Hundred questions on calligraphy knowledge
Published on: May 9, 2011 Number of clicks: 307
1. Calligraphy style
1． What is oracle bone inscriptions?
Oracle bone inscriptions refer to the characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones during the Yin and Shang Dynasties. Oracle bone inscriptions are mostly carved with knives. There are two forms: writing first and then carving, or directly inscribing with a knife instead of pen. From the perspective of calligraphy, it already possesses the three elements of calligraphy: brush use, word knotting, and composition. The oracle bone inscriptions handed down from ancient times have traces of ink script and ink script, and the strokes are elastic, so they should be written with a tool similar to a brush.
2. What is bronze inscriptions?
Bronze inscriptions refer to the characters engraved on bronze vessels during the Yin and Zhou dynasties. In ancient times, copper was called gold, so the characters engraved on bronze vessels were called gold inscriptions. Because this kind of writing appears most often on bells and tripods, and bells are the most popular musical instruments, and tripods are the most important ritual vessels, it is also called Zhongdingwen. In the bell and tripod inscription, the Yin characters with concave characters are called "Kuan"; the Yang characters with protruding characters are called "Shi" (yinchi). The inscriptions on bells and tripods generally record people's activities such as commemorating rituals, hunting, and conquests at that time, as well as the reasons for their creation. These characters belong to large seal scripts. Casting inscriptions on bronze vessels began in the early Shang Dynasty and became popular in the middle and late Shang Dynasty.
3. What are the representative works and styles of bronze inscriptions?
The representative works of bronze inscriptions in the early Shang Dynasty include "Xu Si Zi Ding", "Zai Fu Xun", etc. The strokes are plump and flexible, the structure is dignified and steady, and the posture is magnificent. . The bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty are relatively popular, mainly including "Maogong Tripod" and "Sanshi Pan". The styles are colorful, the strokes are vigorous and straight, the structure is natural and changeable, the brushwork is round and precise, the lines are dense and dense, simple, lush and graceful. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze inscriptions made the seal script mature.
4. What is Shiguwen?
Shiguwen is a text carved on ten drum-shaped stone tablets. The content is a four-character poem describing hunting and entertainment. Ten poems are carved on each of the ten drums, so it is also called "hunting". Jiewen". Its strokes are even, sparse and clear, simple and powerful, and the strokes are vigorous and round. They are typical of Qin characters in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and belong to the Dazhuan system.
5. What is Dazhuan?
All characters written before Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms are collectively called Dazhuan, including oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions (Zhongding inscriptions), Zhou inscriptions, ancient inscriptions, etc.
6． What is small seal script?
Small seal script is relative to large seal script. In order to unify China's writing system, Qin Shihuang ordered Prime Minister Li Si to revise and organize it based on the Qin Dynasty's Dazhuan script and combine it with the characters of the Six Kingdoms, and unified it into the official standard script - Qin Zhuan. In order to distinguish the pre-Qin characters, later generations called Qin seal script Xiaozhuan script.
7. What are the representative works of Xiaozhuan in the Qin Dynasty?
"Stone Carving on Mount Yi", "Stone Carving on Mount Tai", "Stone Carving on Langya", "Stone Carving on Zhifu", "Stone Carving on Kuaiji", etc. It is said that most of them were written by Li Si, with a rigorous and well-proportioned calligraphy style, dignified and beautiful.
8． What is tiled text?
Vadang is one of the ancient building materials and plays a role in protecting the rafters and eaves. Its shapes are mostly round and semi-circular, and its texture is generally muddy gray pottery. Wadang script is the text engraved on tiles during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The content is mostly auspicious. Different types of buildings have different styles of tile scripts. The tile script used for official offices is square and rigorous, while the tile script used for private residences is lively and changeable with beautiful postures. The scripts are all in Yangwen seal script.
9. How did official script come into being?
Official script was gradually formed during the long-term writing process of cursive seal script. The development of the large seal script gave rise to the small seal script and the ancient official script. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, the small seal script became the only official writing. The targets of the Li change were concentrated on Xiaozhuan, which began to serve as the new mother body of the immature ancient Li. Ancient Li is a folk writing style, and any secular style in history takes the orthodox style as the object of reform. The unified standardization of Xiaozhuan prompted the ancient official script to take Xiaozhuan as the object of reform, speeding up the official reform process and making the official script mature rapidly.
10． What is Han Li?
Han Li refers to the official script of the Han Dynasty, especially the official script of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The official script on the stele inscriptions of the Eastern Han Dynasty is neat and exquisite, with flat structure, symmetrical white cloth, diverse styles, vivid strokes, rich and varied stroke shapes, and clear waves. Later generations called the official script of this period "Han Li".
11. What are the representative works of Han Li?
"Zhang Qian Stele", "Yi Ying Stele", "Cao Quan Stele", "Ritual Stele", "Ode to Fenglong Mountain", "Hengfang Stele" and "Xianyu Huang Stele" wait.
12． What is Zhangcao?
