It can be said that the three generations of Kang Yong are an important period of calligraphy inheritance, which is mainly reflected in the transformation from the previous generation's post study to the stele study. The research results of epigraphy in this period are much higher than those in other dynasties.
As a link in the history of China's calligraphy development, the development of Kang Yong's calligraphy in the three generations is indeed inseparable from the inheritance characteristics of the calligraphy art itself. However, because art originated from life, the calligraphy art in this period was closely related to the aesthetics of that time.
China society in the 17th century, right? Change? Yes, from state power to ideology and morality, from artistic concept to academic atmosphere, this change is social, showing a changing trend from external to internal. The late Ming Dynasty declined during this period, and the Manchu regime gradually entered the Central Plains. This is a major social change, and academics are no exception. Confucianism in this period, especially in the Qing Dynasty, is a kind of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties? Reactionary? In any case, it will have its progressive significance in some aspects. Moreover, different progress has been made on the basis of the history of calligraphy, as Mr. Sha Menghai once said in his book? Academics in the Qing Dynasty, the most prosperous calligraphy school, also developed in a complicated way in previous generations. Thus, the art of calligraphy in Qing Dynasty is a complex and diverse art. ..
The first thing I want to say is the study of calligraphy. The copybook is the most important and main way for China literati to learn calligraphy, so the study of calligraphy is very important. In the early and middle period of Qing dynasty, the calligraphy circle put forward the viewpoint of internal reform on traditional calligraphy. Prior to this, traditional calligraphy was mainly centered on Zhong You, Wang Xizhi and Zhang Zhi, and it was an elegant and classic school. However, in the previous dynasty, especially after the Qing Dynasty, traditional calligraphy no longer dominated, and inscriptions began to occupy an important position. And this is mainly the study of epigraphy. However, it can be seen that the calligraphy art in Qing Dynasty has presented a kind of complexity different from that in previous dynasties.
This criticism and challenge to the traditional calligraphy and calligraphy in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties is not random, but mainly comes from the philosophical and literary circles. Under the changes of the times and dynasties, this trend prevailed in the literary world at that time and reached its climax in the three dynasties of Kang Yong. If this change is directly implemented in the field of calligraphy, it is a break from the original traditional concept. Calligraphy art in past dynasties has its own characteristics. Jin, Tang Shangfa, Song Shangyi, Yuan, Ming Taizu? This is the direction of the great era, and in this period, due to the accumulation of previous generations and artistic changes, this traditional solid direction was gradually broken, forming the calligraphy art we see now in Qing Dynasty, which also made the calligraphy art of its era colorful and more representative.
However, this does not mean that this is a comprehensive criticism and change of traditional calligraphy. Art is inherited and deeply rooted in people's hearts. In particular, the previous calligraphy has experienced thousands of years, which has a great influence and cannot be completely forgotten. The calligraphy art of this period also followed this tradition. Innovation is based on originality, but criticism is not total negation. This is very rare, and it is also an important reason why the calligraphy art in Qing Dynasty can reach the artistic peak.
It can be said that in the early Qing Dynasty, especially in the Kang Yong period, the prosperity of Pu Xue was an important feature of the change of the style of study in the times, which undoubtedly had an impact on academic thought. This impact was not superficial, but thought-provoking, which naturally had a great impact on calligraphy art. Looking at the ideological and cultural fields in the Qing Dynasty, Kanggan Dynasty had the best social development and the most prosperous culture, and so did calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty. Especially in the Qianlong period, there was a primary and secondary transformation between calligraphy and stele study, and this style change of the previous posts and the later steles was also an important reason for affecting the calligraphy style of its time.
In the early Qing Dynasty, scholars such as Gu and Huang Zongxi began to advocate Confucian classics and history, which promoted the development of Pu Xue. In the Qianlong period, textual research began to prevail, and the development of Park Studies became more and more prosperous. The art of calligraphy in this period is also closely related to it. Although compared with the change of academic thought at that time, calligraphy art still has its cultural purity, it still has changes and development. For example, epigraphy is an important cornerstone of Pu Xue in Qing Dynasty, and epigraphy is closely related to calligraphy, which has a great impact on the traditional calligraphy system, that is, calligraphy.
In addition, the literary inquisition also has a very important influence on calligraphy. Literary inquisition is one of the important political events in Qing Dynasty. The main high frequency occurred in Kang Yong during the Three Dynasties. During this hundred years, there have been hundreds of cases of literary inquisition. In addition to the high frequency, these literary inquisition cases are also very numerous, which have a far-reaching impact on the later period. It can be called flooding. During the reign of Kangxi, the literary inquisition had not yet become an ideological tool, but the more than 20 literary inquisitions it investigated were indeed late. Especially? Zhuang's Ming history case? What's more, the academic circles in the Qing dynasty were hit hard, and Confucian classics were no longer the mainstream, and scholars began to take the road of textual research.
In Yongzheng dynasty, the literary inquisition began to deteriorate. In the early days, the literary inquisition was the product of the power struggle within the imperial court, but in the later period, it became a suppression of the thoughts of Han intellectuals and ended the literary inquisition. Anti-Qing? Yongzheng's reign was short, only thirteen years, but there were twenty literary inquisitions. At this time, many literary prisons were denounced. Do these defendants really have them? Anti-Qing? Thoughts? Not really, but in order to take credit, there will always be some unwarranted charges.
During the Qianlong period, the literary inquisition was more prosperous, which was implemented by revising the Sikuquanshu, and the ideological imprisonment in this period was even strict. In order to avoid disasters, intellectuals naturally turned from previous practice to textual research on classicism, which was the necessity of social development at that time. As mentioned above, epigraphy is an important part of exquisite research. At that time, the literati, especially those in Qianlong dynasty, could only express their feelings on the inscriptions. Or search half a stone tablet and stab some books? This was the daily life of most scholars at that time. Among scholars, the atmosphere of visiting stone tablets and collecting and expanding them is emerging. In addition to copying the bones and muscles of previous inscriptions, many people began to study the charm of their calligraphy. The study of steles in Qing dynasty can be said to be the peak of feudal period. Today, when people study epigraphy, they mostly look through the classics.