutting Wei, which is a taboo for officials. However, Zhuge Liang was loyal to Shu Han until his death. Therefore, Zhuge Liang can only be said to be a loyal minister, not an eternal celebrity.
On personality: According to the History of the Three Kingdoms and related historical materials, all those who are not trusted by Zhuge Liang, who are crazy about their talents and arrogant are crowded out and suppressed. In addition to the above three people, there are Li Yan, Wei Yan, Yang Yi, Ada and others. No wonder Shu Han has no talents.
Zhuge Liang served as the prime minister of Shu Han, assisted the Han Dynasty, and devoted himself to his death. For thousands of years, he has been admired and missed by people, and even known as the "eternal lucky star". However, no one is perfect. Although Zhuge Liang once attached importance to talents, he discovered, cultivated and promoted civil servants and military commanders such as Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Jiang Wei, but he also suppressed, buried and persecuted some pillar talents.
On Wisdom: It's not as good as Guo Jia's brilliant statement that Guo Jia can "strive for strength", but Zhuge Liang can't say so. In The Romance of Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang is the embodiment of wisdom. Almost all Liu Bei's political and military activities have Zhuge Liang's planning strategy, and all battles cannot be separated from Zhuge Liang's staff. He is resourceful and unpredictable, and Liu Bei keeps his word. Guan and Zhang were jealous at first, but later they became obedient to the leader. However, when we look up the history books, we can see that when Liu Bei was alive, Zhuge Liang was mostly sidelined militarily, and did not play the role of Guo Jia to Cao Cao. Before Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhuge Liang went to Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) to visit Sun Quan, which contributed to the formation of the Sun-Liu Alliance and achieved diplomatic victory. Later, he followed Zhou Yu's water army and returned to Liu Bei's resident Fankou (now northwest of Ezhou, Hubei). The stories written in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, such as arguing with Confucianism, borrowing arrows from straw boats and borrowing the east wind, are all the words of novelists, not historical facts. Zhou Yu and Huang Gai planned to burn warships, and Zhuge Liang did not participate in the planning.
On governing the country: hands-on, weak authorization. After the Chibi War, the tripartite confrontation between the three countries was only a temporary balance. Jingzhou fell, Guan Yu was killed, and Liu Bei dumped the whole country's soldiers and stormed Wu Dong. All the troops were wiped out and died in Baidicheng. Zhuge Liang was entrusted to assist the young master and began to take power. He rebelled only in the southwest corner, in the south and China, with domestic turmoil and intensified contradictions, facing the dilemma of "the people are exhausted". Zhuge Liang at this time can really be described as "the defeat was like a mountain, and he was ordered to be in danger." Zhuge Liang made great efforts to govern, cultivate interests, name a country ruled by law, and quell the rebellion; It should be said that Zhuge Liang has been a teacher for more than 20 years and played a decisive role in maintaining the Shu-Han regime. However, due to his conceited and arbitrary mentality and overly cautious and conservative personality, he made serious leadership mistakes, whether he used sages to remonstrate, put down the rebellion in the south, or sent troops to the Northern Expedition, especially in the later period of the Shu-Han Dynasty, he did not pay attention to sharing happiness with the people, developing production, carrying out political reform, streamlining institutions, and governing the government by virtue of sages, which led to increasingly serious corruption in the ruling group, social unrest and intensified contradictions, thus accelerating the demise of Shu-Han.
On the use of talents: Ignoring the training of successors led to the demise of Han Shu's regime. Why did Zhuge Liang personally train successors to lead to such a situation? The reason lies in Zhuge Liang's centralized psychology. Zhuge Liang was in charge of the military and political power of Shu Han, and "everything was special", and eventually he broke down from overwork and died in the army. His image of "devoting all his efforts to death" has become a model praised by future generations. However, too much power leads to their subordinates not getting the opportunity to exercise. When Zhuge Liang was alive, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi were more logistics and staff officers, while military successor Jiang Wei never fought independently. Excessive enthusiasm for power made Zhuge Liang "stay away from everything" and "stay away from everything" reflected Zhuge Liang's neglect of things. "Zhuge was cautious all his life", not only in the use of troops, but also in the military and political handling. Not only all political, military and diplomatic affairs of Shu Han, Zhuge Liang has to ask himself, and even "if he is fined more than 20, he will ask himself" is the best explanation. Under such circumstances, the successors they trained have not been fully trained, and their abilities are bound to be flawed. It is not surprising that the Shu-Han regime they were in charge of was the first to perish among the three countries.
Pro-beijing camp: Experts, please cut Zhuge Liang some slack! Among people with a certain level of education, the two systems have never been distinct, and Zhuge Liang's true face has never been blurred. In the folk who have no habit of reading history, it is inevitable to confuse legend with belief history. People really want to regard Zhuge Liang as a strategical prophet and an invincible genius, but people who have a little social experience and understand the hardships of the world actually understand that no one can win the world by sitting in the room and giving tips. There is no such thing in the world. Just like a selfish idol, a realm that he can't aspire to, a kind of talk, people are willing to accept, spread and write his magical story. Similar mythical figures include Guan Yong, Liu Bowen without a plan, and so on.
