Zhao Zhouqiao, also known as Anji Bridge, was built in the year of Sui Daye (AD 65-618) by the famous craftsman Li Chun. With a length of 64.4 meters and a span of 37.2 meters, it is a single-hole open-shouldered stone arch bridge with the largest span and the earliest construction in the world. Because there are two small holes in the shoulders at both ends of the bridge, it is not solid, so it is called open shoulder type, which is a creation in the history of bridge building in the world (it is called full shoulder or solid shoulder type without small arch).
14 years ago, Zhao Zhouqiao experienced 1 floods, 8 wars and many earthquakes, especially the 7.6-magnitude earthquake in Xingtai in 1966. Xingtai is more than 4 kilometers away, and there is also an earthquake with a magnitude of 4. here. Zhao Zhouqiao has not been damaged. Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert, said that regardless of the internal structure of the bridge, it only means that it can exist for more than 1,3 years. The flood in 1963 flooded the dragon mouth of the bridge arch. According to the local old man, you can feel the bridge body shaking greatly when standing on the bridge. According to records, Zhao Zhouqiao has been repaired eight times since its establishment.
two small arches are added at the upper ends of the main arch coupon, which can save materials, reduce the dead weight of the bridge body (by 15%) and increase the discharge of river water under the bridge.
In May, 1979, a joint investigation team composed of four units, including the Natural History Section of China Academy of Sciences, investigated the bridge foundation in Zhao Zhouqiao. The Zhao Zhouqiao with a dead weight of 2,8 tons, but its foundation was only a 1.55-meter-high abutment made of five layers of stone, which was directly built on natural sand and gravel.
This shallow bridge foundation is unbelievable. When Mr. Liang Sicheng inspected it in 1933, he thought it was just a diamond wall used to prevent water from being washed away, not the foundation for bearing the full load of the bridge ticket. In his report, he wrote:
"In order to measure the coupon base, we excavated at the foot of the coupon in the north, but about 7-8 cm below the river bed now, that is, we found the stone wall lying flat under the coupon. Stone * * * has five floors, and the height of * * * is 1.58 meters. Each floor is slightly higher than the upper floor, and there is no solid foundation below. It is clearly just a king kong wall used to prevent water from scouring, rather than the foundation for bearing the full load of bridge vouchers. Because the water will be seen after another 3-4 cm, unless it is excavated on a large scale, it is impossible to reach the position of the big bridge foundation that we have speculated according to the theory. "
In order to protect Zhao Zhouqiao, the structure of the new bridge 1 meters east of Zhao Zhouqiao at the end of last century still follows Zhao Zhouqiao, but the number of small arches on the main arch is increased to five on one side.
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2 Guangji Bridge, a famous bridge with a long history, failed to reach the tide, and it was a waste of time to go once;
it's a waste of time to walk until the tide reaches the bridge.
(Guangdong folk songs)
This "tide" refers to Chaozhou; This "bridge" is the Guangji Bridge.
guangji bridge, commonly known as Xiangzi bridge, is located outside the east gate of Chaozhou ancient city, across the Hanjiang river, where Fujian and Guangdong are the main traffic routes. with its unique style of "18 boats and 24 continents", it is among the famous bridges in China, such as Zhao Zhouqiao bridge, Luoyang bridge and Lugou bridge. Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert, praised it as "the earliest retractable bridge in the world" and is now a national key cultural relic protection unit.
there is no bridge in Hanjiang ancient times. "Chaozhou Sanyangzhi Bridge Road" planted: "From the east to the wide, there is a river to the tide. When the sand level falls, a reed can sail; When the rain accumulates and the river rises, the waves rush and the shore is far away. Old-fashioned boat operators are afraid of themselves, and they can't afford to read four or five times a day. People who come and go are both sick. " In order to cross the river, people often "stay in the wild day and night to wait for it." It can be seen that there is no bridge, and it is difficult to ferry.
in the seventh year of the main road of the song dynasty (1171), Zeng Wang, the prefect of Chaozhou, said, "The boat was built as a beam, with six out of eighty boats connecting the east and west banks of the river, and the stone was placed in the middle, so as to grasp its potential and root its location. Every time it crossed the moon three times, it was named Kangji Bridge." This is the earliest Guangji Bridge.
