Northern Song Dynasty
Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin (960-976)
Song Taizong Zhao Kuangyi (976-997)
Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng (997-1022)
Song Renzong Zhao Zhen (1022-1063)
Song Yingzong Zhao Shu (1063-1067)
Song Shenzong Zhao Xu (1067-1085)
Song Zhezong Zhao Xu (1085-1100)
Song Huizong Zhao Ji (1100-1125)
p>Song Qinzong Zhao Huan (1125-1127)
Southern Song Dynasty
Song Gaozong Zhao Gou (1127-1162)
Song Xiaozong Zhao昘(1162-1189)
Song Guangzong Zhao Dun (1189-1194)
Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo (1194-1224)
Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty Zhao Yun (1224-1264)
Duzong Zhao Yu of the Song Dynasty (1264-1274)
Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty Zhao Xi (1274-1276)
Duanzong Zhao Shi of the Song Dynasty (1276-1278)
Zhao Bing, the young leader of the Song Dynasty (1278-1279)
Song Dynasty - After Emperor Gong of the Later Zhou Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he ordered Zhao Kuangyin was the military envoy to Guide, and the Guide army was stationed in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan). The following year, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chenqiao and ascended the throne. Because he made his fortune in Songzhou, his homeland was named "Song" and his capital was Bianliang (now Kaifeng). During the Jingkang period, the Jin soldiers captured Bianjing, and the Northern Song Dynasty fell. Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Huizong, reestablished the Song Dynasty in Lin'an (now Hangzhou), which was known as the "Southern Song Dynasty" in history.
After he threw himself into the sea and died for his country, tens of thousands of corpses were found floating in the sea the next day. Therefore, it was said that "there will be no China after the cliff". It is really sad and sad).
1. Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin
Taizu Zhao Kuangyin (927--976 AD), the founder of the Northern Song Dynasty in China, with the temple name Song Taizu, was born in Zhuozhou (now Zhuozhou, Hebei). He was the second son of Zhao Hongyin, who was born into an official family. In 948, he joined Guo Wei, the privy envoy of the Later Han Dynasty, and made many military exploits. In 951, Guo Wei proclaimed himself emperor and established the Later Zhou Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin served as an officer of the imperial army and inspected the palace. After the death of Zhou Shizong Chai Rong, Emperor Gong came to the throne. In the first year of Jianlong (960), in the name of Zhen and Dingzhou, he falsely reported that the Khitan and the Northern Han Dynasty were launching a large-scale southern invasion, led troops to go out, launched the "Chenqiao Mutiny", and wore a yellow robe. He proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Zhou Dynasty, established the Song Dynasty, and made Kaifeng the capital. After Zhao Kuangyin proclaimed himself emperor, he successively attacked and destroyed separatist regimes such as Nanping, Houshu, Southern Han, Southern Tang and Hunan, unified the country, and ended the division and chaos of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
During the reign of Zhao Kuangyin, he learned the lessons of the Tang Dynasty’s eunuch monopoly and separatism that led to the destruction of vassal towns. He accepted the advice of the virtuous minister Zhao Pu and deprived the military attache of his status by "releasing military power with a glass of wine", thereby "valuing civility over military power." ", strengthening centralization. As a result, the Song Dynasty did not have the exclusive power of eunuchs and separatist vassal towns, and the society was relatively stable. However, it also caused the Song Dynasty to become "poor and weak", and foreign tribes invaded one after another. However, because of the emphasis on literature over martial arts, literature, philosophy, art, and technology in the Song Dynasty were extremely developed. In the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Zhao Kuangyin died suddenly on the way to the northern expedition to Khitan at the age of 50.
2. Song Taizong Zhao Jiong
Song Taizong (939-997), the second emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (reigned from 967 to 997), named Zhao Jiong. Taizu's younger brother was first named Kuangyi, later changed to Guangyi, and after he ascended the throne, he was renamed Jiong and reigned for 22 years. The third son of Zhao Hongyin was the younger brother of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, the founding king of the Northern Song Dynasty. His real name was Zhao Kuangyi, but he changed his name to Zhao Guangyi after Taizu ascended the throne. Song Taizong was very accomplished, diligent in government affairs, and concerned about people's livelihood; however, his failure to conquer Liao twice led to peasant uprisings by Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun in Sichuan. But in general, the Song Dynasty was relatively strong during his reign.
