I think the Xixia kingdom in ancient history used Xixia characters and Xixia language representing the national image to show its unique value as an independent regime. Internally, Xixia and Chinese were used together to realize the national integration of Xixia regime. However, the military and political core of Xixia Kingdom has always been dominated by Tangut people.
Xixia was a political power established by Tangut as the original group in the ancient history of China. The capital of Xixia is Xingqing House (Yinchuan, Ningxia), and the founding emperor of Xixia is Li Yuanhao, Emperor Jingzong of Xia Dynasty. The Tangut was a minority living in the north during the feudal society. Originally a branch of the Qiang nationality, the people lived in Maqu County, Qinghai all the year round.
From the end of the Tang Dynasty, after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and then to the Song Dynasty, the Tangut Tuoba family has been ruling Zhou Xia, Liangzhou, Ganzhou and Guazhou with the management position of military and political officials in the places where the Han Dynasty regime belongs.
Xixia kingdom abolished the new system.
In A.D. 1032, after Li Deming's death, Prince Li Yuanhao inherited his father's title. Subsequently, Zhao Yuanhao gave up the title of the Central Plains Dynasty, abolished the Li and Zhao surnames given by the Tang and Song Dynasties, and changed to the Tangut surname "Zhou Ming". When my ancestor was named, Li Yuanhao changed his name to Xiaomi and called himself (Woods).
Wu Zu is a transliteration of Tangut language, which means Qing, to show the difference with Huang, the emperor of the Song Dynasty. But soon, Li Yuanhao carried out a series of reforms nationwide, such as shaving hair, wearing stork clothes, creating Xixia characters, repairing palaces, moving the capital to a new capital, establishing official system, and making soldiers.
Tuoba Sigong, the ancestor of Xixia, was surnamed Li in the Tang Dynasty. Later, when Li returned to the Song Dynasty, Song Ci was named Zhao. When Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao rebelled against Liao, his surname was Li. Yuan Hao began to proclaim himself emperor. Some of his courtiers' surnames are the same as those in the mainland, while others are in minority languages, and their surnames are unknown. Records of Surnames in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties
In 1038 AD, Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor, and another day was the first year of Zuoyan, with the title of Daxia, which was called Xixia in history. Xixia territory borders the Yellow River in the east, Yumenguan in the west, Xiaoguan in the south and the desert in the north. When it was brilliant, it managed 22 state capitals, summarizing the territory of Ningxia and northern Shaanxi, northwestern Gansu, northeastern Qinghai and parts of Inner Mongolia today.
The central administration of Xixia kingdom is divided into Zhongshu province, central officials and three divisions.
The political system of Xixia was deeply influenced by the Central Plains Dynasty, and the allocation of official system was almost based on the establishment of official system in the Northern Song Dynasty. The highest institutions in Xixia Kingdom are: Zhongshu Province, Privy Council, Third Division, Yushitai, Kaifeng Prefecture, Yiwei Division, Official Planning Division, Receiving Division, Tian Division, Animal Husbandry Division, Longfei Academy, Grinding Division, Siwen Academy, Xue Fan, Sinology and other departments. The establishment of local administrative management system can be divided into two types: states and counties. In special triangle areas, military fortresses or important towns, there are yamen at the county and government levels.
Classification and introduction of the official system of Xixia state establishment
As we all know, at the beginning of Li Yuanhao's establishment of Xixia Kingdom, the official system of Xixia Kingdom was relatively simple, with only Fan Luo's ambassador, defense ambassador, official ambassador, commander-in-chief ambassador, Yong Lian's ambassador and secretariat. These are almost modeled after the official system of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and in the Tangut, they are basically headed by "accounts" (each household counts an account).
During the reign of Li Yuanhao, the territory of Xixia was expanding day by day because it controlled the whole Hexi region. The territory of Xixia was "the Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south, and the desert in the north, covering more than 10,000 miles".
At the same time, the composition of various ethnic minorities in Xixia kingdom is complex and diverse. According to the actual situation, Li Yuanhao modeled on the official system of the Song Dynasty, and set up two sets of leading bodies, namely, military and political management institutions and civil and military institutions, to meet the needs of establishing the Xixia Kingdom.
