The 30th World Heritage Congress opened in Vilnius, Lithuania on July 8th. Participants discussed the issue of human protection of world heritage. After evaluation, Yin Ruins in Anyang were listed in the World Cultural Heritage List in July 13. It became the 33rd World Heritage Site in China.
World heritage is divided into five categories: cultural heritage, natural heritage, dual heritage of culture and nature, cultural landscape or industrial heritage, oral or intangible heritage of mankind.
China 3 1 World Heritage List
World natural heritage
1. Jiuzhaigou (1992.438+02)
Located in Nanping County, northern Sichuan Province, it is a ravine with a depth of more than 40 kilometers. It is named after nine Tibetan villages around it, with a total area of about 620 square kilometers. Natural scenery includes lakes, waterfalls, snow-capped mountains and forests. The ditch is secluded and sparsely populated, with unique scenery and rich original natural features, and has the reputation of "fairy tale world". There are more than 100 lakes in the valley, among which the "Five Flowers Sea" with sedimentary rocks as the bottom is colorful, showing colorful colors under the sunlight. Nuorilang Waterfall is about 30 meters high and about 100 meters wide.
2. Huanglong (1992 438+02)
Huanglong Scenic Area is located in Songpan County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. It covers an area of 700 square kilometers. The main landscape is concentrated in Huanglonggou, which is about 3.6 kilometers long. The ditch is covered with calcium carbonate deposits, which are arranged in a ladder shape, like a golden dragon, accompanied by snow-capped mountains, waterfalls, virgin forests, canyons and other landscapes. Huanglong Scenic Area is famous for its unique karst landscape and rich animal and plant resources. From the bottom of Huanglonggou (2000 meters above sea level) to the top of the mountain (3800 meters above sea level), there are subtropical evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous mixed forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow and so on. Giant pandas, golden monkeys and other 10 kinds of precious animals roam among them, making the special karst landform of Huanglong Scenic Area intertwined with rare animal and plant resources, which is natural. It enjoys the reputation of "the wonder of the world" and "the jade pool on earth" with its majestic, spectacular and wild scenery characteristics.
3. Wulingyuan (1992 438+02)
Wulingyuan Scenic Area is located in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province. With a total area of 264 square kilometers, it consists of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Suoxiyu and Tianzi. The main landscape is seasonal sandstone peak forest landform, and there are 3 103 strange peaks in the territory, which are spectacular in different postures. In addition, ravines are criss-crossed, streams are densely covered, forests are dense and inaccessible, the forest coverage rate reaches 85%, the vegetation coverage rate reaches 99%, there are more than 3,000 kinds of middle and higher plants, more than 700 kinds of trees and as many as 450 kinds of ornamental garden flowers. 50 families 1 16 species of terrestrial vertebrates. The underground caves in the area are beaded with jade, and the initial length of the developed Huanglong Cave is 1 1 km. Wulingyuan is famous for its "five wonders" of peaks, rocks, valleys, water and caves.
4. Three parallel rivers (July 2003)
The natural landscape of "Three Parallel Rivers" is located in the longitudinal valley of Hengduan Mountain in the south extension of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and distributed in Lijiang, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Nujiang Li Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. It consists of Nujiang River, Lancangjiang River, Jinshajiang River and their mountains, with a total area of 4 1 1,000 square kilometers. It is located at the intersection of East Asia, South Asia and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is a rare representative area of alpine landform and its evolution in the world, and it is also one of the regions with the richest biological species in the world. There are more than 6,000 species of higher plants, 173 species of mammals, 4 17 species of birds, 59 species of reptiles, 36 species of amphibians, 76 species of freshwater fish and 3/kloc-0 species of butterflies in this area, which are unique in the world. The area with three parallel rivers is the natural habitat for maintaining biodiversity and the habitat of endangered species, and it is one of the world-famous producing areas of animal and plant specimens. At the same time, there are 16 ethnic groups living in this area, which is a rare area in the world where multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious beliefs and customs coexist.