Zhangcao is a kind of cursive script that was formed in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, gradually matured, and became popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the result of fast writing in official script. Zhang Cao breaks the writing rules of official script and makes it simpler. His strokes use official script's wave pick, which has a strong official flavor, and many characters are not connected to each other. There is a pulling thread between the strokes of each single character. . Famous works of Zhangcao handed down from ancient times include "Jijiu Zhang" by Huang Xiang and Shi You, "Pingfu Tie" by Lu Ji, and "Yueyi Tie" by Suo Jing, etc.
13. What is Jincao?
Jincao, also known as "Xiaocao", is one of the most popular fonts in cursive script. Jincao originated from Zhangcao's quick writing, breaking the independent form of Zhangcao's characters, making the upper and lower characters connected in momentum, left and right, and looking forward to the sentimental. Jincao matured during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The father and son Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty inherited and developed the cursive script originated by Zhang Zhi, giving it a new style. In order to distinguish it from Zhangcao, people call it Jincao.
14. What is Dacao?
Dacao, also known as "Kangcao", is a type of cursive script. The two calligraphers Zhang Xu and Huai Su of the Tang Dynasty further developed cursive scripts that were more indulgent than Jin Cao in the Jin Dynasty. The strokes are continuous, the thickness and weight of the strokes are in sharp contrast, the knots are sparse and dense, the opening and closing are well-proportioned, the composition is strange and ups and downs, and the shades of ink, dryness and wetness complement each other. Later generations called this cursive script dacao.
15． What is regular script?
Regular script is also called regular script, regular script, and true script. It evolved from Cao Li. It has strict rules, clear stipples, even white cloth, and square characters. The earliest calligrapher in regular script is Zhong Yao, and the oldest regular script is "Declaration Table" and "Ji Ji Zhi Biao" written by Zhong Yao. The regular script of Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty developed further on the basis of Zhong Yao's regular script, making it more beautiful. Regular script flourished in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. Regular script can be divided into three types: Jin Kai, Wei Kai and Tang Kai.
16． What are Northern Wei stone carvings?
Northern Wei stone carvings are a general term for the Northern Wei Dynasty stone carvings and the stone carvings of the Wei Dynasty with similar calligraphy styles before and after the Northern Wei Dynasty, including epitaphs, statues, tablets and cliff carvings, etc. Generally speaking, the stone carvings of the Northern Wei Dynasty show a rough and simple style with vertical and horizontal postures. The brushwork is square and sharp, and the style is unkempt but has its own taste. It is another aesthetic model in Chinese calligraphy. Some people also call the stone carvings of the Northern Wei Dynasty "Wei Kai".
17. What is running script?
Running script is a calligraphy style between regular script and cursive script. The fast writing of regular script and some cursive techniques form the characteristics of running script. Cursive writing that is close to regular script is called Zhenxing or Xingkai; writing that is more indulgent and has a stronger cursive flavor is called Xingcao. Cursive writing is faster than regular script, but not as difficult to read as cursive script. Early running script emerged around the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which was later than regular script. According to legend, it was created by Liu Desheng in the late Han Dynasty.
18. What is Slim Body?
Skinny Body was developed by Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, on the basis of his predecessors, and has a strong personal style. His strokes are as thin and strong as iron, and he calls himself "thin gold body".
19. What is Qishu?
Qishu generally refers to a style of calligraphy written by Jin Nong, one of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou in the Qing Dynasty. His calligraphy uses a soft pen to lick the paper flat, break the circle into a square, and transform the square-headed pen in the "Tianfa Shen Prophecy Stele" into regular script, as if it were written with a flat lacquer brush, so he calls himself " "Lacquer script" is not really a word written in lacquer.
2. Calligraphers
20. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhong Yao's calligraphy works?
Zhong Yao was a great calligrapher in the early Wei Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period. He is the first calligrapher recorded in literature to be world-famous for his proficiency in formal calligraphy. His calligraphy is fresh, elegant and simple, sparse, thin and round, and the characters are flat and broad with official meaning. Later generations will call him "Zhong Wang" together with Wang Xizhi, the highest example of calligraphy.
21. What are the handed down works of Zhong Yao?
There are no authentic works of Zhong Yao handed down from generation to generation. Among the famous engraved posts, there are "Declaration Table", "He Jie Table", "Ji Zhi Table", "Tomb Field Bing She Tie", "Li Ming Table", etc.
22. What are the characteristics of Zhang Zhi's calligraphy and his representative works?
Zhang Zhi was a famous calligrapher in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He was good at Li, Xing, Cao and Feibai calligraphy. He learned the methods of Cui Yuan and Du Du and Bianzhang Cao. The characters are divided into one stroke, and the Qi pulse is smooth. His handed down works include "August Post", "Champion Post", etc. His calligraphy brushes are flowing and relaxed, and there are often continuous reflections between calligraphy and painting. Together with Zhong Yao, a later calligrapher of the Three Kingdoms, he was also known as "Zhong Zhang".
23． What are Suo Jing's calligraphy works handed down from generation to generation and their characteristics?
