Characteristics of Buddha statues in Xixia period

Please see/Wu Min/html/111624.html Question: What are the characteristics of the stone statues in Xixia period? A: Xixia Mausoleum is located at the foot of Helan Mountain in the west of Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. There are 9 imperial tombs and more than 70 tombs where nobles and heroes are buried. The Li nobles in Xixia had frequent contacts with the Tang and Song regimes and were deeply influenced by Chinese culture. Compared with Song Ling, the plane of Xixia Cemetery not only imitates the large-scale buildings in Song Dynasty, but also emphasizes the symmetrical format of the central axis to symbolize the authority of Xixia. It also embodies the unique burial system of Xixia culture, which is characterized by laying cross bars at the bottom of the tomb, closing the crossing with logs and boards, building the tomb wall with partitions, and building a multi-storey pagoda-like mausoleum in front of the tomb. Due to the influence of Han culture, although Xixia Painting and Calligraphy Institute implemented seal script, Chinese characters were still commonly used by the people and the government, which was also reflected in the mausoleum system. It's not as good as Shouling Beiting Site of Renzong Zhao Renxiao, which has two things. Dongbeiting is written in Chinese regular script, with vigorous calligraphy and skillful carving, while Xibeiting is written in Xixia seal script, which shows the historical fact that the Central Plains and Xixia are closely related to politics and economy, and their cultures blend. The burial system of Xixia Mausoleum got rid of the original burial system of "blocking the flow of water and cutting stones into holes, that is, burying water on it". Under the influence of Han culture, the layout is basically modeled after the regulations since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Each cemetery is an independent and complete building complex, covering an area of over100000 square meters. Corner towers are built at the four corners to mark the boundary of the cemetery. From south to north, there are gates, pavilions, outer cities, stone statues, inner cities, sacrificial halls and mourning platforms. The cemetery plane emphasizes the symmetrical format of the central axis and symbolizes the authority of Xixia. A large number of building materials, such as carved dragon railings, lotus column foundations, glazed animal stone hooks, animal faces, dripping flowers, white porcelain tiles and so on. , have been unearthed, reflecting the Xixia mausoleum building was very magnificent. The shape of the underground palace of Xixia Mausoleum has been further understood from the excavated No.8 Mausoleum. The pyramid-shaped mound is inclined and the tomb is in the form of a cave. There are supporting houses on both sides, and wallboard is laid around the walls. The funerary objects in the tomb are very rich, including all kinds of gold ornaments, gold-plated silver ornaments, bamboo carvings, copper plates, pearls, porcelain and so on. The building regulations of Xixia Mausoleum, on the basis of absorbing the building regulations of Song Dynasty's cemetery, reflect the unique style different from that of Song Ling, which is embodied as follows: First, the Xixia Mausoleum arranged the stone statues from Song Ling Menque to Nanshendao on both sides of Yuecheng Imperial Road, which narrowed the scope of the cemetery and made it more compact; Secondly, Song Ling is a square single city, and Xixia Mausoleum is a rectangular heavy city; Thirdly, the Song Ling Lingtai is the tomb, and the location of the Lingtai of Xixia Mausoleum is in front of the tomb, which is not a sign of the closure of the Lingtai, but a tower-shaped pavilion building with a height of more than 20 meters; Fourth, there is no tomb attached to Xixia cemetery. The investigation and excavation of Xixia cemetery is of great significance for studying Xixia history, especially for understanding the relationship between Xixia culture and Chinese culture. In addition:/Ningxia/ningxianinfo/10 _17 _ 31_ 217.html "Description of No.3 Mausoleum of Xixia Mausoleum" mentions that the stone tablet foundation unearthed in Xixia Mausoleum is10. I wonder if you have noticed that these three stone statues are quite different from what you saw in the museum. These statues are very tall, with painted faces and different shapes. Look at this portrait, the eyes are prominent, the eyebrows are erect, the two fangs in the mouth show their closed lips, and the two thick arms are clenched into fists. The shape is fierce but not fierce, which makes people unforgettable. The whole statue has a steady shape, strong