Problem description:
I want to know who invented copper coins and which dynasty used the same copper coins.
Supplement: not a unified currency.
Analysis:
Qin Shihuang ordered the abolition of the old coins of the original countries and the implementation of a new monetary system based on Qin coins. Sima Qian in Historical Records? "Ping Shu" records: "When it comes to Qin, a country's currency is divided into three classes. In the name of Yi, gold is the currency; Copper coin is known as half a tael, as heavy as its text, and it is the next coin; Pearl jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to ornaments, not coins. " Among them, half of the money shaped like a jade wheel, with a round square hole, has gradually become the mode of making money stipulated by China.
Square hole coin is the most common ancient coin in China. Because the issuing time and circulation are much larger than other kinds of coins, the concepts of square hole money and ancient Chinese coins are often equivalent.
The coins of more than two thousand years after the Qin Dynasty, except Wang Mang's knife and cloth, all have a square hole in the middle, so they are called "square hole money" and also have the nickname "Kong Fang brothers". Square hole money evolved from money, the earliest being "half a tael of money" in the Qin Dynasty, and the latest being "Bao Tong in the Republic of China".
During the Warring States Period, the currency of Qin was money.
"Yi Qian" is a round copper coin cast in the Warring States period in China, which is referred to as "Yi Hua" or "Huan Qian" for short. It is one of the four systems of copper coin casting in the pre-Qin period in China, and it is also the main form of coin casting in Qin State. There are two kinds of money: one is a round hole, which is primitive; The second type is a round square hole (gradually evolved from a round hole). At first, the perforation of money was narrow, and then it gradually became bigger. There is an inscription on the front of the money, but there is no text on the back.
Love of money evolved from jade and ancient spinning wheels. Love money refers to its shape with proper nouns of wall and ring. Er Ya Shi Qi: "Good meat is the best, and good meat in the cave is the best." "Good" refers to the perforation between the wall and the ring, and "meat" refers to the entity between the perforation and the outline. The perforation of the ring money is also applauded, and the entity from the perforation to the outline is also called "meat", which shows that the relationship between the ring money and jade is related.
According to the different monetary units in Qian Qian, it can be divided into three categories: first, Qin won money in units of "two"; Two, with "money" as the unit of two weeks, three gold area of money; Third, Qiyan currency named after the traditional monetary unit "Dao".
At present, the earliest money found-Anzang Money Bureau, has a diameter of 3 cm and a perforation of about 0.8 cm. Qian Wen ranks lower, and his calligraphy is thick and simple. The material is bronze, and the clay sculpture does not grind. The word "Anzang" is a place name, and now I don't know the exact location. There used to be an empty cloth in this city, and its writing and calligraphy were not as neat as this money. Because there are not many discoveries, it is impossible to study this ancient money in detail. This kind of money has a small perforation, and the circulation time is from the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The circulation area may be in Henan and Shanxi, near the Yellow River.
Another is "saving money". Yin Ji is a place name in Wei Yi, Ronghe County, Shaanxi Province. Yin Ji's currency has been circulating in Qin for the longest time and changed the most. The original Yin Ji coins were over 37 cm in diameter and weighed 9 grams, with a big hole, about 1 cm. The font is neat and smooth. Yin Ji lies between Chu, Qi, Wei, Zhao and Wei. Its business is very developed and it is the center of the eastern economy.
"* * * All-in-one gold" is a kind of round-hole money with place names or currency units marked on it, but the shape of the money was made in the Qin Dynasty and can be divided into: 1. It was cast by Wei, and one was Zhou Zhu; Second, the local coins appeared in the cities in the Buqian area occupied by the Qin Dynasty.
The * * * of Wei coins is characterized by small perforation, generally about 0.7 cm, large shape, generally not less than 4 cm, no outline, plain back and no text. There are more than one word on the ticket, such as Yuanqu Xi, Wei Yi in Warring States, and * * * (Huixian County, Henan Province, Wei Yi in Warring States).
The * * * feature of the round hole is that the perforation is relatively large, about 0.9- 1.4 cm, and the diameter of the money is 3.2-3.6 cm. Cast neatly, some have outlines, and most of them are Zhao and Wei cities occupied by Qin.