Suo Jing was a famous calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty and the grandson of Zhang Zhi's sister in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He learned calligraphy from Zhang Zhi and was good at cursive calligraphy, especially Zhangcao. His handed down works include "Yue Yi Tie", "Ode to Become a Master", "Emergency Chapter" and so on. His calligraphy is vigorous and courageous, and calligraphers of all dynasties have praised Suo Jing's Zhangcao.
24. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wei Shuo's calligraphy works?
Wei Shuo was a female calligrapher in the Jin Dynasty, known as "Mrs. Wei" in the world. She studied calligraphy from Zhong Yao and was good at official script and regular script. People in the Tang Dynasty said that her calligraphy was like a flower-arranging dancer, with her lower body and beauty, like a beautiful woman on stage, a fairy playing shadows, red lotus reflecting water, and clouds floating on the blue sea. She was Wang Xizhi's calligraphy teacher when he was a boy. It is said that "Bi Zhen Tu" was written for her, which was an important bridge for the inheritance of Zhong Yao's brushwork from Wang Xizhi.
25. What is Wang Xizhi's calligraphy style?
Wang Xizhi was a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He rose to the rank of General of the Right Army, and later generations called him "Wang Youjun". He studied under Mrs. Wei when he was young, and later studied under his uncle Wang Geng. After the age of 20, he admired Zhong Yao's formal script and running script, and followed Zhang Zhi's example in cursive script.
Wang Xizhi's calligraphy uses the "inward pouting" brushwork, which makes the strokes look like smooth and strong folded hairpin strands, with harmonious flesh and bones; the structure is flat and stable, with left and right sides bowed, as if tilted. It shows a style that combines strength and softness, balances yin and yang, and is neither aggressive nor violent. Regular script works have a strong official meaning, with short vertical strokes, bold horizontal strokes, and horizontal strokes. The cursive script works use both center and side edges, and return to the center. There are rich glances, turns and threads between the stipples; the structure is oblique anyway; the composition breaks through the horizontal style of the official script system and absorbs the style of cursive script. The composition forms a vertical momentum with a coherent momentum, showing the rhythmic beauty of running script. The cursive writing works can be opened and closed freely, with coherent threads and corresponding pitches. Many words are connected into a group, and the strokes are smooth and have a strong sense of rhythm.
26. What are Wang Xizhi's handed down works?
Regular script: "Le Yi Lun", "Huang Ting Jing", etc.
Running script: "Lanting Preface", "Sangluan Tie", "Fengju Tie", "Peace Tie", "Er Xie Tie", etc.
Cursive script: "Seventeen Tie", "Chu Yue Tie", etc.
27. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy works?
Wang Xianzhi is the seventh son of Wang Xizhi. He was worshiped as Zhongshu Ling and is known as "Wang Daling" in the world. I have learned calligraphy from my father since I was a child, and I have developed a new look and achieved outstanding results. He created a new body of walking grass that is high-spirited and graceful. Later generations called him and his father "Little King" and "Big King", and also called them "Two Kings". Their calligraphy had a profound influence and became a calligraphy classic for thousands of years.
28． What are the handed down works of Wang Xianzhi?
Regular script: "Luo Shen Fu"
Running script: "Twenty-nine Tie", "Twelve Tie", etc.
Cursive writing: "Mid-Autumn Tie", "Duck Head Balls", etc.
29. What are the stylistic characteristics of Wang Shi’s calligraphy works?
The nephew of Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Good at writing running script and cursive script. His calligraphy is vigorous and elegant, chic and ancient. His handed down work "Bo Yuan Tie" is the only rare calligraphy book of the Eastern Jin Dynasty that has been handed down to this day.
30. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhiyong's calligraphy?
Zhiyong is the seventh-generation grandson of Wang Xizhi. He was a monk in the Sui Dynasty and was commonly known as Zen Master Yong. Good at Kai, Xing, Cao and other styles. He inherited his family education when he was young, and learned the Wang family's ancestral methods from Xiao Ziyun. He once lived in the pavilion of Yongxin Temple, studied calligraphy assiduously, and determined to inherit the ancestral style. He vowed that "if he can't write well, he will not come down here." He actually lived in the building for 40 years and became successful in his career. Later, he wrote more than 800 copies of "Zhencao Thousand-Character Essay" and distributed it to various temples in eastern Zhejiang. It is still circulated in the world in ink. The writing style of "The Thousand-Character Essay on Zhencao" is smooth and round, with a clear and handsome appearance; the structure is straight and elegant, and the wind and hair are bright, just like the temperament of a handsome young man from a wealthy family.
Zhiyong is the direct descendant of Wang's calligraphy, and he is very impressed by Wang Xi's brushwork. He could not only strictly abide by the family law and inherit Wang Xizhi's style and quality, but also carry forward the past and open up the future, passing it down to Yu Shinan and others, and creating a new style of regular script in the Tang Dynasty.
31． "The Four Calligraphers of the Early Tang Dynasty" refer to which four calligraphers?