No talent? It's not as bad as you say! Let me talk about political foresight first. Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui" can prove that he has a genius-like political vision. And political foresight can, Xiao He. He not only knew who was his most suitable monarch, but also analyzed the world situation and the advantages of all parties at that time, thus making a strategic foresight for half a century. How many people are there in ancient and modern times? Zhuge Liang analyzed the development steps of Liu Bei Group step by step in Longzhong Dui. Longzhong pair is not only a blueprint, but also a highly operational scheme. How to divide the world into three parts and how to unify it can be done in accordance with the principle of Longzhong's right. During Liu Bei's period, once Liu Bei went out to conquer, Zhuge Liang handled internal affairs. Grain, grass and military affairs were all handed over to Zhuge Liang, which shows that Liu Bei is very positive about Zhuge Liang's political ability.
No material? It's not that the whimsy is short, but it's not enough. Managers' work is better than strategy. This is the evaluation of Prime Minister Zhuge Liang by Chen Shou, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Is it possible to sum up the merits and demerits of Zhuge Liang's life? It is precisely because of this great historian's nonsense judgment that later some people dared to say that Kong Ming "fought conservatively and militarily". Nonsense: Kong Ming is too conservative in the battle. He only knew that Xu Tu was advancing slowly, but he didn't know that the fighting was unexpected. If Wei Yan's suggestion is adopted, Shu Han's ambition of "winning the Central Plains and restoring the Han Dynasty" may be realized! The author is too stupid to agree: the world understood the situation at that time (including Chen Shou).
Nothing? Why did Zhuge Liang persist in the Northern Expedition all his life? Many people think that Zhuge Liang is a good hand in governing the country, but many foreign strategies, especially the Northern Expedition, are often resisted. It is generally believed that Zhuge Liang's military ability is questioned, and the result of being too stable is military conservatism, that is, Zhuge Liang is careful. A prominent example is a view put forward by Wei Yan during the Northern Expedition, which is the famous Woods Valley. This strategy caused controversy among military enthusiasts at that time and later. Objectively speaking, when the overall comprehensive national strength of Shu lags behind that of Wei, it is also a labor expedition, and military adventure should be said to be a forced choice. But Zhuge Liang resolutely refused any adventure and continued the seemingly futile Northern Expedition. Of course, this will cause everyone's criticism.
Useless? Look at Zhuge Liang's position in military history before the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written. There is a popular saying in recent years that Zhuge Liang is only good at internal affairs, but his military ability is not good or even useless. Personally, I am surprised by this statement, because as far as I know, Zhuge Liang's military talents have been highly praised in all previous dynasties, and it is often the real generals and militarists who praise Zhuge Liang's military talents in all previous dynasties, rather than the literati who support him. How is Zhuge Liang popular now? Even Zhuge Liang's military talent has been boasted by romance? Now, why don't people consider the specific situation that Zhuge Liang faced at that time, the huge gap between the forces of Shu Han and Cao Wei, and Zhuge Liang's ability to attack the strong with the weak under the influence of various unfavorable factors, thus weakening Zhuge Liang's military talent? But it's too much trouble to refute these hats one by one, because there are always endless new sayings, so let's first take a look at how professional military commanders and officials evaluated Zhuge Liang's military talent and status before the appearance of Romance.
The third party said: Zhuge Liang, a native of China, was a kidnapped person. The emperors kidnapped Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang became the representative of loyal monarch. The emperors cleverly concealed the fact that Zhuge Liang controlled the political affairs of Shu and Han, and regarded the late ruler Liu Chan as a puppet.
Scholars of past dynasties kidnapped Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang became a model of ruling the family and the world. Scholars ignore the fact that Zhuge Liang had a lot of troubles in his life and he has been making money at a loss.
When ordinary people kidnapped Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang became a great strategist who used soldiers as gods. People can't understand a truth: Zhuge Liang's failure lies not in his fate, but in Kong Ming's lack of wisdom.
Conclusion: Don't make Zhuge Liang academic and mythical. In fact, in the eyes of academic researchers, Zhuge Liang is a research object and can be dissected. It can also be said that right or wrong is only an academic debate, and no one has the right to interfere. Today the scholar refutes you, tomorrow you refute me. They must always study new things to win readers and their own students. It can't be said to be grandstanding, nor can it catch shadows. Academic research needs to be deepened and constantly questioned. It is more important to imagine boldly, but also to dare to say and do it, and to attract scholars or people who have a good impression on them with their own unique perspective. Research needs to be rigorous. To be rigorous, we must constantly study, dare to ask questions to the ancients, ask questions, and put forward our own views and opinions, otherwise there will be no progress and academic achievements. But Zhuge Liang is a historical figure after all, and historical figures need scholars to study and learn, otherwise society will not progress and history will only repeat itself.