He participated in the Chenqiaoyi mutiny and supported his brother as emperor.
Inheriting Taizu's various policies to defeat the separatist regime, he forced the King of Wu and Yue to surrender his land, and personally conquered the Northern Han Dynasty in an attempt to regain the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun. However, after two failed campaigns against Liao, they adopted a passive defensive policy. Internally, the centralization of power was further strengthened, the imperial examination system was expanded, and the Chongwen Academy was established to compile "Taiping Yulan" and so on. He focused on building water conservancy and reclaiming wasteland. In the later period of his rule, exploitation intensified, which triggered the uprising of Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun. He betrayed the "Golden Chamber Alliance", made his younger brother Guangmei a commoner and then killed him, and made his eldest son Chu Wang Yuanzuo a commoner. In 997, he died of illness in Wanshou Hall, Bianjing, at the age of fifty-nine.
3. Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng
Song Zhenzong (968-1022) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (997-1022), named Zhao Heng, formerly known as Zhao Dechang, was the third emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. He was the third son of Song Taizong. Before he ascended the throne, he was named King of Han, King of Xiang and King of Shou. He succeeded to the throne as the prince in 997. During the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, governance was good. The rule of the Northern Song Dynasty became increasingly solid, the state management became increasingly perfect, and the Northern Song Dynasty was relatively strong. He was once named King of Han, King of Xiang, and King of Shou. He was later established as a prince. In the early years of his rule, during the Xianping and Jingde years, he was known as a ruler because of his diligence in political affairs and economic development. However, in the first year of Jingde (1004), the Liao Kingdom invaded Chanzhou, and the Zhenzong personally conquered it. In the battle of Chanyuan, an alliance was formed under the city, setting a precedent of paying Sui coins to seek peace, and exchanging material goods for peace, which increased the burden on the people. In the later period, Wang Qinruo was appointed to promote auspiciousness, seal Mount Tai in the east, worship Fenyang in the west, and build Buddhist temples and Taoist temples, which wasted people and money, leading to intensification of social conflicts. In 1022, he died of illness in the Yanqing Hall of the Uijing Palace. He was fifty-five years old and reigned for twenty-five years. Year, buried in Yongding Mausoleum
4. Song Renzong Zhao Zhen
Song Renzong (1010-1063) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (1022-1063). His name was Zhao Zhen, formerly known as Benefit. He was the sixth son of Song Zhenzong. He was born in the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1010 AD). He was established as the crown prince in 1018 and named Zhao Zhen. He ascended the throne in 1023 at the age of 13. , the Queen Mother Zhang Xian listened to the government behind the curtain, and took charge more than ten years later. She died of illness in Kaifeng in 1063 at the age of 54. His reign began to be more frugal. However, he suffered repeated defeats in the war with Xixia and was forced to compromise with the "Sui-gifted" silver, silk, and tea, and also sought peace with the Liao by increasing the annual coins. Land annexation and redundant palaces, redundant soldiers, and redundant expenses became increasingly serious. Although Fan Zhongyan and others were employed to carry out reforms, the results failed. But in general, the country was relatively stable during Renzong's reign. In 1063, Renzong died of illness in the Funing Hall of the palace at the age of fifty-four. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", after his mother Li gave birth to Renzong, she was stolen as her own son by Concubine Liu Def. After Renzong came to the throne, he still recognized Empress Liu as his biological mother, and Li did not dare to recognize her mother and son until she died. After Empress Liu died, Renzong found out the inside story and named Li the empress dowager. Later generations wrote "The Civet Cat for the Crown Prince" based on this period of history.
5. Song Yingzong Zhao Shu
Song Yingzong was named Zhao Shu (1032--1067 AD), great-grandson of Taizong, the fifth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, reigned from 1063 to 1067 . He is the thirteenth son of Yun Rang, the brother of the former fourth-generation emperor Song Renzong. He did nothing during his reign, and the Northern Song Dynasty declined.
Renzong had no children, so Yingzong was raised in the palace by Renzong when he was young and named Zongbao. In 1050, he served as the training envoy of Yuezhou regiment and later as the defense envoy of Qinzhou. He was established as heir in 1055. During Yingzong's reign, he appointed his old ministers Han Qi and others. He did not want to reform, but there was no war with Liao and Xixia. In 1067, he died of illness in the Palace of Funing. He was buried in Yonghou Mausoleum in the fourth year of his reign, along with Empress Gao, Di Qing, Yang Yanzhao, etc.