The Four Calligraphers of the Early Tang Dynasty refer to the four famous calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. They are Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and Xue Ji.
32. What are the stylistic characteristics of Ouyang Xun's calligraphy?
Ouyang Xun was a famous calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty. He is knowledgeable in classics and history and is good at calligraphy. Regular script is the most famous, and later generations called it "European style".
His calligraphy was first influenced by Liang and Chen Shifeng, and he continued to study the two kings, and also studied under Liu Min of the Northern Qi Dynasty. He studied the subtleties of Suo Jing, blended the essence of the north and the south, and finally became his own style. The regular script works are concise and reserved, strong and elegant; the structure is tight on the inside and loose on the outside, gathered on the left and left on the right, square and dignified, dangerous in the ordinary, and elegant in the simplicity. It is an outstanding example of calligraphy that combines the essence of northern and southern calligraphy. model. The writing style of running calligraphy works is strong and strong, fast and thin, and the structure and composition are vertical. It is said that the Dingwu version of "Lanting Preface" was copied by Ouyang Xun.
33． What are the handed down works of Ouyang Xun?
Regular script: "Jiucheng Palace Liquan Inscription", "Huadu Temple Stele", "Yu Gonggong Stele", etc.
Ring script: "Meng Dian Tie", "Zhang Han Tie", etc.
34. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yu Shinan's calligraphy?
Yu Shinan was a famous calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he was named "Yu Yongxing" because he was granted the title of Duke of Yongxing County. He studied calligraphy and wisdom forever, and obtained the essence of the two kings. His representative work "Confucius Temple Monument" in regular script has a beautiful, round and vigorous pen, calmness and stability; the structure is broad and sparse, dignified and free-spirited, and full of wind and spirit. The cursive script of "Princess Runan's Epitaph" is written in a natural and round style;
35. What are Yu Shinan's handed down works?
Regular script: "Confucius Temple Stele", etc.
Ring script: "Princess Runan's Epitaph", etc.
Cursive writing: "Left Foot Tie", "Ji Shi Tie", etc.
36. What are the stylistic characteristics of Chu Suiliang's calligraphy works?
Chu Suiliang was a famous calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, he was named "Chu Henan" because he was granted the title of Duke of Henan Province. He studied calligraphy from Yu Shinan and later from Wang Xizhi. Integrating the charm of the south wind and the simplicity of the north wind, it can change freely and be unique. His representative work in regular script, "The Monument of Master Meng" is written in Qingyuan and Xiaosan, and is powerful and elegant; "The Preface to the Holy Religion of the Wild Goose Pagoda" is his latest work, which is transcendent and handsome, with superb rhythm. There is plumpness in the thinness, and there is elegance in the ancient simplicity, reaching the state of perfection and perfection. When he was 34 years old, he wrote "Ode on a Dead Tree" in running script, which has been handed down from generation to generation. His pen is graceful and flying, but his muscles and bones are still there, and he has the charm of the two kings. Chu Suiliang has a copy of "Lanting Preface" handed down to the world.
37. What are Chu Suiliang's handed down works?
Regular script: "Master Meng's Stele", "Yanta Sacred Preface", "Ni Kuan Zan", "Big Character Yin Fu Jing", etc.
Ring script: "Ode to the Dead Tree", etc.
38. What are the stylistic characteristics of Xue Ji's calligraphy works?
Xue Ji was a famous calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty. When he reached the rank of Prince Shaobao, he was known as "Xue Shaobao" in history. His calligraphy was influenced by Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang in his early years. He is famous for his regular script, and the handed down regular script work "The Monument of Zen Master Xinxing" uses a thin and hard pen and exquisite dots; the structure is mainly vertical, sparse and open, and has the beauty of splendor and splendor.
39. What are the stylistic characteristics of Li Yong's calligraphy works?
Li Yong was a famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty and a native of Yangzhou. Zeng Guan was the governor of Beihai, and he was called "Li Beihai" in his old life. He first learned calligraphy from Wang Xizhi, followed Wang Xian's calligraphy method, and came up with new ideas. Eventually, he became a family and became famous in the world for his regular script. His writing style is thin and stiff, with strong bones. The structure is in an opposite direction and towering to the right. The contrast between density and density is strong, which expresses an ultra-stepping self-spiritual pursuit.
40. What are Li Yong's handed down works?
"Li Sixun Stele", "Lushan Temple Stele", etc.
41. What are the stylistic characteristics of Sun Guoting's calligraphy works?
Sun Guoting was a famous cursive calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, and his cursive calligraphy work "Shupu" has been passed down to the world. The content discussed in "Calligraphy Genealogy" includes calligraphy crystal reviews, calligraphy learning methods, creative skills, etc. His calligraphy is highly praised by Erwang's calligraphy, with sharp brush strokes, jumping stippling, and implicit meaning.
42． What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhang Xu's calligraphy?