Lin and Lishi were the territory of Zhao in the Warring States Period. Lishi is today's Lishi County, Shanxi Province, and Linxi is today's Lishi County West, also known as Linyangyi. The two places are very close, and Zhao has made money in both places.
Easy Money is a bronze coinage in the middle and late Warring States period, and it is a progressive form of coinage. The earliest currency was produced in Wei, where the political and economic system was relatively developed. Such as "yuan" and "* * *". Compared with "cloth coins" and "knife coins", this form of coins is easy to carry and accept each other, which meets the needs of commodity exchange and development. Its appearance had a new coinage system in the rise of coins, which was imitated by various countries during the Warring States Period. First, Zhao and Qin imitated casting, then Qi and Yan imitated casting. Up to now, there are more than ten kinds of money, and Lin and Lishi money belong to Zhao. Lishi area in He Lin is the place that Qin, Zhao and Wei compete for. For most of the Warring States period, these two places belonged to Zhao, but they were also occupied by Qin for many times.
According to historical records, during the period of Zhao Chenghou and King Wuling of Zhao, Qin attacked Lin and Lishi many times. According to Records of the Historian Zhao, in the twenty-fourth year of Zhao Chenghou (35 BC1), "Qin attacked me". Zhao Suhou twenty-two years (328 BC), "yi cheung in qin dynasty. The war with Qin. After the defeat, Qin killed the defect in Hexi and took me to the stone. " Later, it was recorded that in the thirteenth year of King Wuling of Zhao (3 13 BC), "Qin pulled me to rush and captured the general Zhao Zhuang." It can be seen that there are frequent wars in this area.
In the thirteenth year of King Wuling of Zhao, Qin attacked Lin, which was the twelfth year of Qin Huiwen. Historical Records Biography of Six Kingdoms records: "Li, attack and capture." Historical Records Qin Benji also records: "Shu Chang attacked Zhao and captured Zhao Jiangzhuang." These two records are the same as those of Zhao Wuling's Qin attack in the 13th year, but Historical Records of Qin Benji did not mention "attack".
Because Lin and Lishi are close to Qin, they have been captured by Qin many times, almost once every ten years. The continuous military occupation of Qin will inevitably have an impact on commercial activities. Therefore, it can also be said that Lin and Li are both directly influenced by Qin currency. Some people think that it was cast after the Qin generals defeated the Zhao army in 228 BC, entered Handan and died.
Zhaoyuan is an area where knives and coins are parallel. There are pointed foot cloth, square foot cloth, round shoulder feet and several kinds of straight knives. Lin and Lishi, two forms of money round holes, have an outline, which also shows the "round shoulders and round feet" from which they evolved.
Zhao's cloth, knife and money are all marked with the word "Lin". But there are many rushes, but few knives and money. The word "Lin" is written on cloth, knife and money, which is not found in bronze inscriptions and other pre-Qin characters. It is worth noting that the word is retained on the coin.
There used to be an anecdote about the word "Lin" of money. In 1989, Zheng Jiaxiang, a numismatist, worked in the financial department of Zhili (now Hebei Province), lived in Tianjin, and had close contacts with Fang Ruo, a coin collector. Once in an antique shop, Zheng Jiaxiang saw a piece of money with the word Erh Lin on it, which was rusty and illegible. The shopkeeper offered 20 yuan, and Jia Zheng made a counter-offer 10 yuan bought it. He asked the shopkeeper, has Mr. Fang Ruo seen this money? The shopkeeper replied: I have seen it before, but I don't want to buy it. Otherwise, how could you spend 10 yuan to buy it? The next day, Zheng Jiaxiang took the money to see if. Ask him, have you seen this money? Fang said: I have seen it. This is a fake, otherwise I would have bought it. Zheng Jiaxiang said: I think money is green, but the copper color is very ancient. Although the words are unclear, the spirit is still there, and it is by no means a good person can fake it. If you don't believe me. After a month, Fang Ruo went to Beijing and got a piece of money and paper when he came back. I went to visit Zheng Jiaxiang and said that two dollars cost 600 yuan, and the peddler ripped me off. Zheng: Do you still have that product? You can compare it. Zheng Jiaxiang picked out the money and looked at it. It was different from the words he got on the right, but the production process was the same. In this way, it is concluded that Zheng Jiaxiang's one is not fake.