World cultural heritage
1. Forbidden City (1987.438+02)
Also known as the Forbidden City, located in the center of Beijing, it is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties, where 24 emperors successively ascended the throne. Founded in 1406, it has been nearly 600 years. The Forbidden City is the largest and most well-preserved ancient wooden structure complex in the world, covering an area of 720,000 square meters and a construction area of about 6,543,800+0.5 million square meters. It has more than 9,000 halls, among which the Hall of Supreme Harmony (also known as the Hall of Golden Throwing) is the place where the emperor held ceremonies such as enthronement, birthday celebration and invasion of the DPRK. The Yellow Tile Red Wall, Hsi Chin, White Jade Carved Columns and Palace Que of the Forbidden City overlap magnificently, which is the essence of ancient architecture in China. There are about 6,543,800 pieces of precious cultural relics and artworks in the palace.
2. Summer Palace (1998.438+05438+0)
Haidian, at the foot of Xishan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing, is full of springs and mountains, with picturesque scenery. From 1 1 century, the royal gardens were built here. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, 800 years later, the total garden area had reached 1000 hectares. Among the Western Hills Gardens, the most famous is "Three Mountains and Five Gardens". Three mountains refer to Xiangshan Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Wanshou Mountain. These three mountains are Jingyi Garden, Jingming Garden and Summer Palace, plus Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan, which are the so-called five gardens. "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" are independent gardens with their own characteristics, but they are interrelated and patchwork. Such a concentrated garden has only been seen in the world. The Summer Palace among the "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" is one of the largest royal gardens in the world, with a total area of about 290 hectares. Its architectural style has absorbed the essence of architecture in all parts of China. The palace area and the inner courtyard area in the east are typical northern quadrangles, and the enclosed courtyards are connected by verandahs. The lake area in the south is a typical West Lake style in Hangzhou. A "Su Causeway" divides the lake into two, full of Jiangnan customs; To the north of Wanshou Mountain, there is a typical Tibetan Lama Temple style, white pagoda bunker-style building; Suzhou Street in the north is a typical water town style, with many shops and vertical waterways. The Summer Palace concentrates the essence of China's classical architecture and accommodates the garden styles of different regions. It can be called the Garden Architecture Museum.
3. The Great Wall (1987.438+02)
The Great Wall is located in the north of China, starting from Shanhaiguan in the east and Jiayuguan in the west, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers. It is commonly known as the Great Wall of Wan Li. The Great Wall is the greatest architectural project in the history of human civilization. It was built more than 2000 years ago during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it became the Great Wall of Wan Li. Large-scale construction in hamming period. The vastness of its project and the grandeur of its momentum can be called a miracle of the world.
The construction of the Great Wall lasted for more than two thousand years. According to historical records, the Great Wall was built by more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties from the construction of Fangcheng by Chu in the 7th century BC to the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644). Among them, the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties is more than 5,000 kilometers long. If you add up the Great Wall built in different eras, the total length is more than 50,000 kilometers. If we build a masonry earthwork wall with a thickness of 1 meter and a height of 5 meters for the Great Wall, this wall can circle the earth more than once.
The main project of the Great Wall is a tall wall stretching across Wan Li, most of which is built at the highest point of the mountain. The endless winding mountains are clearly outlined along the ridge, shaping a galloping and magnificent dragon and becoming a symbol of the Chinese nation. On the wall of Wan Licheng, there are hundreds of Xiongguan and Pass, thousands of watchtowers and beacon towers, which break the monotony of the wall and make the undulating terrain more majestic and steep, full of great artistic charm.
The Great Wall in Wan Li, China, is the longest and largest national military defense project in the world. It embodies the sweat and wisdom of our ancestors and is the symbol and pride of the Chinese nation.
According to historical records, since the Warring States period, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties have built the Great Wall. The first is Chu, which began to build the Great Wall to defend the northern nomadic people or enemy countries. Later, countries such as Qi, Yan, Wei, Zhao and Qin began to build their own Great Wall for the same purpose. After Qin unified the six countries, Qin Shihuang sent a famous soldier, Meng Tian, to explore the Xiongnu in the north, connecting the Great Walls of various countries, stretching for more than 10,000 miles from Yao in the west to Liaodong in the east, hence the name "Wan Li Great Wall". There are only relics left in Qin Changcheng. Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall with 300,000 people, which created a miracle in the history of human architecture. The construction of the Great Wall objectively played a positive role in preventing the Huns from invading the south and protecting the economic and cultural development of the Central Plains. Dr. Sun Yat-sen once commented: "Although the first emperor had no choice, the Great Wall made great contributions to later generations. In fact, Dayu managed water and so on."