Zhang Xu was a famous cursive calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. His official position was Zuo Lingfu's Chief of History, so he was known as "Zhang Changshi" in the world. Zhang Xu's calligraphy was first learned from his uncle Lu Yanyuan. Lu Yanyuan was passed down by his father Lu Jianzhi, so Zhang Xu's calligraphy also comes from the lineage of the two kings. Zhang Xu's cursive calligraphy is the most famous. He often screams and throws hair on the wall when he is drunk, so he is known as "Zhang Dian". Zhang Xu created a generation of calligraphy style with Kuang Cao, which he passed on to Yan Zhenqing, Cui Miao, and then Huai Su, which had a huge impact on later generations.
43． What are Zhang Xu's handed down works?
Regular script: "Preface to the Records of Lang Guan Shi", etc.
Dacao: "Bumache Post", "Champion Post", "Four Ancient Poetry Posts", etc.
44. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yan Zhenqing’s regular script works?
Yan Zhenqing was an outstanding calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty.
Because he served as the prefect of Pingyuan, it was called "Yan Pingyuan". Because he was granted the title of Duke of Lu, he was also called "Gong Yan of Lu". His calligraphy was inherited from his mother's Yin family at an early age, and he later learned calligraphy from Zhang Xu and acquired his calligraphy skills. His achievements in regular script and running script are extremely high, and he is another epoch-making calligrapher after Wang Xizhi. His regular script is known as "Yan Ti" in the world and has far-reaching influence.
Yan Zhenqing’s regular script has a gradual development process, and the styles of his works in different periods have their own characteristics. The works produced when he was around 40 years old are early works, such as "Guo Xuji's Epitaph" and "Duobao Pagoda Stele". The brushwork is clear and handsome; the structure is square and steady, dignified and precise. Works written around the age of 60 are mid-term works, such as "Ode to the Zhongxing of the Tang Dynasty" and "Magu Immortal Altar". Their brushwork is simple and vigorous, vigorous and stable, with few ornate decorations at the beginning and end of the brush; the structure is sparse on the inside and dense on the outside. The center of gravity shifts downward and the posture is broad. Works made around the age of 70 are late works, such as "Yan Qin Li Stele" and "Yan Family Temple Stele". The brush strokes are thin horizontally and thick vertically, round and firm, simple and elegant, clumsy and skillful; the structure is sparse and clear, and the outside is convergent. The characteristics are stronger, showing a majestic, graceful and graceful style. Due to the rise of Yan Zhenqing, Tang Kai has formed a new style, which is another milestone in the history of calligraphy after Wang Xizhi.
45． What are the stylistic characteristics of Yan Zhenqing's running script works?
Yan Zhenqing's representative works in running script include "Manuscript of Sacrifice to Nephew", "Manuscript of Telling Uncle" and "Manuscript of Fighting for a Seat", which are known as "Three Manuscripts of Lu Gong". His book was first published by Erwang, and he can come up with new ideas on his own. His calligraphy style is romantic and majestic, and his writing style is mostly centered. It is round and powerful, with a seal-like style, changing the sharpness of Er Wang's "broken hairpin" into the hairy and astringent "house leakage mark". The structure is true, running, and cursive. Mixed with each other, the stipples are varied, the knots are of different sizes, and the ink is alternately dry and smooth.
46. What are the stylistic characteristics of Huaisu's calligraphy works?
Huaisu is from the Tang Dynasty. A famous calligrapher, he became a monk at an early age and was known as "Kuaisu" by his calligraphy. The strokes of the pen are tossing and turning in a continuous and rapid manner; the characters are closely spaced and close to each other, the opening and closing are regular, and the strokes are scattered. The size of the characters is often unconventional and unexpected, but he has created a kind of The unique composition with vivid curves and uncertain jumps; the use of ink is thick and light, dry and moist, and he follows Zhang Xu's footsteps and transformed his wild cursive brushwork skills into his own characteristics. .
47. What are Huai Su's handed down works?
Xiao Cao: "Xiao Cao Thousand Character Essays", "On Calligraphy", etc.
Da Cao. : "Autobiography Tie", "Bitter Bamboo Shoots Tie", "Fish Eating Tie", etc.
48. What are the stylistic characteristics of Liu Gongquan's calligraphy works?
Liu Gongquan is a famous calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty. He inherited his family's studies when he was young, and later he was influenced by the four early Tang Dynasty schools and Yan Zhenqing, so he came up with new ideas and formed his own family. He became famous for his regular script, which was known as Liu style in the world. His regular script was very different from that of Yan Zhenqing, and he was known as "Yan Jin Liu Gu". His regular script is strong and thin, emphasizing the opening and closing of the pen and the pressing at the turning point, showing the phenomenon of obvious raised knots; the palace in the structure is tightened, and the four directions of his running script "Mengzhao Tie" are vigorous. , the ink is dry and loose, but full of internal energy, which means "full of smoke and clouds"
49. What are Liu Gongquan's handed down works?
Regular script: "Mysterious Pagoda Stele". ” "Shence Jun Stele", etc.
Executive script: "Meng Zhao Tie" etc.