after three years, Kangji Bridge was destroyed by ruthless flood in the summer of the first year of Chunxi (1174). Chang Yi, the successor, rebuilt it and increased the number of Upright to 16, making it spectacular that "the reeds are woven together and the dragons lie across the rainbow". There is still more money in the bridge, "hence the creation of Jiege in the west bank, with Zhenjiang flowing, named Yanghan". In fact, this "Jiege" is the first pier on the West Bank. Its establishment opened the curtain of a long-lasting project of building piers and erecting beams from both sides of the river to the center of the river. From the first year of Chunxi to the second year of Shaoding (1228), Zhu Jiang, Wang Zhenggong, Ding Yunyuan and Sun Shujin successively completed 1 piers in 54 years. Ding Yunyuan built the most piers and made the most achievements, so the West Bridge was called "Dinghou Bridge". The East Bridge began with the construction of Gaixiuting on the east bank of Panshi by Shen Zongyu, the prefect of Shaoxi in 1194, and was built by Chen Honggui, Lin Shanpiao and Lin Hui. By the first year of Kaixi (125), * * * had built 13 piers and named it Jichuan. In the year of Kai Qingyuan (1259), Lin Guangshi, the satrap, "built twenty-four new boats, and the iron cable was seventy feet long, running through the side wing". At this point, the pattern of the whole bridge was decided.
since then, the bridge has flourished and been abandoned, and it has been managed for more than 2 years after ups and downs. It did not reach its most brilliant period until the middle of the Ming Dynasty.
In the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435), the bridge was destroyed by flood again. Roy, the magistrate, "took repairing the bridge as his own duty, donated money to promote it, and all his subordinates and rich families rushed to each other.". So, buy wood and stone, raise workers and servants, and those who are ruined by the pier will make up for it, and those who are interrupted by Liang Shi will be easy to do it. " After completion, "the west bank is ten piers and nine holes, with a total length of forty-nine feet and five feet; There are thirteen piers and twelve holes on the east bank, with a total length of 86 feet. The hollow is twenty-seven feet and three feet, and four out of twenty boats are pontoons. The unified name of the whole bridge is Guangji Bridge. After the completion of the bridge, there were "126 pavilions" and the 24th floor of Guangji Bridge was built on the pier, which made Guangji Bridge a gorgeous place and made Li Ling, a native of the state, exclaim that "the victory of my tide lies in Guangji Bridge"!
In the eighth year of Zhengde (1513), Guangji Bridge was damaged by a typhoon, and Tan Lun, the magistrate, added a pier and a first floor, and subtracted six boats from Fuzhou, thus forming a pattern of "18 shuttles and 24 continents".
Since then, Guangji Bridge has experienced many ups and downs, but the basic pattern has not changed much. Until 1958, due to the need of national highway traffic, the interrupted pontoon bridge was demolished and replaced by a three-hole steel truss and two high-piled platform bridges, and all the stone piers were reinforced. In 1988, Guangji Bridge was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
guangji bridge has a peculiar structure, different forms and dazzling brilliance. it deserves to be regarded as a symbol of Chaozhou city, a special case in the history of bridges in China, and has great historical, artistic and scientific values. Its main features can be summarized as follows:
First, "18-shuttle boats and 24 continents"
The combination of beam and boat is a major feature of Guangji Bridge, which combines rigidity with softness, dynamic with quietness, ups and downs with changes. The east and west sections of the bridge are the girder bridges that combine the pavilion and the beauty, and the middle is the pontoon bridge that is "woven with reeds and dragons lying across the rainbow". This is simply a wonderful landscape. There is a poem between Qingganlong: "Xiangjiang River is full of water in the spring, and 18 shuttles lock the bridge." "Xiangqiao Spring Rise" therefore ranks first among the "Eight Scenes of Chaozhou". Structurally, the combination of beam and boat is the first in the world to open and close bridges. The function of opening and closing mainly lies in navigation and flood discharge, as recorded in Yuexiang: "Jichuan Bridge outside the East Gate of Chaozhou ... opens in the morning and evening in the coming year to open the boat." And whenever the Hanjiang River floods, it can untie the pontoon bridge and let the surging flood pour. There is also the role of checkpoints. "Counties and counties take Guangji Bridge as the only way for salt boats, and only then do they collect salt taxes." Later, the superior even sent people to take charge of Chaozhou government, and the local chronicles recorded: "In the third year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1725), the salt transport was stationed in Chaozhou with the magistrate in charge of the bridge affairs, the east coast belonged to the transport, and the west coast belonged to Chaozhou government to inspect the customs duties."