6. Song Shenzong Zhao Xu
Song Shenzong was named Zhao Xu (1048-1085 AD) and his original name was Zhongcheng. The eldest son of Yingzong. Yingzong succeeded to the throne after his death. After reigning for 18 years, he died of illness at the age of 38 and was buried in Yongyu Mausoleum (now Dongbao, Southwest Didi, Gong County, Henan Province). Shenzong Zhao Xu was successively named King of Huaiyang and King of Ying. When Yingzong was critically ill, he was appointed crown prince. He liked to read the book "Han Feizi". After reading it, he said: "There are many evils in the world and we must reform." Yingzong died of illness on Dingsi day of the first month of 1067 AD. He succeeded to the throne on the same day and changed his reign title to "Xi" in the next year. rather".
After Zhao Xu came to the throne, faced with the serious situation of "poverty and weakness" in the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to enrich the country and strengthen the army, ease class conflicts, and save the crisis of feudal rule, he did not manage the palace, did not travel, abolished the elders, and appointed Wang Anshi to preside over it. political reform. The new law has been implemented for more than ten years, which has increased the country's fiscal revenue and strengthened its military strength. However, the new law touched the interests of large landowners and was strongly opposed by conservative officials. At that time, there was an earthquake and landslide in one place, and conservatives said that Wang Anshi's reforms were inappropriate and caused God to be angry. In 1073 AD, Hebei was hit by a severe disaster and the victims were forced to flee. A conservative official took the opportunity to draw a picture of the refugees and presented it to Zhao Xu, saying: "The early disaster was caused by Wang Anshi's reform. As long as the reform is stopped and he is dismissed, God will definitely send rain to eliminate the disaster." Empress Dowager Cao and Empress Dowager Gao He also cried in front of Zhao Xu that Wang Anshi had messed up the world and demanded that the new law be stopped. Shenzong was shaken, and Wang Anshi was forced to resign twice, and he has not been an official since. After Wang Anshi resigned, Zhao Xu maintained most of the new laws for nearly ten years until his death. In the war against Xixia, he appointed Wang Shao in the early stage, won the battle of Xihe, and recovered two thousand miles of his old Han territory. Later, the eunuch Li Xian was appointed, but he suffered a disastrous defeat in Lingwu due to improper command. When Shenzong received the news in the middle of the night, he got up and paced around until the end of the night, and he fell ill. In February 1085 AD, Shenzong became seriously ill. In March, he appointed his son Zhao Mei as the crown prince and ordered Empress Dowager Gao to coordinate in handling state affairs. On the Wuxu Day, he died of illness in the Funing Hall of Bianjing Palace. The temple name of Zhao Xu after his death was Shenzong.
7. Song Zhezong Zhao Xu
Song Zhezong Zhao Xu (1077--1100 AD), the seventh emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (reigned 1086-1100), was The sixth son of the former emperor Song Shenzong, formerly known as Mao, was once named the Prince of Yan'an County and guarded the northwest border of the Song Dynasty. When Shenzong was critically ill, he made him the crown prince. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, Shenzong died and Zhao Xu ascended the throne as emperor. He was named Zhezong of Song Dynasty and was changed to "Yuanyou" in Yuan Dynasty. He died of illness in Bianjing, reigning for fifteen years, at the age of twenty-four, and was buried in Yongtai Mausoleum. Zhezong was only 10 years old when he ascended the throne and was ruled by Empress Dowager Gao. After Empress Dowager Gao came to power, she appointed the die-hard official Sima Guang as prime minister. As soon as Sima Guang came to power, he abolished all the "Wang Anshi Reform" (Xining Reform) during Shenzong's time. Song Zhezong was dissatisfied with the governance and suppression of Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), Empress Dowager Gao died, and Zhe Zong took charge of the throne. After Zhezong took office, he made a statement and demoted Sima Guang, and relegated Su Shi, Su Zhe and other old party members to Lingnan (today's Guangxi area). He then re-employed reformists such as Zhang Dun and Zeng Bu and restored the Baojia method in Wang Anshi's reform. , the Labor Exemption Law, the Young Crops Law, etc., which reduced the burden on farmers and improved the country's situation. The following year, he changed the Yuan Dynasty to "Shaosheng", stopped negotiating with Xixia, and sent troops to attack Xixia many times, forcing Xixia to beg for peace with the Song Dynasty. He died of illness in Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan) in January of the third year of Yuanfu (1100). Zhezong was a more accomplished emperor in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the party struggle between the new party and the old party was not only unresolved, but intensified during the reign of Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, which planted the seeds of the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