50. What is "Yan Jin Liu Gu"?
"Yan Jin Liu Gu" is an evaluation of the calligraphy style characteristics of Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan, which means that Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy is rich in flesh and bones, and wins with muscles, while Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is rich in bones and little flesh, and wins with bones.
51. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yang Ningshi's calligraphy works?
Yang Ningshi was a famous calligrapher in the Five Dynasties period, so he was known as "Young Master Yang" because of his pretentiousness. Therefore, he is also known as "Crazy Yang". His calligraphers, Faou, Yan and Wang, are excellent in regular calligraphy and are especially good at cursive writing. His characters are good at moving parts and have vivid postures. The lines of the characters are very sparse, forming a kind of sparseness. The layout is leisurely, unconventional, and refreshing. It is an important inheritor of the calligraphy style of the late Tang Dynasty.
52. What are the handed down works of Yang Ningshi?
Regular script: "Leek". "Flower Tie".
Cursive script: "Xiare Tie", "Lu Hong Caotang Ten Chronicles", etc.
Cursive script: "Shenxian's Living Method".
53. Which four calligraphers do the "Four Calligraphers of the Song Dynasty" refer to?
Four famous calligraphers appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty: Cai Xiang, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu. Their calligraphy styles have their own characteristics. Cai Xiang emphasizes legality, Su Shi emphasizes taste, Huang Tingjian emphasizes artistic charm, and Mi Fu emphasizes posture. Their calligraphy is famous for its running script.
54． What are the stylistic characteristics of Cai Xiang's calligraphy works?
Cai Xiang was a famous calligrapher in the Song Dynasty. His calligraphy is elegant, vigorous, concise and full of variety. His representative works include "Servant Post", "Beriberi Post", etc.
55. What are the stylistic characteristics of Su Shi's calligraphy works?
Su Shi was a famous calligrapher in the Song Dynasty. His calligraphy is deep and simple, with rich strokes, plump and flat shapes, dense and dense compositions, seeking emptiness in the denseness, and hiding skill in clumsiness. Huang Tingjian jokingly called his calligraphy "a toad crushed by a stone".
56. What are Su Shi's representative works?
Regular script: "Luochi Temple Stele", "Fengle Pavilion", "Drunkard's Pavilion", etc.
Cursive script: "Huangzhou Cold Food Poems", "Red Cliff Ode", "Dongting Spring Scenery Ode", etc.
57. What are the stylistic characteristics of Huang Tingjian's calligraphy works?
Huang Tingjian was a famous calligrapher in the Song Dynasty. His calligraphy brush is jerky, his strokes are round and strong, sharp and hard yet tough, his body posture is tight in the middle, and he has long strokes and broad strokes. The cursive calligraphy works are vertical and horizontal, with strange and strange shapes, as if they are flying.
58. What are Huang Tingjian's representative works?
Ring script: "Dongpo Huangzhou Cold Food Poems and Postscripts", "Jing Fubo Shenci Poems", "Songfeng Pavilion Tie", etc.
Cursive script: "Liu Yu Xi's Bamboo Branch Poems", "Li Bai's Recalls of Old Travel Poems", "Zhu Shang Tie", etc.
59. What are the stylistic characteristics of Mi Fu's calligraphy works?
Mi Fu was a famous calligrapher in the Song Dynasty. His calligraphy takes the two kings as models, the meaning of Wang Xian's pen as the essence, and the strengths of the Tang Dynasty people. The pen is flexible and changeable, with sharpness and strength. Feibai is vigorous and calm. He can lift and close the pen, lift and press, and pause as he pleases. His posture is flying, and he uses both the center and the side, which is unpredictable. "The wind and the horses are composed and happy." , claims to be "attacking from all sides", with multiple postures and side movements, and alternately dense and dense compositions.
60． What are Mi Fu's representative works?
Small regular script: "Elegy of the Empress Dowager"
Running script: "Shu Su Tie", "Tiaoxi Poetry Tie", "Coral Tie", "Duojinglou" Book of Poems" etc.
61. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy works?
Zhao Mengfu was one of the most important calligraphers in the early Yuan Dynasty. He was named Zi'ang, also known as Songxue Taoist. He was a native of Wuxing, Zhejiang (now Huzhou), and was known as "Zhao Wuxing". Zhao Mengfu directly pursued the style of the two kings of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is a master who is good at Zhen, Cao, Zhuan, Li and Xing. His calligraphy is neither exciting nor violent, gentle and subtle, with skillful brushwork, regular and beautiful knots, and an ancient atmosphere. Zhao Mengfu was a retrotist in calligraphy. He advocated following the example of "King Zhong" and traveled frequently in the Jin and Tang Dynasties. Influenced the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Zhao Mengfu's regular script was listed by later generations as one of the four major regular scripts of Ou, Yan, Liu and Zhao, and was called "Zhao style".
62. What are Zhao Mengfu's representative works handed down from generation to generation?
Small regular script: "The Story of Ji An", "Tao Te Ching", "Fu of Luo Shen", etc.