The casting time of Lin He's two coins is obviously later than that of Lin He's cloth. Except for cloth with small square ruler, the characters of Erh Lin can be found in square ruler, pointed ruler, round ruler and flat cloth, and the most common ones are square ruler and pointed cloth. Lin and Li Shi's round money was cast by Zhao in Bianguan Town and later occupied by Wei, so it was cast with square cloth and later occupied by Qin. First, Lin and Li Shi appeared round feet, and then round money was cast. So far, Lin He has not found much money, which shows that this kind of money was cast in a short period of time, and it was cast after the money was distributed.
Similar to Lin and Li, there are Pishi (formerly Wei, occupied by Qin in 270 BC), Pingyuan (formerly Wei in the northwest of Jiyuan, Henan Province, returned to Qin in 242 BC when Qin Jiandong County was established) and (400 miles east of Wei Xianhe in 290 BC, returned to Qin, and recovered Xin Lingjun and Zhao Desheng of Wei in 257 BC. Money should have been cast at the end of the Warring States period, and it stopped casting soon, so there are few remains in later generations), Wu 'an (southwest of Wu 'an City, Henan Province, which was captured by Qin Wangyi in 259 BC, and Wu 'an entered Qin), a cluster of millet walls and a cluster of painted walls (one casting). During the Warring States Period, Qiyuan was outside the Xihe River in Wei. In 296 BC, the Qi, Han and Wei allied forces attacked the State of Qin, and the State of Qin returned to Weishui. In 290 BC, Wei offered another 400 miles to the east of the Qin River, and painted the wall and re-entered the Qin Dynasty.
There is a hidden coin in the coin, which may be influenced by Qin or after Qin occupied Ji Wang. In addition, there are two kinds of round-hole coins in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a diameter of 2.5 cm, which were cast by the Eastern and Western Zhou States during the Warring States Period, and may also be local coins that appeared after Qin annexed the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties.
From the above discussion, there are several signs worthy of attention: First, except for the city walls and * * * of Wei State, all other round holes were cast at the end of the Warring States Period. Second, the words on the above money are mostly city names, mostly in the Fenshui River basin east of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Luohe River basin west of the Yellow River, and the Yiluo River basin south of the Yellow River. It is the contact zone between Qin, Zhou, Zhao and Wei. It seems that Zhao has occupied Zhongshan at this time. Third, except Yuan He and * * *, the money listed above is very small, and some of them are still orphans. It can be seen that it is not far away for Qin to unify the six countries and reform the currency system. Four, the most unearthed are Yuan and * * *, especially Yuan. The total amount of unearthed currency is very small, which is only a small system in the monetary system of the Warring States period. However, it is the main development symbol of closer economic ties, more frequent commodity exchanges and increasingly unified currency since the mid-Warring States period, and it is also an important currency form connecting the preceding with the following.
The word of Qi currency is "one flower", which is a round free metal currency cast by Qi during the Warring States Period. It has a unique shape, square tooth holes and a country on the coin surface. Qi Huan's coins were minted a little later, probably in the late Warring States period, but it still inherited the "transformation" of seven coins into monetary units.
Qi's money is riddled with holes and plain. Some people interpret "one change" as Bao Hua, Mingbei and Yanbei, which is inaccurate. Generally speaking, it is more accurate to explain "one change". There are three levels of spending money, that is, one flower, one flower and one flower. Yiliuhua is 3.5 cm in diameter and weighs about 8.25 grams. Yi Sihua is 3 cm in diameter and weighs about 5.45 grams. Yihua is generally 2 cm in diameter and weighs 1.30-2 g.