Second, "Twenty-four stories and twenty-four terraces"
In the initial stage of Guangji Bridge, there were measures to build pavilions and "cover the Chinese house" on the pier, and they were named as "Curling", "Jade Mirror" and "Gaixiu". During the reign of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, Roy, the magistrate, built 126 pavilions on a bridge more than 5 meters long, and also built towers on various piers, and used wonders, extensive relief, Lingxiao, stool ying, moon-moon, immortals, riding, leaping, wading in Sichuan, Youtong, Zuoda, Jichuan, Yunheng and curling respectively. At this point, the design of the bridge building is the ultimate goal. As Li Ling said in the Fu of Guangji Bridge in the Ming Dynasty: "The abbot is on the first floor, with ten zhangs and one pavilion, and the flowers are draped in red, and the golden rafters are carved. The curved bars are horizontal sills, the red paint is chalky, the scales are uneven, and the eaves and teeth are high ..." The ancient Lingnan Wind and Rain Bridge is common, but it is so large in scale, so many in forms and so decorated.
Third, "a long bridge in one mile and a city in one mile"
Guangji Bridge is the hub of "all eastern Guangdong, Fujian, Guangdong, Henan, Zhangjing and Shenjing", and there are many towers on the bridge. It soon became the center of transportation and trade, and became a bustling bridge market. Just before dawn, the river fog has not cleared, and the bridge is already a "fish bed". When the morning dawned, the shops actually opened first, and the tea kiosks and wineries were full of flags fluttering in the wind, and the people on the stool bridge were holding cloth trade silk, asking for divination and rubbing shoulders, and the traffic was busy, just as Li Ling's "Fu on Guangji Bridge" described: "If the husband thunders and thunders, the wheels and hooves will boom; Angry wind and waves, pedestrians also; Clouds are dying, and dust is blowing; Very sonorous, the trees vibrate, the tourists sing and the post guests sing; Phoenix whistling in Gorkon, dragons singing in the sea, scholars and women playing and Xiao Drum singing; The balcony is shaken, the clouds are scattered, and the waves are shocked by the wind ... "The ground is like an active picture of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. No wonder, tourists will make a joke of "Ask Xiangqiao when you arrive at Xiangqiao".
The night at Guangji Bridge has a different flavor: "Blowing the crescent moon at the corner of the city, the fish market is red at night. "The egg-guessing boat is still drinking, while the salt-hanging boat is just sailing in the wind." On the Guangji Bridge at the beginning of the bright moon, lanterns hung high in the wine shop, fists were guessed in the egg boat, and silk and bamboo whispered in the prostitutes' tent. It was really "ten thousand families connected with a stream, and it was like the sound of drums in the middle of the night", until "pointing to the fishing lights, it was quiet", so "the sea atmosphere went away in the middle of the night".
the guangji bridge, which has experienced more than 8 years of vicissitudes, has lost its former splendor, but its character still exists. People firmly believe that it will not be too far away for Guangji Bridge to focus on elegance in today's harmonious politics and prosperity.
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Walking on Luoyang Bridge in Gudu, Wan 'an, Fujian, seems to be a dialogue with history. As a result, the huge Liang Shi is no longer silent, the pavilion and the stele pavilion are also vivid, the lotus petals flying on the stone tower and the fuzzy Buddha relief are also spiritual, and even the raft pier is alive, telling stories and legends about the bridge a long time ago in the same ancient language.
The birth of bridges is almost always related to traffic, and Luoyang Bridge is no exception. Many streams in Luoyang River, Hui Jin and Hui cities and mountains rush through the south side of Luoyang Town and rush into the sea with the breath of Shan Ye. Here, "the water is five miles wide and deep", and there are liukou on both sides of the north and south, so ferry is the only mode of transportation, which was called "Wan 'an Ferry" in ancient times. However, the current at the mouth of the sea is turbulent, and "every time you cross the tide, you can't cross it for a few days." The two sides have to look up to the sky and sigh.
However, the location of Wan 'an Ferry is very important. Hui 'an in the north is far from Fuzhou, and Quanzhou in the south is connected to Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Guangzhou and Quanzhou in the middle of Song Dynasty. The commercial economy has a considerable scale, and the radiation to the surrounding areas has become an inevitable trend, but Luoyang River is a natural obstacle to its northward movement.