The Han Dynasty continued to build the Great Wall. From Wendi to Xuan Di, from Dawaner Shicheng in the west to the north bank of Heilongjiang in the east, a 10,000-kilometer-long Great Wall was built. Half of the ancient Silk Road was along the Great Wall, which was the longest in history. In the Ming Dynasty, the construction of the Great Wall never stopped in order to prevent the invasion of Tatars and Waci people. From Hongwu to Wanli, after 20 large-scale constructions, from Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west to Hushan in Liaodong in the east, a side wall of 6,350 kilometers was built.
What we see today is mainly the Ming Great Wall.
4. Temple of Heaven (1998.438+05438+0)
Located at the southern tip of Beijing, the Temple of Heaven is the place where emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties offered sacrifices to heaven and prayed for blessings. With its rigorous architectural layout, peculiar architectural structure and magnificent architectural decoration, it is considered as the most exquisite and beautiful ancient architectural complex in China, enjoying a high reputation in the world.
The Temple of Heaven was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420), and it was built at the same time as the Forbidden City, covering an area of about 2.7 million square meters. It is divided into two parts: the inner altar and the outer altar, and the main building is in the inner altar. In the south, there are vault altar and imperial vault, and in the north, there are hall for praying for the New Year and hall for the dry emperor, which are connected by a tunnel with a height of 2.5 meters, a width of 28 meters and a length of 360 meters. The overall design of the Temple of Heaven emphasizes "Heaven" from architectural layout to every detail. Its 300-meter-long tunnel is above the ground, and people board it and look around. The first thing they see is the vast sky and the Hall of Prayer for the New Year, and a feeling of being close to the sky arises spontaneously. This passage is also called Hyman Avenue, because the ancients thought that going to the Temple of Heaven to worship heaven was equal to heaven, and the journey from earth to heaven was very long.
5. chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples (1994+02)
The summer resort and its surrounding temples are located in Chengde City, Hebei Province. Built at the beginning of18th century, it consists of a palace, royal gardens and magnificent temples. Covering an area of 5.64 million square meters, the Summer Resort is the largest existing royal garden in China, with a winding palace wall of 10,000 meters. With the help of natural wild interest, the summer resort has formed the layout of southeast lake area, northwest mountain area and northeast grassland, which is isomorphic and becomes the epitome of Chinese territory. Built at the southern end, the Palace is the place where the emperor exercises power, lives, studies and entertains. So far, it has collected more than 20,000 pieces of furnishings and daily necessities of the emperor. The summer resort, the summer palace of the Qing emperor, has built more than 20 groups of buildings/kloc-0 by various traditional methods, integrating the characteristics of Jiangnan water town and northern grassland, and has become a model of China royal garden art.
The surrounding temples are composed of 12 magnificent Lama temples, such as Boren Temple, Boshan Temple, Pule Temple, Anyuan Temple, Puning Temple, Puyou Temple, Guangyuan Temple, Sumeru Fushou Temple, Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Guang 'an Temple, Luohantang Temple, Shuxiang Temple, etc., surrounding the east and north foothills of the villa, covering an area of 47 * *. Every temple is like a monument, recording the history of unity and unity in the Qing Dynasty. The architectural style of these temples combines Chinese and Tibetan culture and art. In temples, nearly 10,000 exquisite Buddha statues and utensils have been well preserved and enshrined, and their isomorphism has become the masterpiece of China's ancient architecture in the18th century.
The summer resort and its surrounding temples are a closely linked organic whole, and at the same time have a strong contrast of different styles. The summer resort is quaint and elegant, and the surrounding temples are magnificent. This was one of the important measures taken by the Qing emperors to deal with ethnic relations.
6. Pingyao Ancient City
Pingyao Ancient City, located in the middle of Shanxi Province, is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,700 years. This is the only ancient county in China that successfully declared the world cultural heritage with the whole ancient city.
Pingyao Ancient City was built during the Zhou Xuanwang period from 827 BC to 782 BC, and was the residence of Yin Jifu, the general of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Pingyao City has been the seat of county administration since the Qin government implemented the "county system" in 22 1 BC and continues to this day. Pingyao ancient city experienced vicissitudes and became the most complete prototype of ancient county town in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Up to now, the walls, streets, houses, shops, temples and other buildings in the ancient city are still basically intact, and the original shape and pattern remain basically unchanged. They are all organic parts of the existing historical sites of Pingyao ancient city.