8. Song Huizong Zhao Ji
Song Huizong (1082-1135) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (l100-1125). Zhao Ji, the eleventh son of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, was the eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. He also had very high artistic attainments. He specializes in calligraphy and painting, and is famous for his flower and bird paintings and "thin gold calligraphy" calligraphy. He first learned calligraphy from Xue Ji and Huang Tingjian from cursive calligraphy. Regular script is thin, powerful and majestic, and is known as "bending iron and breaking metal". It has its own rules and is known as "thin gold style" in the world. The handwritten writings handed down from ancient times include "Zhencao Thousand Character Essay", "Lanting Silk Edition" and so on. His elder brother Zhezong of Song Dynasty had no children, and he was succeeded by him after his death. In the 25th year of his reign (1100-1125), Zhao Ji pursued a luxurious life excessively, purchasing "Hua Shi Gang" in the south, collecting exotic flowers and stones and transporting them to Bianjing built gardens and palaces, believed in Taoism, and called himself the "Taojun Emperor". He appointed corrupt officials and eunuchs to levy taxes and extort money, which aroused peasant uprisings everywhere. When the Jin soldiers invaded and could not cope with it, he hurriedly passed the throne to his son Song Qinzong to deal with it, and he became the "overlord". But in the end he could not save the situation. Both father and son were captured by the Jin soldiers and went north, tortured, and died eight years later. In Heilongjiang Yilan.
9. Song Qinzong Zhao Huan
Song Qinzong (1100-1156) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. His name is Zhao Huan. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1125), when the Jin soldiers went south, they were enthroned by their father Huizong. The following year, he was forced to recruit Li Gang, the main combatant, to fight against the Jin Dynasty, and he beheaded and deposed Cai Jing's party. However, they still agreed to sue for peace in exchange for compensation and the cession of Taiyuan and other three towns. After the city of Bianjing was destroyed, the Jin Dynasty was surrendered, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), he and Huizong were captured by the Jin soldiers and taken northward, imprisoned in Five Kingdoms City (today's Yilan, Heilongjiang). In 1161, Qinzong Zhao Huan was trampled to death by a horse in the Jin Kingdom. He was fifty-seven years old. The burial place is unknown.
Song Gaozong Zhao Gou
10. Song Gaozong (1107-1187) Emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. The name is Zhao Gou. Huizongzi. In the second year of Jingkang (127), after the Jin soldiers captured the Hui and Qin clans and went north, they ascended the throne in Yingtianfu, Nanjing (today's Shangqiu, Henan) and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jianyan. He rejected the war faction's idea of ??resisting the Jin Dynasty, fled south to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and established his capital there, establishing the Southern Song Dynasty regime. During his reign, although he was forced by the situation to use generals such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong to fight against the Jin Dynasty, he still used the surrender faction Qin Hui. Later, he begged for peace with the Jin people on humiliating terms such as ceding territory, paying tribute, and becoming vassal. He took back the military power of Han Shizhong and other three generals, and killed Yue Fei. In 1161, Jin Emperor Wan Yanliang tore up the peace agreement and invaded the south again. Gaozong's national policy of seeking peace through humiliation met with strong opposition. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), he was named Emperor Xiaozong and called himself the Supreme Emperor. In 1187, he died of illness and was buried in the Deshou Palace in Lin'an Palace at the age of eighty-one. Author of "Han Mo Zhi".
