It also originated from the combination of European art and industrial production
In terms of art, high-end art in Europe and even the whole world originated from religion
For example, the church murals in Europe and the murals in Dunhuang, China, etc.
The noblest art originated from the release of faith and self-humanity
The design is a secular art
It is designed to reach the aesthetic level of high-end people. Height
Introduction
China is an ancient civilization with a vast cultural history, which has produced a large number of cultural treasures in the long history of 5, years. From the cultural relics unearthed in different periods, we can see the wisdom crystallization of the working people in activities and production, and we can also see that graphic design has already begun to appear in ancient China.
From the end of Neolithic Age to the heyday of feudal culture in China until its decline, and even until the establishment of New China, the influence of religion has played a huge role in the art history of China, which is the psychological and cultural foundation of many folk arts and visual arts. As an important part of splendid oriental culture, religious art has no doubt about its historical, cultural and aesthetic value.
Among them, Buddhist art in Tibet, Dongba culture and art in Yunnan, murals in Dunhuang, and folk art in different provinces of China, such as facial makeup, paper-cutting, New Year pictures and costumes, will be the focus of discussion.
And these indelible influences can't be underestimated in the field of design, because it basically conforms to the thoughts and feelings of China people, and becomes a cultural symbol in design creation, which is more easily accepted by viewers.
Therefore, since the development of graphic design in China, religion has occupied an important position and is irreplaceable.
The first part: the influence of Tibetan art
As early as ancient times, there were a lot of myths and legends about the origin of human beings in China. Before the Neolithic Age, agricultural culture had risen and villages appeared, and some simple decorations, "pottery, even painted pottery, also appeared, and they were patterned, delicate and meshed, and some had painted symbols." ("Illustrated History of China" P9)
In the Neolithic Age, the pottery patterns made by improving the pottery-making technology are more exquisite. At the end of the period, the variety of jade articles increased greatly, with beautiful shapes, exquisite carvings, animal face patterns and symmetrical patterns. Later, it was a work of art with religious significance in China. In addition, rock paintings and temples appeared, "and paintings on the walls and special pottery dedicated to sacrifice were found in cultural sites." （< < Illustrated history of China > > P15)
When the history of China developed to the Western Zhou Dynasty (about 11th century BC to 771 BC), the rulers formulated a series of cultural systems. Among them, the rise of religion has played an important role in the cultural thought, economic development, people's lifestyle and ethics of the whole Chinese civilization. At that time, Chinese religions included Buddhism and Taoism, and Buddhism occupied the main position. In the history of Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism came into being in the 5th century. "In the late 8th century, the most famous large-scale Buddhist movement of Akamatsu Zande appeared, but in the early 9th century, the extinction of Buddhism during Mozampu's reign led to the decline and even extinction of Buddhism in the next 13 years." （< < China Tibetan Stone Carving Art >: > Zhaoyin Zhang, P3, July, 1995) However, Buddhism has taken root in the hearts of Tibetan people. By the middle of the 11th century, Tibetan Buddhism had matured and formed its own style. In Tibetan Buddhist art, there are famous Thangka, murals and sculptures, as well as stone carvings and cliff statues made by folk craftsmen and temple monks. "People turn the teachings of Buddhism into stories and sculptures for artistic expression." （< < China Tibetan Stone Carving Art >: > Chaoyin Zhang,P5,1995,7)。
In addition to India, another source of Tibetan stone carving art is the Han Dynasty in China, and craftsmen began to make statues on rocks. This move "created the atmosphere of carving figures and Buddha statues on rocks, and the stone carvings dominated by animal images and mantras gradually changed to Buddha statues" (<: < China Tibetan Stone Carving Art >: > Chaoy-inZhang,P7,1995,7)。 In my opinion, this creative method is the first of its kind in China's early graphic creation. The Tibetan people have created various shapes with different expressions and bright colors in their reverence and worship for Buddhism and nature, which has a good artistic effect and highlights the outstanding imagination and creativity of Tibetans.
Part II: Dunhuang art becomes the main element in graphic design
The famous Dunhuang frescoes in ancient China come down in one continuous line with Tibetan Buddhist art. Dunhuang area has been the transportation hub of China to Central Asia and Europe since ancient times, and has the reputation of "Silk Road". Its patterns are reflected in the Buddha statues, flying and Buddha seats, canopies, algae wells, streamers and fabrics in Dunhuang Grottoes. The murals and colored sculptures in Dunhuang Grottoes show the brilliance of Buddhist art in China, and far surpass the religious art of European churches in the same period.