Pingyao Ancient City is known as "the collection and treasure house of ancient buildings in China", and the preservation of cultural relics and historic sites with high grade is rare in China. Among them, it was built in the Western Zhou Dynasty and expanded in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1370). It is the most complete preserved city wall in China. There is the most precious wooden structure in existence, which was built in the seventh year of Tianhui in the Northern Han Dynasty (963) and ranked third in the country. The five dynasties painted sculptures in the temple are treasures and samples for studying the early painted sculptures in China. There is Shuanglin Temple, which was built in the second year of Wuping, Northern Qi Dynasty (57 1) and is known as the "treasure house of ancient colored sculptures in China". There are 2,052 pieces of colored sculptures in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. There is a rare Confucian temple in China during the Song and Jin Dynasties-Dacheng Hall of Confucian Temple; China, the originator of finance, is known as "No.1 in the world" and "Huitong in the world". There is Qingxu Guan, a peculiar structure of "hanging beams and columns", which was built in the second year of Tang Xianqing, and it is rare in ancient buildings in China. More than 20 woodcarving statues in the museum are rare objects to study the ancient woodcarving art in China and the development of Taoism. There are 1000 stone carvings of different ages, shapes and colors and various glazed objects in the ancient city. At the same time, Pingyao ancient city is one of the gathering centers of ancient residential buildings in China. Among the 4,000 existing ancient and modern residential buildings in the ancient city, more than 400 typically reflect the styles and characteristics of ancient and modern northern residential buildings in China.
Pingyao has a long history of siege and many cultural relics. It fully embodies the historical features from 17 to 19 century, and is a historical museum of architectural art in Ming and Qing dynasties. Its ancient buildings and cultural relics are rare in quantity and taste in China, which is of great historical, artistic and scientific value to the study of China's ancient urban changes, urban architecture, human living patterns and the development of traditional culture.
UNESCO's evaluation of Pingyao Ancient City is: "Pingyao Ancient City is an outstanding model of Han cities in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which preserved all its characteristics and showed people a complete picture of extraordinary cultural, social, economic and religious development in the historical development of China".
7. Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site (1987.438+02)
Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site is located in Longgushan, Zhoukoudian, Fangshan District, Beijing. It's about 50 kilometers from Beijing. 1929, China paleontologist Pei Wenzhong discovered the teeth, bones and a complete skull of primitive human here. And found the remains of "Beijingers" living, hunting and using fire, confirming that there were human activities in Beijing 500 thousand years ago. Archaeologists began to dig here and found a complete ape-man skull about 600 thousand years ago, named Peking man. Later, some stone tools and fires used by apes were found in Gulong Mountain. This discovery and research established the special and irreplaceable position of this site in the world paleoanthropology research. Zhoukoudian site is an ancient human site with the richest and most vivid human fossil materials, the most complete plant fossils and the most in-depth research in the world.
A total of 6 skulls, 12 skull fragments, 15 mandibles, 157 teeth, femur and tibia fractures were unearthed from Peking man fossils, belonging to more than 40 men, women and children. More than 654.38 million stone tools, burning ash sites, burnt stones and bones were discovered. The average brain capacity of Beijingers is 1088 ml (modern brain capacity is 1400), and the estimated height of Beijingers is 156 cm (male) and 150 cm (female). Beijingers belong to the Stone Age, and the main method of processing stone tools is hammering, followed by smashing and occasionally anvil striking. Beijingers were also the earliest ancient humans who used fire and hunted large animals. According to statistics, 68.2% of Beijingers 14 years old died, and less than 4.5% were over 50 years old.
At the top of 1930 Gulong Mountain, an ancient human fossil, named "Neanderthal", which lived about 20,000 years ago, was excavated. 1973, a "new caveman" was found in two years, which indicates the continuation and development of Beijingers.
Through the study of these archaeological materials, it is proved that Peking man created a unique paleolithic culture about 690,000 years ago, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of paleolithic culture in northern China. The discovery of Beijingers also advanced the history of fire by hundreds of thousands of years, leaving a thick pile of ashes in the cave where they lived.