11. Zhao He, Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty
Zhao Shen, Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty (AD 1127--1194), after Xiaozong ascended the throne, he named his reign "Longxing" and determined to restore the Central Plains and regain the mountains and rivers. , then he restored the posthumous title of "Wu Mu" to the famous general Yue Fei, made Yue Fei the Duke of E, deprived Qin Hui of his official title, and ordered the veteran general Zhang Jun to expedition to the Central Plains in the north. However, he was blocked by the Jin army in Fuli and was defeated. Then the Jin army took advantage of the victory to pursue it, and the Southern Song army suffered heavy losses. Song Xiaozong was forced to sign the "Longxing Peace Agreement" with the Kingdom of Jin in the second year of Longxing (1164). The following year, the Yuan Dynasty was changed to "Qiandao", and Wang Huai was appointed to manage finances and prepare for war. During the Qiandao period, since there was no interference from war, Song Xiaozong concentrated on political affairs. The people were prosperous, had abundant harvests, and were peaceful and happy. This changed the corruption and corruption situation during the Gaozong Dynasty. Because Xiaozong of Song Dynasty governed the country well, the Southern Song Dynasty experienced the well-off situation of "Government of Qian and Chun" (Qian: Qiandao, Chun: Chunxi). Xiaozong was a more accomplished emperor in the Southern Song Dynasty. In October of the 14th year of Chunxi (1187), Gaozong died of illness. In order to mourn, Xiaozong asked Prince Zhao Dun to participate in political affairs. In February of the 16th year of Chunxi (1189), he was enthroned as the crown prince. After the crown prince ascended the throne, he became Emperor Guangzong of the Song Dynasty. Xiaozong claimed to be the Supreme Emperor and lived idlely in Chonghua Hall, continuing to mourn Gaozong. Guangzong was at odds with Xiaozong and did not visit Xiaozong for a long time. For this reason, Xiaozong became depressed and fell ill. Finally, in June of the fifth year of Shaoxi reign of Emperor Guangzong of the Song Dynasty (1194), Emperor Xiaozong passed away in Chonghua Hall, Lin'an.
12. Song Guangzong Zhao Dun
Song Guangzong Zhao Dun (1147--1200 AD), Song Guangzong was a relatively mediocre emperor among all the emperors of the Song Dynasty. After he ascended the throne as emperor after receiving the Zen throne from his father Song Xiaozong, he was already 43 years old. Song Guangzong was weak and sick, and did not have the talent to govern the country. Moreover, Guangzong listened to the slanders of treacherous ministers, dismissed Xin Qiji and other war ministers, and appointed the famous jealous and ruthless Empress Li to govern. Qingming turned to corruption, but Song Guangzong himself did not think about government affairs and indulged in wine and sex. Guangzong had always been at odds with Xiaozong. After Song Xiaozong abdicated, he did not visit him for a long time. In the fifth year of Shaoxi (1194), Song Xiaozong fell ill. Song Guangzong neither asked for medical treatment nor visited Xiaozong. Even when Xiaozong died of illness, he did not mourn. Therefore, ministers Han Yuzhou and Zhao Ruyu forced Guangzong to abdicate with the permission of the Empress Dowager. Guangzong had no choice but to give way to the crown prince Zhao Kuo, and he lived in Shoukang Palace in Lin'an and called himself "the Supreme Emperor". In the spring of the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Guangzong died because he was too depressed and was buried in Yongchang Mausoleum.
13. Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo
Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo (1168--1224 AD), the fourth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was named Qingyuan. After Ningzong ascended the throne, he appointed Zhao Ruyu and Han Xuzhou. The struggle between the Zhao and Han factions was fierce.
Prime Minister Zhao Ruyu advocated Neo-Confucianism and introduced Zhu Xi in an attempt to organize Han Yuzhou to participate in politics. Ningzong dismissed Zhao Ruyu, and the Korean Party took full power. He also determined that Neo-Confucianism was pseudo-science and prohibited Zhao Ruyu, Zhu Xi and others from holding official positions or participating in the imperial examinations. This is the "Qingyuan Party Ban". In 1202, the ban was announced to be relaxed. Ning Zong also made Yue Fei the King of Hubei, and deprived Qin Hui of his title, which greatly pleased people's hearts and attacked the capitulation faction. In 1206, Han Yuzhou boldly went north and was defeated, and was killed by Empress Yang. The peace faction took control of the government. In 1208, under the control of Shi Miyuan, he signed the humiliating "Jiading Peace Agreement" with the Jin Dynasty. He called himself uncle to the Jin Dynasty and nephew, and also paid tribute of gold and silver to the Jin Dynasty. After the death of Han Yuanzhou, Shi Miyuan became the prime minister and privy envoy of Song Ningzong. Dominate the Song Dynasty. Shi Miyuan restored Qin Hui's title and official position. During the Ningzong period of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty was relatively stable and the people were relatively wealthy. Song Ningzong also restored the status of Neo-Confucianism. In 1224, he died in the palace. He reigned for thirty years and was buried in Yongmao Mausoleum at the age of fifty-seven.