Because Dunhuang art aims at promoting Buddhism, "only through artistic language with strong appeal can we communicate religions and cultures among ethnic groups. Therefore, the formation of early Buddhist art in China was influenced by foreign national styles. " （< < Costume patterns in Dunhuang, China > > Chang Shana, P4, October, 21) It can be said that Dunhuang art not only has the essence of foreign art, especially Indian, Persian and Greek art, but also fully reflects the unique style of Tang art because of the prosperity of Tang culture development. What's important is that "it reflects the influence of foreign culture, the Buddhist art in the prosperous Sui and Tang Dynasties and the social life at that time, and records the decorative patterns, color application and technology of China in the past dynasties." I think this is very valuable for contemporary artistic creation, and it also meets the aesthetic needs of the people of China. "The colorful patterns copied from Dunhuang murals and colored sculptures are actually important historical materials of China's costumes, weaving, printing and dyeing processes, and also an important aspect of studying Dunhuang art." （< < Costume patterns in Dunhuang, China > > ,ChangshaNa,P5,21,1)。
Among the Dunhuang murals, the Mogao Grottoes are famous. "The rich and exquisite murals and colored sculptures in the grottoes reflect that the ancient art of China accepted the beneficial elements of Buddhist art and other foreign art on the basis of inheriting the national tradition, and through continuous efforts for more than a thousand years, it has created outstanding artistic treasures with the style of the times and national characteristics." （< < Costume patterns in Dunhuang, China > > ,P3,21,1)。 Among them, we can see the portrayal of hunting life, Buddhist stories and mythological themes, which enrich the national color of grotto art. Murals also depict the production and life scenes of ancient society, and vividly record the social customs, geography, mountains and rivers, transportation, life, architecture, clothing, music and dance in various periods and other extremely valuable artistic and historical materials.
However, apart from painting, colored plastic art style and historical origin, I think the decorative patterns in Dunhuang are also an inseparable and important part. "They organically and harmoniously set off the main contents of murals and dress up statues, making the whole grotto art more exciting." "These decorative patterns also highlight China's achievements in the evolution and development of arts and crafts decoration such as dyeing and weaving, clothing, jacquard weaving, carpet and tassel wearing in the course of more than 1, years." （< < Costume patterns in Dunhuang, China > > P3,21,1)
"Geometric pattern" is a form of decorative patterns in early Dunhuang grottoes, and it was also a leap in weaving at that time. With the smooth flow of the Silk Road, decorative patterns have made an important breakthrough and reached a high level. There are birds and animals. In the use of color, it is harmonious, gorgeous and eye-catching, and it is very popular. In the Tang dynasty, it reached a new stage of flowers and had a unique decorative style. When drawing, the expression technique is more realistic, and it also pays attention to the texture of clothing materials. From this period, due to the more exquisite painting and the improvement of skills, I think this is inseparable from the prosperity and development of society at that time. The depiction of Buddha statues and the emergence of a large number of paintings show that religion, especially Buddhism, had a great influence on the people at that time. Moreover, all kinds of printed patterns, Hua Niaowen, are the foundation of the art of graphic design in China.
At that time, these exquisite decorative patterns also spread to Japan, which became the historical witness of the cultural and artistic exchanges in the Tang Dynasty.
In the contemporary society of China, we can still see the visual arts influenced by Dunhuang murals in the Tang Dynasty. For example, the design of mascots for the Olympic Games, their headdresses are all taken from the ancient traditional patterns in China: fish patterns, water patterns, lotus petals, flame patterns and bird shapes. Even in the later folk creation, these patterns have become models. I think the religious creation in this period had a great influence on later generations. Some shapes and patterns not only influenced the artistic design in China, but also influenced the design fields in other Asian countries, such as the graphics used in architecture, Japanese and Korean traditional costumes, furniture design and so on.
Part III: Ancient and Unique Multi-ethnic Art
China is rich in culture and art, and there are different artistic styles besides Tibet and Dunhuang in China. The working people have their own unique artistic language and material choice in the creative process. What I want to talk about here is a very special culture and art-Dongba culture and art, which exists in Yunnan, China.
As for Dongba culture, "it is a unique and valuable axis part of Naxi ancient culture, and it is named because it is completely preserved with Dongba religion." Dongba religion, on the other hand, "is a transitional religion between primitive witchcraft and developed religions. It believes in animism and polytheism, and absorbs and integrates religious multiculturalism such as benzene, Buddhism and Taoism." （< < Dongba culture and art > > And wanbao, P3, October, 1992). It has pictographic hieroglyphs and phonetic symbols, and the classics written with it are rich and numerous, as well as colorful and standardized ceremonies.