Regular script: "Dangba Stele", "Reconstruction of the Three Gates of Xuanmiao Temple", "Qiu E's Tomb Stele", etc.
Cursive script: "Lanting Thirteen Postscripts", "Return to the Ci Volume" "Chibi Fu" and so on.
Cursive script: "Yuxianyu Shuchi Shou", etc.
Zhang Cao: "Jiju Zhang" etc.
63． Who are the famous calligraphers in the Yuan Dynasty?
Zhao Mengfu, Kang Liwei, Yang Weizhen, Ni Zan, etc.
64. What are the stylistic characteristics of Kang Liyu's calligraphy works?
Kang Liyu was a famous calligrapher in the Yuan Dynasty. He studied calligraphy assiduously throughout his life. He learned from Yu Shinan in formal calligraphy and Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi in cursive calligraphy. He obtained the brushstrokes of Jin people. The strokes are powerful and beautiful, with round turns. The handwritten writings handed down from ancient times include "Fisher Father's Ci" and so on.
65. What are the stylistic characteristics of Yang Weizhen's calligraphy works?
Yang Weizhen was a famous calligrapher in the Yuan Dynasty. The cursive script of ICBC is fresh and vigorous, and the character shapes break away from the sweet and vulgar style, and are full of ups and downs. His clumsy writing style and cold sentiment have become the main features of his calligraphy style. Representative calligraphy includes "Zhen Jing'an Recruiting Yuan Shu Scroll" and so on.
66. What are the stylistic characteristics of Ni Zan's calligraphy works?
Ni Zan was a famous calligrapher and painter in the Yuan Dynasty.
His calligraphy is famous for his small regular script, and his characters are flat in shape. Because he writes regular script using the official method, he has won the penmanship of the people of Wei and Jin Dynasties. It seems to be dense in parts, but the whole is sparse and clear. And because his characters have a slightly official meaning, they are charming and full of ancient flavor, while Xiao Yuan is simple and simple.
67. What are the "Four Wu Schools"?
The Four Wu Schools are Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Chen Chun and Wang Chong who were active in Suzhou during the Ming Dynasty. They are members of the Wu School of Calligraphy. core characters.
68. What are the stylistic characteristics of Zhu Yunming's calligraphy works?
Zhu Yunming was a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy is best in Xiaokai and Kuangcao. His regular script is exquisite and elegant, which has won the favor of Jin people and has his own ideas. The handed down regular script works include "Chibi Fu", "Luo Shen Fu", "Chu Shi Biao" and so on. His cursive writing is good at using dots, flying and jumping, following the mood without losing control. Known as "the first hand in cursive script in the Ming Dynasty". The cursive scripts handed down from generation to generation include "Cursive Script Poetry Scroll", "Front and Back Chibi Fu Scroll", "Cursive Script Poetry Scroll", etc.
69． What are the stylistic characteristics of Wen Zhengming's calligraphy works?
Wen Zhengming was a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy achievements are mainly in small regular script and cursive script. The small regular script is taken from Dharma King Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi, which is warm, pure and exquisite. His works in regular script handed down from generation to generation include "The Biography of Gao Shi", "Come Back and Come Back", "The Drunkard's Pavilion", "Li Sao Jing", etc. His cursive calligraphy was inspired by "Huairen's Collection of Wang Xi's Preface to the Holy Teachings", and he also learned from Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu, forming an elegant and mellow calligraphy look. The handed down works include "Dongting Western Mountain Poems", "Red Cliff Ode", "Self-written Poems", "Tao Yuanming's Drinking Poems", etc.
70. What are the stylistic characteristics of Chen Chun’s calligraphy works?
Chen Chun was a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy achievements are mainly in cursive script. His cursive script is vigorous, unrestrained and free-spirited. The representative works of cursive script handed down from ancient times include "Eight Poems of Autumn Xing".
71． What are the stylistic characteristics of Wang Chong's calligraphy works?
Wang Chong was a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty. He is good at regular script and is especially good at writing cursive script. His small regular script has the charm of the Jin Dynasty, with rich and varied brushwork, unusual structures, and clear and elegant composition. His handed down small regular script works include "Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng", "Biography of an Assassin", and "Ten Poems on Qin Cao". The running script is clumsy and skillful, graceful, graceful and moving. Representative works of Xingcao include "You Bashan Collection" and so on.
72. What are the stylistic characteristics of Dong Qichang's calligraphy works?
Dong Qichang was a great master of calligraphy in the late Ming Dynasty. He first learned calligraphy from Yan Zhenqing, then changed to study Yu Shinan, and later transferred to Zhong Yao and Erwang. Mi Fu studied the most diligently and became his own family. Use empty brushwork, sparse composition, and moist ink to pursue a calligraphy style that is elegant, quiet, innocent, and plain. His calligraphy had a profound influence on that time and later generations.
73. What are the stylistic characteristics of Fu Shan's calligraphy works?
Fu Shan was a famous calligrapher in the early Qing Dynasty and was good at cursive calligraphy. His style of writing is straightforward and simple, which may seem wild and unrestrained, but in fact he has a deep understanding of ancient methods. The pen is dripping with fluid and the body movements are continuous.