14. Song Lizong Zhao Yun
Song Lizong Zhao Yun (1205--1264 AD) was the fifth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. Ningzong's adopted son. His reign was from 1224 to 1264. Song Lizong was not a prince, but just a relative of the Song Dynasty royal family. He was the ninth grandson of Zhao Dezhao, the son of Zhao Kuangyin. After the death of his predecessor Song Ningzong, Prime Minister Shi Miyuan deposed Prince Zhao Hong and established Song Lizong as emperor. Song Lizong was very incompetent. After he came to the throne, he handed over all state affairs to Shi Miyuan. He was completely indifferent to government affairs. It was not until Shi Miyuan's death in 1233 that Song Lizong began to take charge of the government personally. However, he was still not interested in politics and left state affairs to his prime minister. Ding Daquan dealt with it. He himself admired Neo-Confucianism. In 1234, the Southern Song Dynasty allied with Mongolia to destroy the Jin Dynasty. In 1259, Mongolia attacked Ezhou. Prime Minister Jia Sidao professed vassalage to Mongolia in the name of Song Lizong and completely ceded the land north of the Yangtze River to Mongolia. In October 1264, Lizong died of illness in Lin'an. He reigned for 40 years at the age of 60 and was buried in Yongmu Mausoleum.
15. Zhao Yu, Duzong of the Song Dynasty
Zhao Yu, Duzong of the Song Dynasty (1240--1274 AD), reigned 1265-1274), reigned for 10 years, died at the age of At the age of 35, Song Duzong grew up to be very fatuous and incompetent. When he came to the throne, the Jin Dynasty had been destroyed for many years. The northern Yuan Dynasty troops moved south in large numbers, and the country was in crisis. However, he handed over the power of the country to the treacherous minister Jia Sidao. The politics was very corrupt and dark, and the people's lives were very difficult. However, he was still impoverished, extravagant, and licentious. , indulged in wine and sex, the Song Dynasty was terminally ill, hopeless, and could only wait to perish. The northern Yuan army sent troops to attack the Southern Song Dynasty many times. Although the Song court was decayed, the resistance of the majority of soldiers and civilians forced the Yuan army to withdraw. After Duzong ascended the throne, the Yuan army stormed Xiangfan. This time was a key battle that determined the rise and fall of the small imperial court in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, Jia Sidao kept the secret and did not report it, and even said that he had won. Duzong believed this without questioning him at all. Finally, at the beginning of the tenth year of Xianchun (1274), the Yuan army defeated Xiangfan, which had been besieged for five years, and sounded the death knell for the Song Dynasty. Song Duzong fainted when he heard about it, but he still drank to drown his sorrows. Soon he died of excessive drinking and debauchery. In July 1274, Du Zong died of illness in the palace at the age of thirty-five and had reigned for ten years. Buried in Yongshao Mausoleum.
16. Song Gong Emperor Zhao Xian
Song Gong Emperor Zhao Xian (1271-1323), the seventh emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (reigned 1274-1276), Song Duzong Second son. He was born to Empress Quan, the brother of Zhao Shi, Duanzong of the Song Dynasty, and the brother of Zhao Bing, the late emperor of the Song Dynasty. Before he came to the throne, he was granted the titles of Lord Jiaguo and General Zuowei, etc. His posthumous title was Emperor Gong, and he had no temple name (one theory is that the temple name was Gongzong). In October of the 10th year of Xianchun of the Song Dynasty (1274), Duzong of the Song Dynasty passed away. With the support of the traitor Jia Sidao, the four-year-old Zhao Xi ascended the throne as Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty. The next year was changed to the first year of Deyou. My grandmother, the Empress Dowager Xie, and my mother, the Empress Dowager Quan, listened to the government behind the curtain. But the power of the military and state is still in the hands of Jia Sidao. At that time, the Yuan Dynasty army had pacified northern and southwest China. After gaining control of Xiangyang City, the most important passage south, they crossed the Yangtze River and headed for Lin'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Empress Dowager Xie issued an order to the whole country to "King Qin" while begging for peace with the Yuan army. The overwhelming Yuan army broke through the defense lines in various places and successively surrendered the states in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1275, the 30,000-strong army led by Jia Sidao was defeated in a battle with the Yuan army in Wuhu.