Under the emperor, there is a Chinese book official department: management administration; Secretarial office: managing the army; The third division (household department, expenditure department, salt and iron department) manages finance. Yushitai: responsible for supervising impeachment; Kaifeng House (with the help of the local name of Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, it actually refers to a local administrative yamen that governs Xingqing House, the capital of Xixia).
First Guard Division: Responsible for the Royal Garrison and the Guards to follow (similar to the former division of the Song Dynasty). Official planning department: responsible for recruiting and filling official vacancies (similar to the current organizational department). Acceptance department: responsible for the management of warehousing, storage and access. Department of Farmland: responsible for the management of agricultural grain and water conservancy projects.
Animal husbandry department: responsible for the management of horse breeding, reproduction and exchange. Feilongyuan: Responsible for managing horses. Grinding division: responsible for the assessment and promotion of management personnel. Wen Siyuan: Responsible for the production of royal musical instruments and costumes.
Xue Fan and Sinology are educational institutions that cultivate culture for the children of Tangut princes and Han officials, and their duty is to cultivate talents for Xixia Kingdom.
Why is the official position of Xixia kingdom divided into vassal position and Han position?
The highest official position of Xixia Kingdom is the minister of Zhongshu, an envoy of Tang Dynasty, an imperial doctor, assistant minister of Zhongshu and Qiu below, regardless of Tangut or Han nationality. In the official position of the highest institution in Xixia kingdom, in addition to the names of the above-mentioned Han officials, there are also Tangut articles, that is, the titles of "Fanhao" recorded in history books.
For example: Ningling, Mausoleum, Dinglu, Zuru, Lu Ze, Angxing, Moge, Baliang, Chunyue,, Leguang, Ling Ye Wuge, Lingneng, Clear Soup, Cuomai, Angnie, Lingxun and Cheng.
On the system of establishing officials in Xixia, what is the matter of regulating officials and posts?
With regard to the official system of Xixia kingdom, some scholars of Xixia history believe that besides the official system that both Tangut people and Han people can hold, there should also be a set of "official posts dedicated to Tangut people" that can only be held by Tangut people. That is to say, Xixia kingdom should have two official management systems, in short, two organizations.
However, some people think that the formal organizational system of Xixia kingdom is only a system and an organization, and there should not be two organizational systems and two systems. But my analysis gives the following views:
First, those who emphasize that the official management system of Xixia kingdom is divided into two systems: Han officials and fan officials, basically refer to Xixia Tang envoys.
Its special fans are Ning Ling, Mo Ning Ling, Ding Lu, Ding Nu, Su Zhi, Zuru, Lu Ze, Shu Ming, etc., all named after fans.
The most crucial sentence in this original text is "and the monk's post is specially conferred". So there are two different understandings. One is to understand the official position as a special official position of the Tangut. They think that only the Tangut can be competent, so they call it an "exclusive official position". According to this analysis, of course, there are two official systems and two systems.
The other interprets "exclusive official position" as "the official position held by the Tangut, but it is called by the official name" Fan ". Finally, a set of official management system, the assertion of an official management system, is verified.
Therefore, it is obvious from the above two sets of arguments that the second set of arguments is more accurate. After all, according to the essence of the full text of Historical Records, the official system of Xixia Dynasty was divided into two categories: civil and military, but it was not clearly stated that its official system was divided into two sets of official management systems: Han official and fan official.
It is obviously inconsistent with historical records to assume that the "exclusive official position" is mistaken for an official position that only the Tangut can be competent for, because the "official position" of Xixia State is not only the exclusive management position of the Tangut.
In A.D. 1054, the envoys sent by Xixia Kingdom to the Central Plains Dynasty were Zuru "Yi Ming Yuze" and Qing Tang "Xu Shunqing", which proved that Zuru was the official name, Qing Tang was the official name, and Xu Shunqing was the Han nationality, which was not the exclusive official name of the Tangut.
At the same time, the Tangut people can also be used as the official system of the Han people. For example, Tangut, the general of Xixia, was appointed as the capital of the southwest of Xixia, and as the envoy of Xixia, he went to the Song Dynasty to submit Xixia's letters, while the southwest was actually the official system of China.
The theory that a Tangut official can be both a Han official and a Han official proves that the theory that a "fan official" is a Tangut official's "exclusive fan post" is untenable, and it can be proved that a fan official and a Han official in Xixia Kingdom were originally a set of titles for two official positions.