As the old saying goes, the "profit" of spending money is equal to 20 Liang or 24 Liang, which seems to be not necessarily the case. The word "Yi" is 20 Peng Bei, and copper coins were once equal to 20 Peng Bei. Its currency is called "one" and should not be 20 taels or 24 taels. The word "Yi" is the weight of a handful of millet. A flower was cast at the end of the Warring States period. Specifically, it should be after King Qi Xiang restored the country. If it had been cast in the Qin and Han Dynasties, an Illiuhua would not have been unearthed in the tombs of the late Warring States period in Linzi, Shandong Province in recent years. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, there have been scientific archaeological records: 1960 There are 305 pieces of Yi Hua unearthed from the five-star archway in Jinan City, Shandong Province, 292 pieces of Yi Hua and 2 pieces of Yi Hua; Among a batch of Qi coins unearthed by Zhu Yuan Brigade 1979 in Liangcheng Commune, Rizhao County, Shandong Province, there are 22 Qi coins 122, 95 Yi coins 107 and 97 Qi knives 197 unearthed in the same pit.
"Well", "Well" and "One" were all cast in the late Yan State. The square hole is round, without outline, and the back is plain. Generally, it is about 2.9 cm in diameter and weighs 4.2-4.6 grams. "Hua" was originally a knife currency unit, and Qi Dao was cast with Chinese characters, which was called "Fahua". It seems that "verbalization" and flattery should be equivalent in nominal value. The square hole of "one flower" money can be divided into two types: outline and no outline. The back is plain, and only one type of aluminum casting has the word "Ji" on the back. The diameter of this kind of money is generally1.8-1.95cm, but the thickness varies greatly, so it weighs about1.1-2.6g, which is generally1.4-1.5g. In the past, the word "one size fits all" had different interpretations, meaning "one size fits all". This kind of coin was minted during the period of currency chaos. In the past, some people often regarded these three currencies as a "third-class system", and it was meaningless to compare them with the third-class profit-making system. In fact, all three kinds of Yan coins are cast in order. The money was changed from Yan Hua Dao to Yan Hua Dao. It took a short time, so it was cast to lose weight, and then it was cast to be unified, so it was not easy to find in later generations. At present, most of them are "Yanhua" and most of them are "Yihua". Regarding the emergence of this currency, the most reasonable view is that it was cast during the reign of Yan (254-222 BC) and was the coin of Liaodong County, the capital of Yan.
Qin money refers to a circular perforated currency cast by Qin State during the Warring States Period. Its shape is characterized by taking "two" as the unit, and only the monetary unit is used in the currency, not the place name. Qin's half-silver was actually the pioneer of the square hole half-silver cast after Qin Shihuang unified the world. At present, Qin Wanqian has discovered "Thai baht 12. 14", "Thai baht 12. 13", "Thai baht12", "half-two" and "two steroids. Thai baht weighs one or two dollars, copper is pure red, round and round, with a flat back, no outline and simple shape. Generally, the diameter is about 3.7 cm, the perforation is about 0.8-0.9 cm, the weight is about 14 g, and the lighter one is about 9 g. "Half-Liang" money, with a round square hole, weighs about 10g on average, with the weight exceeding 15g and the light weight about 6g. There is also a variant of "half-Liang" money called "two steroids", which means "Zhan". One Zhan is six baht and the other Zhan is twelve baht, which means half-Liang. This kind of money has an outer ring inside, which has no outline at first, and an outer outline at the later stage, with a diameter of about 3 cm and a weight of about 8 grams. Qin's heavy Thai baht coins are close to Wei's "* * *" and "Yuan", indicating that their casting time is close. After the Battle of Maling in Guilin, Wei Qi in 354 BC, the national strength declined and never recovered. At this time, the rising state of Qin will never follow the example of Wei, so half a penny will be cast after the Thai baht weighs one or two, which is about the time of the "first trip". The casting of Qin Banliang in the Warring States Period was related to Shang Yang's political reform and Wang Huiwen's "first money". In the seventh year of Gong Jian (408 BC), with the development of production and the expansion of social division of labor, Qin appointed Shang Yang to reform in the seventh year (378 BC). In the 12th year of filial piety (350 BC), he moved the capital to Xianyang, and in the 14th year (348 BC), he was named Fu. Renting grain is a kind of land rent, and "tax" is a tax that requires farmers to pay land rent in kind, but also in currency. Handicrafts and businessmen also have to pay taxes in currency. At the same time, the currency has also been reformed. In the 19th year of Qin Huiwen's reign in Wang Jianli, in the second year of King Huiwen's reign (336 BC), he carried out currency reform-"the first money". "Casting money at the beginning" does not mean that Qin did not start casting money until King Huiwen, but before that, coins were mostly cast by the people, mainly businessmen, in order to make huge profits. At present, the reform stipulates that all coins are publicly minted and private coins are not allowed. This is undoubtedly an important measure for Qin to carry out monetary reform. But also a successful measure.
