The greening design of residential areas first developed in western developed countries. In the forties and fifties of last century, the rapid development of industry destroyed the ecological environment and brought a series of serious consequences, forcing relevant countries to attach importance to environmental design. In the 1970s, Japan took the lead in formulating policies to improve the living environment, and put forward the basic requirements of living environment design: comfort, beauty, safety, hygiene and convenience. In 1980s, Britain put forward the design principle of "living close to the natural environment" in the construction of new cities and residential areas, which was widely recognized by the society. Greening is the basic element of environmental landscape. In the past, the greening of residential areas was often "a peach blossom and a willow" along the river, which was satisfied with the low-level stage of "putting on greening and not seeing loess", with few characteristics and artistry. The landscaping of modern residential areas presents several trends:
(1) Trees, shrubs, flowers and plants are planted. Grassy ground cover plants such as Manila and Fire Phoenix create a lush plant background, dotted with ornamental tall trees such as camphor, magnolia, palm and ginkgo, as well as clustered spherical shrubs and colorful flowers. The height is scattered, the distance is clear, the density is dense, and the green landscape is rich;
(2) The combination of planting greening plane and three-dimensional changes the greening of residential areas from horizontal direction to horizontal and vertical combination. According to different greening positions, vertical greening can be divided into fence greening, balcony greening, roof greening, hanging greening and climbing greening.
(3) Combine the practicality and artistry of planting and greening, pursue composition, color, contrast and texture, and form green landscapes such as green spots, green belts, green corridors, green slopes, green faces and green windows, while paying attention to the combined use with hard landscapes and the maintenance of greening. These have greatly enriched the connotation of greening in residential areas.
2. Road design
Roads are the framework of residential areas. On the one hand, it plays the role of diverting traffic and organizing living space. On the other hand, good road design itself constitutes a beautiful landscape in residential areas. Roads in residential areas are generally divided into roadways and sidewalks between houses according to their functions; According to paving materials, roads in residential areas can be divided into concrete roads, asphalt roads and all kinds of paved roads similar to stones. Roads in residential areas, especially between houses, often form the most basic landscape line in residential areas together with kerbs, kerbs, leisure chairs, plant arrangement and lamps. Therefore, when we design roads in residential areas, it is necessary to comprehensively consider horizontal curves, vertical curves, width and framing, paving materials, greening and decoration, etc., so as to endow roads with beautiful shapes. If the main roads in this area may be relatively straight, compressive materials such as concrete and asphalt should be laid; There are many kinds of roads between houses, which are paved with natural and quasi-natural materials such as slate, decorative concrete and pebbles.
3. Bank protection
River revetment plays the role of flood control, flood discharge and revetment. In the design of hard landscape, if we can skillfully make a fuss about the form and material of revetment, control the speed of water flow through the width and shape of the river, create rapids, slow flows and still waters, and form a waterscape with dynamic and static combination, patchwork and natural and artificial blending, supplemented by decorations such as lights, fountains, greening and railings, we can form a multi-line and all-weather sign landscape in the area. For example, a bronze statue of "Mother and Child Drinking Horses" stands beside the pebbles and stone embankment in Suzhou "Century Garden", and the scene is harmonious and quiet.
Step 4 lay the floor
Square pavement is a place where people pass and stay in residential areas, and it is also a place where people are concentrated. In the planning and design, through the changes of height difference, material, color, texture and pattern, charming pavement and site landscape are created. At present, there are several paving materials in residential areas, such as square bricks, stones, concrete blocks, decorative concrete, pebbles, wood and so on. Excellent hard floor paving is often ingenious and full of decorative beauty. For example, a decorative concrete square in a residential area is embedded with children's footprints, which has a strong sense of direction and interest. It is worth mentioning that the "dry landscape" technique in modern gardens originated in Japan, and it is a relatively novel paving technique to create an image similar to a stream with quartz sand, pebbles and stones, which is quite ornamental.
Step 5 try
Sketches play an important role in the hard landscape of residential areas, and carefully designed sketches often become the focus of people's vision and become the logo of residential areas.
(1) Sculpture sketch can be divided into abstract sculpture and concrete sculpture, and the materials used are stone carving, steel carving, bronze carving, wood carving and glass fiber reinforced plastic carving. Sculpture design should be coordinated with the style and theme of the base environment and residential area, and excellent sculpture sketches often play the role of making the finishing point and activating the space atmosphere. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the "scene sculpture" which is widely used now shows a touching moment in people's daily life and is thought-provoking. Hundreds of surnames are engraved on three screen steel plates designed by Suzhou Du Ming Garden Activity Square. The light shadow of the sun reflects black and white handwriting on the ground, just like a calligraphy work. Children look for their surnames under the guidance of adults, and sculpture has a good landscape effect. Another example is the abstract sculpture of "more than one year" at the entrance of "Xinsheng Xinyuan" in Suzhou Housing Project, which expresses people's good wishes for a happy and healthy life and fits the theme of "living and working in peace and contentment".
(2) Gardening sketch is an indispensable part of greening landscape. In Suzhou classical gardens, banana, Taihu stone, flower windows, stone tables and chairs, couplets, curved bridges, etc. are the elements of classical gardening. Nowadays, in the landscaping of residential areas, garden sketches tend to be diversified. A landscape wall, a small pavilion, a dried-up pool, a flower stand, piles of stones, flowerpots full of modern charm and chairs can all become wonderful scenery in modern gardening, some are ornamental decorations, and some are "residential furniture" for leisure use.
(3) Facilities Sketch There are many public facilities that are convenient for people to use in the residential area, such as street lamps, signs, mailboxes, trash cans, bulletin boards, unit boards, telephone booths, bicycle sheds, etc. For example, there are street lights, square lights, lawn lights, door lights, floodlights, building outline lights, advertising neon lights and so on. Only street lamps can be divided into main street lamps and courtyard lamps. These lamps are more and more beautiful and exquisite in shape, and can also be combined with hanging flower baskets and flags to become exquisite decorations in residential areas. The above sketches, if carefully designed, can also become a bright spot in the living environment, reflecting the design of "seeing the spirit in detail".
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