Soon, Empress Dowager Xie and Emperor Gong of Song Dynasty executed Jia Sidao under the pressure of public opinion, but it was too late, and the Song Dynasty was about to fall. By the middle of the same year, the Yuan army had occupied most of the territory in Jiangdong (today's Jiangsu Province). On January 18, 1276, the Yuan army led by Boyan came to Lin'an. The Southern Song Dynasty court sent Lu Xiufu to seek peace but failed, so he had to surrender to the Yuan army.
17. Song Duanzong Zhao Shi
Song Dynasty Duanzong, named Zhao Shi (1268-1278 AD), was the eldest son of Duanzong and the brother of Emperor Gong. Emperor Gong was taken captive by the Yuan Dynasty to the north, and Lu Xiufu and others supported him as emperor. In the third year of his reign, he died of fright while being pursued by the Yuan army. He was 11 years old and was buried in Yongfuling Mausoleum (now south of Xinhui County, Guangdong Province).
Zhao Shi was named King Ji and King Yi successively. In the second year of Deyou (AD 1276), when the Yuan army invaded Lin'an, he was escorted by Prince Consort Yang Zhen and others and fled to Fujian. Boyan, who wanted to eradicate the Song Dynasty, sent troops to pursue him, but failed to succeed. In March, Zhao Shi and others arrived in Fuzhou and learned that Lin'an had been captured and Emperor Gong was taken captive to the north. In May, Lu Xiufu, Chen Yizhong, Zhang Shijie and others supported him as emperor in Fuzhou and changed his reign name to "Jing Yan". 35Composition.com
When Duanzong was in power, he was only 8 years old. The courtiers Lu Xiufu and others insisted on resisting the Yuan Dynasty and tried to restore the Song Dynasty. However, under the fierce pursuit of the Yuan army, he had to be guarded by General Zhang Shijie. They boarded the ship and entered the sea, escaping east and west, exhausted. Chen Yizhong, the left prime minister, despaired of the overall situation and left Champa (now in Vietnam).
In March of the third year of Jingyan (AD 1278), in order to avoid being chased by Yuan general Liu Shen, Duanzong boarded a boat and took refuge in Guangzhou Bay. One night, the boat was accidentally overturned, and Duanzong fell. After falling into the sea, he was rescued from the left and right. He drank a lot of water and became ill. He was so frightened that he could not speak for several days. As the Yuan army's pursuers approached, he had to flee across the sea to Gangzhou (now Leizhou Bay, Guangdong Province). After this turbulence, he became frightened and fell ill again, and died of illness in April.
18. Zhao Bing, the Young Lord of the Song Dynasty
Zhao Bing (1272-1279), the Southern Song Dynasty was also the last emperor of the Song Dynasty (ninth, 1278-1279) Reigned), reigned for 2 years, and died at the age of 8. Zhao Bing was the youngest son of Du Zong in the Song Dynasty. He was awarded the titles of Duke Xin, King Guang, and King Wei. The Southern Song Dynasty was defeated by the Yuan army in the Battle of Yashan in March 1279. The entire army was destroyed. Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea and died on his back, carrying Zhao Bing, who was 8 years old at the time. Zhang Shijie, Yang Taifei and others also jumped into the water and died one after another. The last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty died and the Song Dynasty fell.