On the other hand, some officials of Xixia State, such as "leading Lu", were obviously translated with the Tangut accent of Han officials. History:
Xixia sent envoys to pay tribute, arrogating the official position of the Han Dynasty to the state, saying that the official position in the state was called Shu Mi, and [Cheng] ordered the deputy envoy not to be an official, saying that Shu Mi was called "the leader".
The word "Lu Ling" here is translated from Tommy's Xixia sound.
Thirdly, by studying the basic historical materials of Xixia history, such as "The History of Liao Dynasty" and "Jin Ji Xia" written by Xixia, it is only said that "officials are divided into two classes", but there is no official management system that divides Taoist officials into vassal officials and Han officials.
Fourthly, during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Xixia, when the official system of Xixia was recorded in the book "Palm Beads and Personnel Gate in the Synchronization of Fanhan" written by Xixia scholars and Tangut people, it was said that there was an official system in Xixia, but it was not said that there were officials and official systems in addition to this system.
As a witness of Xixia dynasty, the personnel system of Xixia recorded in such records is not pure. Then, we can draw a conclusion that officials and posts are a set of official management systems that coexist with Han officials, which seems to be untenable.
Fifth, Xixia State, Liao State and Jin State are all independent regimes founded by ethnic minorities. It stands to reason that in the frequent exchanges between these countries, such as the envoys of Xixia kingdom to Liao and Jin countries, they should appear as official titles, but the diplomatic term "official" of Xixia kingdom does not appear in the historical records of Liao and Jin history.
Sixthly, in the contact or war between Xixia and Liao and Song countries, Xixia envoys did not always use the title of Francisco.
This serial number confirmed the record of Biography of Xia Guo in Song Dynasty, which appeared in A.D. 1042. However, after Li Ganshun, the fourth emperor of Xixia, came to power in A.D. 1099, the official position of Fan Guan in Xixia Kingdom did not appear in any official records. Naturally, the compilation of "model pavilion" is still an inconclusive historical research topic.
Up to now, they only know its meaning except some official titles of Xixia. For example, "Wuzhu" represents the emperor; "Wu Ni" means Queen Mother; "Brigitte" stands for Prime Minister.
"Leading Lu" refers to the Senate; "Dingli" means "buddy"; "Brother Mo" means Xuan Hui; "Enable" is something like reporting. There are many official titles of Xixia kingdom, but there is no final conclusion and no new scientific explanation.
Although some China officials' titles are translated in Xixia pronunciation, some officials' titles are not translated in Xixia pronunciation strictly, but should be titles or honorifics of Tangut tribal leaders.
For example, "Mausoleum of Monning" is translated into Chinese as "King of Heaven". However, "Ye Liren Rong" is called "Mourning Order", which is obviously not a transliteration of the Tangut.
In Xixia language, "Mo" is heaven, "Ning" is king and "Ling" is great. Xixia translation: Mo Langling means king, Zuru means big leader, Lu means leader and Shu Ming means deputy leader.
Since A.D. 1039, the central high-level official positions set by Li Yuanhao have been changing. For example, the central organization was expanded to sixteen divisions, responsible for the government affairs of Xixia kingdom, and a "ministerial order" was added to the various government affairs of Xixia kingdom.
Li Yuanhao also divides local organizations into states and counties. The state government has a secretariat and chief judge (in charge of agriculture, water conservancy, reclamation, horse husbandry, grain and salt, prison arrest, river engineering, water conservancy and other official positions), and the county government has a county magistrate and other official positions.
Expansion and decomposition of the official-building system in Xixia after the founding of the People's Republic of China
In the summer of A.D. 1036, after Li Yuanhao captured Guazhou, Shazhou and Suzhou, an organization "County Administration" was specially set up to consolidate the control of minority nationalities such as Uighur and Tubo.
Suzhou is Fanhe County, Ganzhou is Yizhen County, and Xuanhua House is set up.
It says here that the county mentioned indirectly manages the local military and political affairs. Even Xuanhua Prefecture is a propaganda organization for controlling ethnic minorities, which is used to coordinate the relations or affairs of ethnic minorities such as Uighur and Tubo.
"Its official system is similar to that of the Song Dynasty."