74. What are the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou?
The Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou refer to a group of calligraphers and painters who were active in Yangzhou in the mid-Qing Dynasty, generally referring to Wang Shishen, Jin Nong, Li Fangying, Li Xian, Huang Shen, Gao Xiang, and Zheng Xie, Luo Pin.
75． What are the stylistic characteristics of Liu Yong's calligraphy works?
Liu Yong was a famous calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty. He first studied Dong Qichang and Zhao Mengfu, and later studied Su Shi, and integrated with famous calligraphers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. His calligraphy style is rich and vigorous, and his appearance is plump and ancient. Jin, there is a needle hidden in the cotton, and it is known as the "prime minister of thick ink".
76． Who are the representative calligraphers who were good at seal script in the Qing Dynasty?
Deng Shiru, Wu Xizai, Xu Sangeng, Zhao Zhiqian, Wu Changshuo, etc.
3. Inscriptions and inscriptions
77. What is a stele?
A stele originally refers to a stone erected on the ground. It has three functions. One is to be placed in the palace to observe the sun's shadow, identify the direction, and measure the time; the other is to be placed in the ancestral temple to tie the sacrificial animals; the third is to be erected next to the tomb to lead coffins to the tomb for funerals. , used for giving and windlass. At first, the stele had no text, but later it was engraved with text, which is what is called "stele" or "stele inscription" in the art of calligraphy.
78. What is Tie?
The original meaning of Tie refers to the words written on silk. Tie in calligraphy refers to the characters written by people in Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties using Zhen, Xing and Cursive scripts, which are reflected in woodcuts, The words carved on the stone are called posts. In the Song Dynasty, there were "Chunhua Pavilion Tie" and "Daguan Tie", and in the Qing Dynasty, there was "Sanxitang Dharma Tie", which are all famous Dharma Tie handed down from generation to generation. Of course, the ink written by famous masters from past dynasties are also Dharma stickers.
79. What is the Bei School?
The Bei School is an emerging calligraphy art school that emerged in the Qing Dynasty. It does not refer to the study and research of Wei steles in a narrow sense, but broadly refers to the Qing Dynasty calligraphy circle’s study of pre-Tang Dynasty characters, oracle bones, bells and tripods, Qin Quan, Han steles, tiles, seals, slips, epitaphs of the Six Dynasties, statues, etc. A school of calligraphy formed by studying characters. Early stele studies advocated Han stele studies, with outstanding representatives such as Zheng Lan, Zhu Yizun, Jin Nong and others. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Ruan Yuan openly advocated stele studies and wrote "On the North and South Schools of Calligraphy" and "On the North and South Tie Schools". Later, Bao Shichen and Kang Youwei added fuel to the fire and wrote "Yi Zhou Shuang Ji" and "Guang Yi Zhou Shuang Ji" respectively. They vigorously advocated stele studies and made the style of stele studies flourish. The objects of learning were extended from Han dynasty steles to Northern stele and Tang Dynasty steles. pre-modern writing.
80. What is Tiepai?
Tiepai is a concept proposed with the emergence of epilepsy. It refers to the calligraphy school that took Fa Tie as the object of study and research after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi as its sects. The rise of the style of engraving calligraphy in the Northern Song Dynasty played a great role in promoting the popularity of calligraphy style.
81. What is engraved calligraphy?
Carving famous calligraphy works from past dynasties on wooden boards or stone slabs is called engraved calligraphy. In ancient times, engraving made calligraphy masterpieces from past dynasties widely circulated.
82. What is "Chunhua Pavilion Calligraphy"?
In the third year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty (992), Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty ordered the calligrapher Wang to compile the works of emperors, famous ministers and famous calligraphers of all dynasties into ten volumes. The scroll was copied with jujube wood, and the calligraphy was made with Chengxintang paper and Li Ting silicon ink. It was called "Chunhua Pavilion Calligraphy". This calligraphy had a great influence on later generations.
83. What is "Sanxitang Dharma Tie"?
In the twelfth year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1747), Qianlong ordered Liang Shizheng to compile and copy the Dharma books of the past dynasties collected by the Qing palace, which took three years to complete. From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the late Ming Dynasty, there are thirty-two volumes. Because Qianlong received three kinds of ink inscriptions: Wang Xizhi's "Kuaixue Shiqing Tie", Wang Xianzhi's "Mid-Autumn Tie", and Wang Shi's "Bai Yuan Tie". These three kinds of ink were also included in the carved ink, so the carved ink was called "Three Ink Calligraphy". "Xitang Dharma Tie".
84． What is Chuan Tuo?
Chuan Tuo is also called Chuan Tuo. The calligraphy and painting on gold, stone, bamboo and wooden vessels are beaten out with paper and ink to facilitate widespread dissemination, which is called vertebra rubbing.
85. What are rubbings?
The calligraphy and painting that have been rubbed out from the tablets are called rubbings.