8. Old Town of Lijiang (1997.438+02)
Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. Its geographical coordinates are 26 34' to 27 26' north latitude and 99 23' to 65 438+000 32' east longitude, with an area of 7,648 square kilometers and a population of 329,000. There are more than ten nationalities living here, including Naxi, Li, Pumi, Han, Bai, Yi and Tibetan. Among them, Naxi184,000 people, accounting for 57% of the total population.
Located in the transition zone from Hengduan Mountains at the southern tip of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the northern part of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Lijiang's climate is influenced by Gao Yuanfeng in South Asia, with distinct wet and dry seasons, little temperature change, beautiful surrounding scenery and beautiful natural environment. Lijiang's terrain inclines from northwest to southeast, showing a step-by-step decline. The highest elevation is 3,396 meters at the main peak of Yulong Mountain, and the lowest elevation is 4,337 meters at Jinsha River Valley 12 19 meters.
As early as/kloc-0.0 million years ago, homo sapiens "Lijiang people" lived here in the late Paleolithic period. The discovery of cave murals in Jinsha River basin and the appearance of many neolithic, bronze and ironware prove that Lijiang is one of the important areas of ancient human activities in southwest China. According to historical records, during the Warring States Period (475 BC-2265438 BC+0 BC), the Lijiang River belonged to Shu County of Qin State and was located in Sui County. In the Tang Dynasty, it returned to Tubo, Nannuma and Dali in the Song Dynasty. In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1), the Xuanwei Department of Lijiang was established and called Lijiang. In the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368 "- 16644), Lijiang Military and Civilian Mansion was established. Lijiang House was established in the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1723). Lijiang County was founded in the Republic of China (A.D.1911-1949). Lijiang County People's Government was established in July 1949 and moved to Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County in April 196 1.
Old Town of Lijiang is located on a plateau platform at an altitude of 2400 meters below Yulong Mountain. It was built in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty (from the end of 12 to the middle of 13), with a total area of 3.8 square kilometers. The old Tusi yamen is located in the south of the city, surrounded by a palace. On an east-west main axis, there are buildings such as stone archway, Danchi, main hall, attached hall, Guangbi building and Yuyin building. Xu Xiake, a great traveler in the Ming Dynasty, once marveled at Japan: "The beauty of the palace is intended for the king." The north of the city is a commercial area, centered on Sifang Street, with four main roads extending in a meridian shape and commercial pavements along the street. East of the city is the seat of the old official residence, including the Civilization Square, the Confucian Temple and the Wu Temple.
"The city depends on water, and the water follows the city" is a major feature of Dayan ancient city in Lijiang. Located in the north of the city, Black Dragon Pool is the main water source of the ancient city. The pool winds down from north to south and divides into three streams at Shuangshiqiao. Each tributary is divided into countless streams, which scratch the house into the wall and walk through the garden, forming a scene in which the street is by the river, the alley is by the water, and the building is built across the water. Above the water network, there are as many as 354 stone bridges and wooden bridges of various shapes, making the bridge density of Dayan Ancient City the highest in China. Lijiang folk houses are rich in national characteristics, and the plane layout has various forms, such as three squares, one zhaobi, four entrances and five patios, front and rear courtyards, and one entrance and many courtyards. Houses are built on high and low terrain, mostly with two floors and three floors, which are applicable and beautiful. As the main residents of the ancient city, Naxi nationality has a long and rich traditional culture, and the famous Dongba culture, Naxi ancient music and white sand murals are its important connotations.
Lijiang Dayan Ancient City, as a famous historical and cultural city in China, embodies the unique living environment, local historical culture and folk customs of Naxi nationality. The cultural connotation excavated by Duff provides valuable information for studying the history of urban architecture and the development of the country. Not only China, but also the precious cultural heritage of all mankind.
9. Suzhou Classical Gardens (1997 438+02)
The history of Suzhou classical gardens can be traced back to the gardens of King Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 6th century BC. Private gardens were first recorded in Dongjiang Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4th century). Gardens flourished in past dynasties, with more and more famous gardens. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou became the most prosperous area in China, with private gardens all over the ancient city. In the heyday of16-18th century, there were more than 200 gardens in Suzhou, and now dozens of them are well preserved, making Suzhou known as a paradise on earth.