The numerous Dongba rituals are the main carriers of Dongba culture and art, and "they are also rare living fossils of primitive religions". In the process of these ceremonies, "accompanied by rough and unrestrained classical music and dance, Naxi people's desire to pursue truth, goodness and beauty and to lash out at the false, evil and ugly is reflected through colorful artistic scenes, which gives people rich artistic enjoyment and spiritual edification." （< < Dongba culture and art > > P11, October, 1992)
Among them, there is one of the oldest primitive painting arts, which is called "Mupai painting", that is, painting on Mupai. Generally, pine is used, which is divided into two types: pointed and flat. The pointed shape generally depicts the image of a god and is inserted in front of the altar. The image of a flat-headed ghost is inserted in the ghost village. Modern "Mupai" paintings generally use red, yellow, blue and other colors to add color, and the pictures are bright and attractive. "The content of the" Mupai "painting is different due to the different rituals of Dongba religion, and the painting of natural gods is the most." Because the painting is done in one go without a draft, it has different styles and leads the way. In art, pictures and hieroglyphics are mixed, retaining the remains that characters originated from pictures. "Some compositions are painted with Yun Feng at the top, ghosts and gods at the middle, and sacrificial treasures at the bottom. The image is unique in shape, simple in appearance, rough in lines, bold in brushwork, natural and smooth, and has the characteristics of primitive art of our ancestors. " （< < Dongba culture and art > > P21, October, 1992)
And the colors used in these paintings are similar to those used in Buddhist murals. Most of them are bold and bright, and the characters, ghosts and gods they painted are similar to those in Tibetan Buddhism.
In Dongba art, there is another kind called "painting spectrum", which is the product of the development of "Mupai" painting art. Because of the huge amount of paintings with wooden signs and complicated contents, it is necessary to fix these images in general, classify them and annotate them for convenient application. Therefore, the painting spectrum is often more precious than the hand-painted "wooden sign" painting. From the visual aesthetic point of view, the scroll of Dongba Sutra is a collection of paintings and calligraphy, because these Naxi hieroglyphs themselves are primitive paintings. In addition, Dongba culture and art also includes scroll paintings, bamboo strokes and the covers of scriptures, all of which are fresh and simple decorative paintings with their own splendor. "The scroll painting is based on the traditional artistic style of Naxi nationality, absorbing and combining the painting styles of Han Buddhism, Taoism and Tibetan Buddhism, especially influenced by the' Thangka' in Tibetan Buddhism since Yuan and Ming Dynasties, which has important academic value." （< < Dongba culture and art > > P119, October, 1992)
Therefore, Dongba culture and art reflect the unique religious culture in China minority areas. In artistic creation, it is interlinked with the mainstream religion Buddhism, which is a religious art with regional characteristics. Compared with today, the inheritance of modern Dongba culture and art is in a relatively weak state, facing the loss. However, the artistic spirit it expresses is unshakable, and its influence on minority areas in China is deeply rooted. It can be said that Dongba culture and art provide rich resources for China folk art.
Part IV: Closely related folk art becomes the creative subject
When it comes to folk art, its emergence and development are inseparable from the long history of China, and its artistic content is rare in the world, and its various artistic forms and artistic expressions are all-encompassing. Nowadays, it has become a very unique cultural phenomenon. "Since ancient times, China has been embodied in ideology, philosophy and morality, cultural and artistic consciousness, as well as the habits of clothing, food, housing and transportation. It is completely self-contained and different from neighboring countries. Its visual plastic arts, including dance, architecture, crafts, calligraphy and painting, sculpture, etc., also completely follow different laws from western visual plastic arts and develop their own artistic system. " （< < China Local Art > > , Yang Rang, Yang Yang, P11,2,1)
Since ancient times, many tribes have been formed in this land of China, and they have developed and assimilated for thousands of years. China finally formed a powerful Han nationality, which is a mixture of many tribes. This is the Chinese nation composed of 56 ethnic groups so far. At that time, the ancestors invented ceramic art by kneading clay and burning it, and the emergence of papermaking created paper-cutting and tracing, while the combination of paper and engraving led to printing and woodcut, and the introduction of Buddhism brought clay sculpture art and mural art.
From the discovery of the existing primitive art remains in China, the first is the rock paintings carved on the cave walls or cliffs. "China is one of the richest countries in rock paintings in the world." （< < China Local Art > > P16,2,1) While expressing those images, aesthetic consciousness gradually emerged. But only with relative stability can it be possible to form such a perfect and regional artistic phenomenon. In this many.