three-dimensional sense, vigorous and powerful carving techniques, vivid and delicate, which makes people admire the exquisite skills of Xixia stone carving and is called the "Song Dynasty carving champion!" From this extraordinary statue, people can "read" a spirit of courage, perseverance, tenacity, humiliation, self-reliance and perseverance. Perhaps this is the spiritual pillar of Xixia Tangut, which was founded in 190. Experts and scholars have different opinions on why Xixia used people to carry monuments. Because it is very similar to the stone statue of Lux unearthed in the tomb of Houshu, one of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, some people think that the stone statue of Lux carved in Xixia is related to Houshu and the customs of Xixia at that time were influenced by the cultural customs of southwest ethnic minorities. Some scholars infer that the pedestal of the statue unearthed in Xixia Mausoleum and the sphinx in front of the Egyptian pyramids are the patron saints in front of the mausoleum, and because Fuxi's "head is scaly, eyes are round and teeth are sharp, and horns are like cows" are very similar to the pedestal of the statue in Xixia Mausoleum, it is concluded to commemorate Fuxi. Some experts even think that this person should be a formidable horn, that is, sumo wrestlers. Half squat, with wrist ring, obviously highlighting the muscles of the chest, abdomen and arms of the character. In particular, Jiao Lishi's breasts are as plump as breast milk, which makes people feel strong. The baldness and thick eyebrows in Xixia highlight Jiao Lishi's courage, strength, incomparable strength and indestructible will. Sumo wrestlers is only preserved in Japan, but his ancestors are in Xixia Mausoleum. Is this a meaningful thing? Yuechengmen originally set up the Aconitum Gate, which was about 9 meters wide. Aconitum Gate prevailed in Song Dynasty and was called Lingxingmen in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is only used in imperial tombs, large temples (Confucius Temple and Guandi Temple) and other advanced buildings. That's the door that symbolizes the royal system, which is Tianmen. So some people think that the Aconitum Gate in front of the tomb means yin and yang, and entering this gate means going to the "underworld", but don't be afraid, there are no black-faced judges and cows here. Stone statue students are ceremonial ceremonies carved with stones, which are composed of civil and military officials and precious animals. They are taken from the etiquette scenes of the civil servants and military commanders trusted by the emperor during his lifetime and the envoys of neighboring countries. They are like strangers. Stone students are placed in front of the tomb, indicating the burial ceremony of the deceased before his death and symbolizing the symbolic significance of "protecting" the cemetery. It is a system handed down from Qin and Han dynasties, which has been used all through the ages, only in quantity. These majestic images carved from stone statues are called "Weng Zhong". According to legend, there was a general named Ruan in the Qin Dynasty, who was tall. Qin Shihuang unified the world and ordered him to guard Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) from the Huns. After his death, Qin Shihuang placed a bronze statue in memory of him outside Sima Gate of Xianyang Palace. Later, people collectively referred to the bronze statue and the stone statue as "Weng Zhong", which symbolized all the civilian military commanders. Since the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it has become a trend that stone statues are placed behind the sparrow terrace in the cemetery and in front of the gods on both sides of Shinto. Xixia, on the other hand, takes Yuecheng as the place where the stone statues are placed, which is completely different from the traditional stone statues placed on both sides of Shinto outside the main entrance of the Central Plains Mausoleum. There are 20 statues in four rows in Cemetery No.3, which changed Song Ling's practice of listing stone statues in Shinto. This arrangement in several teams makes the stone statues more concentrated and compact, greatly shortens the longitudinal distance between the north and the south of the cemetery, and makes the overall layout of Bitang and Song Ling more compact and tight. Judging from the head and face of the unearthed stone man, the height of the stone man is close to that of a real person, with a total height of about 2 meters. Look at these lifelike bureaucrats or officials, who have stood here neatly for 900 years, as if waiting for the emperor's summons and admonition, showing how majestic and noble the ancient emperor was.