An important feature of Suzhou classical garden is that it is not only the product of history and culture, but also the carrier of China traditional thought and culture. It is manifested in the naming, plaque, calligraphy, carving and decoration of the garden hall, as well as the meaning of flowers and trees and the love of stacked stones. It is not only a beautiful art that adorns the garden, but also stores many historical, cultural, ideological and scientific information, material and spiritual contents.
Lingering Garden
Some reflect and spread various philosophical concepts and schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Some preach the philosophy of life and cultivate noble sentiments; With the help of classical poems and literary works, the landscape is embellished, germinated and rendered, so that people can turn the landscape into feelings in their lives and sightseeing, produce artistic beauty and obtain spiritual satisfaction.
the master of nets garden
The park has a well-preserved collection of calligraphy works by famous calligraphers in China, which is a precious work of art with high cultural value. In addition, Suzhou Classical Garden, as the first house garden in China, reflects the life style and etiquette of folk living and leaving their relatives in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China, and is the material for understanding and studying the folk customs in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China.
Humble Administrator's Garden
Compared with the grandeur, neatness, grandeur and richness of royal gardens, Suzhou gardens are famous for their compactness, freedom, exquisiteness, elegance and freehand brushwork. Because the latter pays more attention to the harmony and unity of culture and art, the royal gardens developed in the later period also absorbed a lot of "freehand brushwork" techniques of private gardens in terms of artistic conception, creative thinking, architectural techniques and humanistic content.
Huanxiu Villa
As typical classical gardens in Suzhou, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa were all born in the heyday of private gardens in Suzhou. They have become models and representatives of many classical gardens in Suzhou with their profound artistic conception, exquisite construction, elegant art and rich cultural connotation.
10. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit (17.8+02)
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the foot of Mount Li, which is more than 30 kilometers away. According to historical records, Ying Zheng began to build cemeteries when he ascended the throne at the age of Qin Dynasty 13. The planning and design are presided over by Prime Minister Reese, and the construction is supervised by General Zhang Han. It took 38 years to build, and the project was huge and magnificent, which created a precedent for the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties. At that time, the total population of the Qin Dynasty was about 20 million, and the labor for building tombs reached 720,000. The spiritual household soil is taken from Sanliu village, 2000 meters south of the cemetery, to the county quarry, with multi-level loess cliffs, 5-25 meters high. A large number of stones used in the construction of the cemetery were taken from Zhongshan and Jun 'e Mountain, north of Weihe River, and all of them were transported to Linchong by manpower, so the project was very difficult.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 43 meters high, with a base circumference of 1.700 meters. It is made of double rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi in the capital. The inner city is slightly square with a circumference of 3890 meters. There are two doors in the north, and one door is opened on all three sides. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters and a door on each side. Jia Ling lies to the south of the cemetery.
The pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at l 500 meters east of the cemetery. This used to be a cemetery, and local farmers found something similar to people when they dug graves. 1in March, 974, when the villagers in Xiyang village in Lingdong were fighting drought, a large toilet pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was found between Lisanxiahe village and Wula village on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Qin figurines buried more than 2000 years ago was discovered.
The toilet burial pits of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first pit of Terracotta Warriors was rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are sloping doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors and horses pits on the left and right, which are now called pits No.2 and No.3. ..
The Terracotta Warriors Pit is the largest underground military museum in the world. The layout of the copper pit is reasonable and the structure is peculiar. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls.
More than 500 samurai spears, 6 chariots and 24 horsemen, as well as bronze weapons and ironware used in actual combat, such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds, were unearthed in pit 1. At the eastern end of the cave, there are 2 10 terracotta warriors and horses with different facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles, which are lifelike. They are arranged in three rows, with 70 people in each row. Except for three leaders wearing pin armour, the rest are all dressed in short brown, with their legs tied, without helmets, holding bows and arrows and crossbows. Later, it was the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each armed with spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons of about 3 meters, separated from 35 chariots by 38 columns 1 1 east-west tunnels. There are a row of warrior figures on the north and south sides and at both ends, which look like guards to prevent the side tail from being attacked. This team is uniform, well-equipped, powerful and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of the mighty army of Qin Shihuang in previous dynasties and has a strong artistic appeal.