When Li Yuanhao established the official management system of Xixia, he obviously borrowed from the official management system of Song regime, but he did not copy it completely.
Why is the official system of Xixia kingdom different from that of Song Dynasty?
First, the Song regime had only one official management system and only one official name. Although Xixia Kingdom is also an official management system, it has two official names: Sino-Tibetan.
Second, the official positions of the Song Dynasty regime, from the imperial court to the local administrative organs at all levels, were all held by Han people, except for some border areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. However, there are both "Han officials" and "Fan people and Fan officials" in the official organizational system of Xixia State.
Third, the official does not agree with the position of an organization or an organization with the same name as the Song Dynasty. For example, there was a nominal official position in the Northern Song Dynasty, which had no right to be similar to a nominal official position, and it was abolished directly in the Southern Song Dynasty.
(In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was originally a garrison officer, and later it was an official position in Zhongshu Province, but it had a nominal position and no real power. )
The secretariat of Xixia kingdom is an official position that participates in government affairs, with decision-making power and execution power, and is generally held by Tangut nobles or royal families. Therefore, the official position of Xixia secretariat is an official position with both titles and rights, and its position is second only to that of prime minister. It can be said that it is equivalent to the post of deputy prime minister who participated in politics in the Song Dynasty.
Take the strokes of Tao as the command of the book and make it a hundred teachers. After a while, let's be friends.
Fourth, the local organs of the Song regime were divided into two levels, namely, the government, the army and the prison. Although Xixia kingdom has also set up a two-level management system, it has also set up "county and government" management institutions in some relatively sensitive minority areas.
Fifth, during the Song Dynasty, the system of official, post and difference was separated, but Xixia Kingdom completely abandoned this chaotic and complicated management system.
Sixth, during the Song Dynasty, officials at all levels enjoyed high salaries, but although Xixia Kingdom also had a certain salary, it was far from the Central Plains Dynasty.
On the basis of establishing the official system, the Xixia Kingdom extended the establishment of military and political management, which can be said to be gradually improved and developed on the basis of the original tribal management system of the Tangut and the system of the Tang and Song Dynasties.
The Privy Council is an official directly under the central government and the highest command body of the national defense forces of Xixia State, with several departments. Tang envoys directly controlled the military and political power and frontier reserve forces of Xixia kingdom, echoed with Zhongshu province, another administrative organ directly under the central government of Xixia kingdom, and held the supreme power of Xixia kingdom. Their subordinates have an official system of knowing each other, agreeing with envoys, writing books and supporting the system.
The armed forces of Xixia state are composed of the guards directly under the central government, as well as capture troops and local garrison troops. The Central Guard (Proton Soldiers) of Xixia Kingdom includes the Royal Guard and the Capital Garrison. Proton soldiers number about 5000 people, all selected from the Tangut nobles in Xixia, and are composed of people who are good at riding and shooting and are brave and good at fighting. They are mainly responsible for guarding the safety of the royal family. This army is called "six straight classes in the Royal Surrounding", which means * * * guards in three groups in turn.
In addition, there are about 3,000 imperial soldiers, composed of elite soldiers carefully selected by various arms of Xixia. All are heavy cavalry, divided into ten groups, each group of 300 people, traveling or fighting with the emperor. There is also a mobile force of nearly 30 thousand people stationed in the capital of Xixia kingdom, on standby 24 hours a day. This team is well equipped and is the main force of Xixia national defense force.
The capture army, another main force of Xixia kingdom, has about100000 people and is one of the military elites of Xixia kingdom. The first duty of the escapee is to be responsible for the attack and maneuver of the city or position. The name of this team comes from the fact that it captured the enemy as slaves in repeated wars, so it had to be named.
The local garrisons in Xixia kingdom are all controlled by the military and political supervision departments stationed in local administrative agencies, with about 500 thousand troops, and the arms of these local garrisons are basically cavalry and infantry.
As we all know, Xixia kingdom originated from nomadic tribes, so the military service management system is a system of universal soldiers. The system in which all the people are soldiers is a system in which they participate in training and are responsible for farming in daily life, and they can join the battle sequence at any time when the war breaks out.
In the next article, we will discuss the conscription system and measures of Xixia, the combat system of Xixia army and the role of Xixia Military Supervision Bureau.