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Zhao Bing was successively named King Xin, King Guang, and King Wei. When Lin'an was in danger, he, led by his mother Yang Shufei, secretly left the city and fled to Quanzhou (today's Quanzhou City, Fujian Province). Song Duanzong died of illness in April of the third year of Jingyan (1278 AD). Zhao Bing was proclaimed emperor by Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie in Gangzhou in the same month. In May, the reign name was changed to "Xiangxing". In June, he moved to Yashan ( South of present-day Xinhui County, Guangdong Province). At the same time, Wen Tianxiang, the right prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, was captured by Zhang Hongzheng, the younger brother of Yuan army commander Zhang Hongfan, in Wupoling (today's Haifeng, Guangdong). The governor's mansion under his command collapsed. In the first month of the second year of Xiangxing (AD 1279), the Young Lord of Song Dynasty, Yuan general Zhang Hongfan led the Yuan army on both land and water routes to approach Yashan. With the mountain behind the mountain and the sea on the cliff, the terrain is dangerous. Zhang Shijie ordered the palace and military buildings on the island to be burned. All the troops boarded the ships. Then, facing the mountain and the sea, more than 1,000 warships were arranged in a long snake formation and connected together with ropes. The tower was built, the boat was coated with a thick layer of wet mud, and long logs were tied to it. He placed Emperor Bing's ship in the middle and ordered the soldiers and ships to ensure their survival. Zhang Hongfan saw that the Song army's warships were gathering and it was difficult to move, so he filled the boat with firewood, poured oil on it, lit it, and then used the wind to attack Song Shuijun. The wet mud on the Song army's ship prevented the fire from spreading, and the long wood withstood the fire ship, causing the Yuan army's fire attack to fail. Zhang Hongfan also blocked the Song army's water source and blocked Haikou. Song soldiers were hungry and thirsty, and their situation became increasingly difficult. Zhang Hongfan sent someone to persuade him to surrender, but Zhang Shijie refused. On February 6, the two sides had a final decisive battle. Zhang Hongfan divided his troops into four groups and launched a fierce attack. While the Song army was desperately resisting, they suddenly heard music playing on the command ship where Zhang Hongfan was located. The Song army thought that this was a banquet held by the Yuan army generals, so they relaxed in the battle. Unexpectedly, the sound of music was the signal for the Yuan army's general attack. Zhang Hongfan's command ship rushed towards him, firing arrows like a rainstorm.
Under the cover of random arrows, the Yuan army captured seven warships of the Song army. Yuan armies from all walks of life rushed over again. From noon to evening, the naval battle was extremely fierce. Suddenly, Zhang Shijie saw a Song ship lowering its flag and stopped resisting. Other warships also lowered their flags. Knowing that the situation was over, he hurriedly concentrated his elite troops into the central army and sent a small boat and more than ten soldiers to pick up Emperor Bing. Come, prepare to break out. At this time, Emperor Bing was being guarded by the Prime Minister of the Left, Lu Xiufu, and was staying on a large ship. A small boat came to pick up Emperor Bing. Lu Xiufu did not know whether it was true or not, and was worried that Emperor Bing would be intercepted by the Yuan army if he failed to break through, so he resolutely refused. He knew that it was difficult for the king and his ministers to escape, so he quickly got on his boat and drove his wife to commit suicide in the sea with his sword. Then, he put on his court clothes and returned to the ship to pay homage to Emperor Bing. He cried and said: "Your Majesty, the state affairs have been in ruins so far. Your Majesty should die for the country. Emperor Deyou (Emperor Gong) was kidnapped and went north, which has caused great harm to the country. What a disgrace, your Majesty must not make the same mistake again today!" Di Bing was so frightened that he burst into tears. After Lu Xiufu finished speaking, he tied the golden national seal around his waist, carried the nine-year-old Emperor Bing on his back and jumped into the sea to die for his country. In an instant, the monarch and his ministers sank without a trace. When the ministers, family members, and soldiers on other ships heard the bad news, they burst into tears, and tens of thousands of people threw themselves into the sea to die for their country. Zhang Shijie led the rest of the navy to break out and reach the foot of Hailing Mountain. Soon, someone brought the sad news that Lu Xiufu had died for his country while carrying Emperor Bing's body. Zhang Shijie was in grief. At this time, the hurricane came again, and his subordinates persuaded him to go ashore to take shelter temporarily. Zhang Shijie looked down at the remnants of the Song Army's ships swaying in the wind and refused to take shelter temporarily. He replied desperately: "It's of no use. Let's share the joys and sorrows with all the gentlemen." Then he said: "I have tried my best for the Zhao family. One prince died, another prince was re-established, and now he has died again. I did not die in Yashan." I hope that the Yuan army will retreat and establish a new king. However, the state has developed to this point. Is this God's will?" After saying that, he fell into the sea. The Southern Song Dynasty perished. (This was the first time that China was destroyed. At that time, the people and officials were