There is also a small round coin with a square hole engraved with the words "Wenxin" and "Chang 'an" in Qin's coins. Text, the square hole is round, without internal and external contours, and the back is flat. There are protruding lines around the perforation of the money face. The word "Wenxin" on the face is listed around the perforation, and the font is beautiful and unique. Wenxinqian has a diameter of 2.3cm, a perforation width of 0.9cm and a weight of 2.9-4g. 1955, archaeologists found the residual stone model of Wenxin Qian Yuan in the ruins of the ancient city of Henan in the western suburbs of Luoyang, Henan Province, thus proving that Wenxin Qian Yuan was cast by Lv Buwei.
Lv Buwei, a native of Puyang (now Puyang County, Henan Province), was born in Dajia, rich in strategy. When he was doing business in Handan, he met Qin Gongzi who was taken hostage in Zhao State. At this time, he was snubbed by Zhao. Lv Buwei thinks he has the value of making people useful, so he spends a lot of money to make friends with him. In the first year of Emperor Xiaowen of Qin Dynasty (250 BC), Lv Buwei was made Emperor Wenxin, and the money was cast by Lv Buwei in his fief. The letters on the money are not fixed on the side, nor are they seal characters. It can be seen that Wenxin money is the coin before Qin unified writing. Before Qin Shihuang had no personal rule, Lv Buwei had real power, so he could use his title to make money at home, not to mention Lv Buwei was a businessman. Later, after careful planning by Lv Buwei, he was made a prince by Qin Xiaowen. In 250 BC, King Xiaowen died suddenly, and different people acceded to the throne, honoring Lv Buwei as the Prime Minister. Known as "Guanzhong", Lv Buwei has a family of 1 10,000 people and 3,000 diners, just like a king of a country.
In 239 BC, Ying Zheng was 2 1 year old. According to Qin etiquette, we should "listen to our ears and listen to our treatment" next year. Lv Buwei didn't want to regain power, and at the same time launched a fierce activity with the eunuch Lao Ai. In 238 BC, after the Lao Ai Group was completely suppressed, it instigated frequent defections in an attempt to replace it with political victory, which was quickly quelled. In this way, the struggle between Qin and he reached an irreconcilable level. In 237 BC, Ying Zheng first exempted Lv Buwei from playing on charges of conniving at Lao Ai, and then ordered Lv Buwei to live in the food city of Henan. Lv Buwei fidgeted in Henan and kept in touch with Beijing's envoys. So, I simply ordered to move to Shu county, feeling that the future was not good, and I committed suicide.
Similar to Wenxinqian, it is Chang 'an, whose front is Chang 'an and back is plain, with a diameter of 2. 1cm, a perforation width of 1cm and a weight of1.8-2.5g. The word "dragon" is on the right side of the perforation, and the word "an" is below it. This arrangement of words is only available in round money. When the king of Qin seized power, he was cast by Chang 'an Army. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, in the eighth year of the King of Qin (239 BC), Cheng Jiao led an army to "strike Zhao against Zhao". This money should have been minted before Chang's rebellion. 199 1 year, an Chang 'an and a Wenxin coin were unearthed in Seoul Brick Factory in the northern suburb of Xi, Shaanxi.
Since Wen's existence has been proved, it also proves that Lv Buwei's plot to usurp the throne is not fabricated. Wen can be said to be strong evidence that Buwei plotted to replace Zheng.
As for Chang 'an Money, its shape and font are the same as Wenxin Money. If the money is really often cast, then the money and the money are evidence of the conspirators. Because the Qin Dynasty absolutely prohibited private money casting, besides, coins were also cast with their own titles. This is not rebellion. What is it?
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