Chang'an is now Xi'an, Shaanxi. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, thirteen dynasties and regimes successively established their capitals in Chang'an, with a total capital establishment time of 1077 years. It is the earliest capital establishment in Chinese history, the longest duration, and the most dynasties. The ancient capital is the most influential capital in Chinese history. It ranks first among the four major ancient capitals in China and one of the four major ancient capitals in the world. It is the birthplace of Chinese civilization, the cradle of the Chinese nation, and an outstanding representative of Chinese culture. It is the first "World Historic City" identified by UNESCO and one of the first batch of national historical and cultural cities by the State Council, and a world-famous tourist attraction.
Beiping is now Beijing. Beijing is one of China's "Four Ancient Capitals". It has 6 World Heritages and is the city with the largest number of cultural heritage projects in the world. It is a city with a history of more than 3,000 years and eight A famous historical and cultural city with a history of more than 160 years, it has many historical places of interest and cultural landscapes.
Jianye is now Nanjing. Sun Quan of the Eastern Wu Dynasty established his capital here. The Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties all established their capitals here one after another. Therefore, Nanjing is known as the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties". Today's Nanjing Book The museum retains the ruins of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population of one million. It was the first city in the world with a population of more than one million. It had a developed economy and prosperous culture, and preserved the Zhengshuo of Chinese culture in the south of the Yangtze River. The culture of the Southern Dynasties represented by Jiankang, Nanjing and ancient Rome during the Six Dynasties period were both known as the "two major centers of classical civilization in the world" and had a profound impact on human history.
In China during the Five Dynasties after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, various heroes fought against each other and wars continued. The capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty was Jinling Prefecture, which was located in the south of the Yangtze River. Since the beginning of Yang and Wu, no major wars had occurred within the territory for more than 70 years. The markets on both sides of the Qinhuai River are prosperous and merchants gather. Economic prosperity is accompanied by cultural development, and poetry, calligraphy and painting have become the trend of a generation. The emperors Li Jing and Li Yu of the Southern Tang Dynasty were both famous poets. "Dry rain dreams back to the chicken plug far away, and the small building blows through the cold jade pipe" (Li Jing), "How much sorrow can you have? Just like a river of spring water flowing eastward" (Li Yu) are all famous sentences that have been passed down through the ages. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Jinling still maintained the urban scale of the Southern Tang Dynasty and was famous as an economic center in the southeast region. The famous Northern Song Dynasty politician Wang Anshi served as prime minister three times as the prefect of Jiangning, and settled here until his death. Yue Fei, a famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty, defeated the Jin soldiers in the Niushou Mountain area in the southern suburbs. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were East and West Weaving and Dyeing Bureaus in the city, which organized mass production of silk fabrics and had more than 6,000 households of professional craftsmen. In 1368, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor and founded the Ming Dynasty. Nanjing became the political and cultural center of the country. Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty was the largest city in the world. It took 21 years to build the 35.3-kilometer-long capital city wall, which is the largest city wall in the world. There are nearly 10,000 Imperial College students at the foothills of Jilong Mountain, and there are also international students from Japan, North Korea and other countries studying here.
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Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as Thousand Buddha Caves , hailed as the most valuable cultural discovery of the 20th century, is located in Dunhuang at the western end of the Hexi Corridor and is world-famous for its exquisite murals and statues. It was built in the pre-Qin period of the Sixteen Kingdoms. It has been built in the Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Xixia, Yuan and other dynasties, and has formed a huge scale. There are currently 735 caves and 45,000 square meters of murals. With 2,415 clay colored sculptures, it is the largest and richest Buddhist art shrine in the world. The Buddhist Scripture Cave discovered in modern times contains more than 50,000 ancient cultural relics. From this, Dunhuang studies, a discipline specializing in the study of the classics in the Scripture Cave and Dunhuang art, was derived. In 1961, it was announced as one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. In 1987, it was listed as a world cultural heritage.
The Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain in the western suburbs of Datong City, Shanxi Province. The grottoes are dug into the mountain and stretch for 1 kilometer from east to west. There are 45 major caves with more than 51,000 large and small statues. It is one of the largest ancient grottoes in my country. Together with Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Luoyang Longmen Grottoes and Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, it is also known as China's four major grotto art treasures. In 1961, it was announced by the State Council as one of the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in the country. On December 14, 2001, it was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO. On May 8, 2007, it was rated as one of the first batch of national 5A-level tourist attractions by the National Tourism Administration. .
The Longmen Grottoes are one of the treasures of Chinese stone carving art and a national AAAAA-level scenic spot. They are located on Longmen Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain on both sides of the Yi River in the southern suburbs of Luoyang City. It was excavated during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Afterwards, large-scale construction continued for more than 400 years through the Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song and other dynasties. It is 1 kilometer long from north to south. Today, there are 2,345 cave niches and 10 statues. There are more than 10,000 statues with more than 2,800 inscriptions on them. Among them, "Twenty Products of Longmen" is the essence of Wei calligraphy stele, and "Stele of Yique Buddhist Niche" written by Chu Suiliang is a model of regular script art in the early Tang Dynasty. The Longmen Grottoes lasted for a long time and spanned many dynasties. They reflected the development and changes in many fields such as ancient Chinese politics, economy, religion, and culture with a large number of physical images and written materials from different aspects, and made great contributions to the innovation and development of Chinese grotto art. significant contribution. It was listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2000.