Su Shi (1037 ~1101), a native of Meishan, Dongpo, was a famous writer and one of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties. He is knowledgeable and versatile, and has high attainments in calligraphy, painting, poetry and prose. He is good at painting bamboo stones and strange stones, and calligraphy theory is also outstanding in painting. He is a literary leader after Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his prose is as famous as Ouyang Xiu. Poetry is like the name of Huang Tingjian; His poems are magnificent, bold and unconstrained in style, and have changed into elegant ones. Known as "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, * * * is an uninhibited poet. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him. Therefore, they are called the four bachelor's degree in Sumen.
His father, Su Xun, is the "Sue" who became angry at the age of 27 in the San Zi Jing. Although Su Xun got angry late, he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's efforts, Su Shi could not have received a good tutor in his childhood, let alone "studied classics and history" before his coronation.
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time with a nominal age of 2 1 year. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article on "Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment".
In the sixth year of Jiayou, Su Shi took the exam of Chinese middle school, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", and entered the third class. He awarded the judge of Dali and signed the book Fengxiang House. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding You attended the funeral and returned to Li. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to Korea after serving his sentence.
Su Shi has been away from Beijing for several years, and great changes have taken place in North Korea. After Zongshen ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law in the new country. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties withered, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, so he disagreed with the practice of Prime Minister Wang Anshi. He thought that the new law could not be convenient for the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, he was not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi demanded freedom and was transferred to Hangzhou as a judge.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After taking office, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, someone deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems satirizing the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is known in history as Wutai Poetry Case.
Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of decapitation. Fortunately, during the reign of Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Kuangyin, the Northern Song Dynasty decided not to kill the minister, so Su Shi survived.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted as the deputy envoy of Huangzhou Yingyong (equivalent to the deputy captain of the modern civil self-defense force). This position was originally quite humble, but at this time, Su Shi was disheartened after this prison, so he led his family to reclaim wasteland and farm to help make a living. It was at this time that he gave himself a nickname "Dongpo lay man".
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong, Su Shi left Huangzhou for Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is a long way, and the tolls are exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou before being approved. When he was preparing to return to Changzhou and go south, Zongshen died.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the empress dowager listened to politics, the new party forces collapsed, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor of rites in 1998. The former dynasty was promoted to the residence, and three months later, he was promoted to the Chinese Book Sheren, so he was promoted to the bachelor of Hanlin.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and offered suggestions to the emperor again.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he went to Hangzhou as a magistrate again after a long absence of 16 years. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam with dredged silt beside it, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived a comfortable life in Hangzhou, comparing himself with Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. However, after six years in Yuan You, he was recalled to North Korea. But he was soon released to Yingzhou because of political disagreement. After eight years in Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again. He was demoted to Huizhou for resettlement, and later demoted to Danzhou (now Danzhou, Hainan) on the charge of "mocking the DPRK first".
Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements
Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes, being bold and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like flowing water, with no definite quality at first, but always doing what you should do, often by hook or by crook." Art and science are natural. The artistic realm of posture (thank you for the book). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is as famous as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's Postscript Dongpo (Left and Right) Chi Ji says: "His prose is as loose as water, and his waves are naturally written."
Su Shi was bent on promotion, and Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan both left his home.
There are about 4,000 poems by Su Shi, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles. They are mainly bold, changeable and romantic, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Tiao's original poem said: "Su Shi's poems are unprecedented in ancient and modern times, and everything in the world laughs and curses from the pen." The grand view of Zhao Yi's generation ... especially the unattainable, natural pen, as refreshing as a sad pear, soon cut together, hidden. This is why it is a big family after Li and Du, and it is not as good as Li and Du. "
There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional style of ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and created a bold ci school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, and broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry. He made great contributions to the innovation and development of Ci. His representative works include Nian Nu Jiao and Shui Diao Ge Tou, which created the uninhibited ci world and was called Su Xin with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry and prose, like the wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at calligraphy and regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He studied with famous artists in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Another cloud says, "Be original, not practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said, "In the early years, he was not as accurate as his boss." There is another saying: "In Huangzhou, the pen is very powerful." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. Besides, my knowledge, mind and knowledge are everywhere, and my life is full of ups and downs. My calligraphy style is ups and downs, and I can imagine him as a person by looking at his calligraphy. I respect people and books. At that time, my brother, son and nephew were all learning from him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong all learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, showing its great influence. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "Those who are good at books in this dynasty will push (Su) first."
Su Shi painted ink bamboo in his paintings, learning literature (that is, literature and art), which is more concise than literature and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "put the ink bamboo from underground to the top. I asked: Why not segment it? " Say: when bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? "He is also good at making ancient trees and strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "Use dead trees as branches and bend them for no reason;" The stone is hard and strange for no reason, such as the depression in his chest. "It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and far-reaching. He has outstanding ideas in painting and calligraphy, which has a far-reaching influence on painting. For example, he attaches great importance to the likeness of spirit, advocates the feeling beyond painting, advocates "unity of poetry and painting, ingenuity and freshness", and clearly points out that the picture scroll of Xiaoxiang bamboo slips discovered in the Scholars in recent years is also his work.
Su Shi is a rare literary and artistic genius in the history of China, and he made many achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy and painting in the Song Dynasty.