The bridge-building skills in Jin Dynasty have matured, and the immigrants from the Central Plains brought them to the south of Fujian, which complements the maturity of stone carving techniques here. In addition, the invention of gunpowder and the skillful use of gunpowder have made it not difficult to mine huge rocks, and it has become a general trend to build overseas Chinese in Wan 'an at the right time and place.
The ancient bridge in Luoyang was built in the fifth year of Emperor You in the Northern Song Dynasty (153) and completed in the fourth year of Jiayou (159), which lasted for six years and eight months. It was unique in regulation and grand in engineering, and it was known as the "first bridge in the sea" before the history of the beam-type sea-crossing bridge, so that it was even called the first bridge in the sea, and Wang Zijing was sent to the emperor with the Wan' an Bridge in Luoyang River. After that, the craze for building bridges rose in Quanzhou. In 15 years, more than 2 bridges were built, with a total length of more than 5 miles, so it won the reputation of "the bridge in central Fujian is the best in the world" and "the bridge in Quanzhou is the best in central Fujian".
Luoyang Bridge, together with stone arch Zhao Zhouqiao, porous stone arch Lugou Bridge and boat beam Chaozhou Guangji Bridge, is also called the four famous bridges in ancient China. Besides its grand momentum, it also has unique structure and superb skills.
The ancient bridge is an ancient flat beam with a north-south trend. The bridge is 834 meters long and 7 meters wide, with 31 remaining piers. The bridge deck is paved with granite boulders with a length of 11 meters and a width of nearly 1 meter. The wisdom of the bridge builder lies in the fact that according to the tidal current, two pointed boats and rafts are created to separate the water potential, that is, the "raft foundation"; By using the tidal drop, the foundation laying method and the bridge slab floating method of "surging waves to raise the boat and suspending the machine to string" were created. After Cai Xiang took over as overseer, he created a new concept of "planting oysters on the foundation". Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert, commented on it in Talking about Bridges: "This kind of foundation is the raft foundation of modern bridges, but it has a history of less than one hundred years abroad. The' floating method' of the bridge used is still very popular today. " It is probably the advanced application of modern biological science to cultivate oysters to condense the bridge foundation and the pier brain into a whole.
At present, a quite tall stone statue of Cai Xiang has been erected at the northern end of Luoyang Bridge, and there is still a calm and modest expression between the eyebrows and whiskers, which shows the loneliness of Funai.
In history, the story between Cai Xiang and Luoyang Bridge has been arranged to perfection, so that later generations also believe that Luoyang Bridge was made by Cai Xiang. A little error in history can be forgiven. As the magistrate of Quanzhou, Cai Xiang did his duty to supervise the bridge service during his tenure. Although it was only 23 months, accounting for only a quarter of the whole bridge construction time, his painstaking efforts were well-known. Besides, in the inscription of Wan 'an Bridge written by Cai Xiang himself, he did not boast of his merits, but simply recorded the whole story of overseas Chinese, while he wrote the historical facts of people who built bridges, such as Wang Shi and Yi Bo. It can be seen that Cai Xiang's noble character is an honest official.
"To be an official for the benefit of one party", Cai Xiang's actions are reasonable and nothing special. People's arrangement in this way also reflects people's call for the politics of being honest and upright. Cai Xiang's statue stands erect, watching his familiar Luoyang Bridge, but never seeing the magnificent bridge-building scene again. The respect of later generations also brings him a little loneliness. If the sculpture designed here at that time was a group of images of ordinary builders moving stones and bridging bridges, it might be more in line with the truth of history and Cai Xiang's original intention.
Another function of Luoyang Bridge is its cultural national emblem. Since the completion of the bridge, various temples, temples, temples and churches related to the bridge have been built in succession, which has made the architectural culture and art at that time appear smooth and smooth; Numerous articles and poems with the title of bridge have greatly enriched the cultural heritage of this land; Many traditional calligraphy and carving arts create a meaningful artistic conception, while countless legendary stories and local operas made up of bridges are full of classical romanticism and spread widely. It is rare in the history of bridge construction that an ancient bridge can cause such a great cultural sensation.
The weakening of traffic function of Luoyang Bridge is another sign of the development of the times. such as