Takamura Shin
First, basic common sense
1, On Preface and Postscript Style
Put it at the beginning of the volume as a preface, also called a preface; Put it at the end of the paper as a postscript or postscript.
Some prefaces were written by the author or editor himself, while others were written by others. Its content and function are mostly to explain the situation and purpose of writing or compiling, to elaborate some viewpoints, to introduce or evaluate works, etc.
The genre of preface, such as the preface of books, tables and biographies in Historical Records, is to sum up historical lessons and express the author's views and attitudes towards people and things. The History of the New Five Dynasties compiled by Ouyang Xiu, among which Biography of Lingguan belongs to this category.
Prefaces with more lyrical elements are mostly poems. For example, Li Bai's Preface to the Spring Banquet in Zi Di Tao Li Yuan and Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection.
Postscript or postscript is generally a supplement to the preface, mostly simple and steep, not as detailed and rich as the preface.
In addition, there is a kind of preface in ancient times, which is a style of parting words. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang. It should be strictly distinguished from the book list.
2. Introduction of Wang Xizhi
Wang Xizhi (321-379) was a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Linyi (now Shandong) was born in Yinshan, Huiji, Zhejiang. He used to be the literature and history of the Right Army and the literature and history of Huiji, so he is known as Wang Youjun. Gong's calligraphy, especially regular script and running script, is called "the sage of calligraphy". His "Preface to Lanting Collection" post is beautiful and vigorous. "Critics call it a gesture, thinking it is like a floating cloud and agile." It is known as "the best running script in the world". Other influential works include Le Yi Lun and Seventeen Posts. His son Wang Xianzhi is also a famous calligrapher. His father and son are equally famous and are called "two kings" and "two saints" by the world.
3. Writing background
Xiu, an ancient custom. On the third day of the first lunar month (after Wei, it was designated as March 3), we went swimming at the water's edge to eliminate the ominous, also called "Spring Festival". It is said that on March 3rd, 9th, Yonghe, Eastern Jin Dynasty, the weather was clear and the sky was clear in Wan Li. Wang Xizhi, Xie An, Sun Chuo and other 465,438+0 celebrities were drinking and having fun in Yinshan Lanting. In fact, it can also be regarded as a poetry meeting held by them in the name of "Xiumao". Celebrities and gentlemen, happy, winding water, gentle songs, very comfortable. Facing Gao Peng's best friend, Wang Xizhi wrote the preface of "peerless" and exquisite calligraphy.
Second, the language.
1, interchangeable words
Although the interests are different, the degree of silence is different.
After seeing today, it is also from today's view of the past to Tong Youde.
2. Different meanings of ancient and modern times
Maolin xiuzhu ancient: changjin; Common meanings are "repair" and "modification"
Next to the ancient: next to the water: often used for poor quality.
Or take the ancient embrace: double word, "he" sound today: vulgar means the public.
I didn't know that old age was coming to an end: read Zeng, now: read Zeng as the surname.
Revive the past, the past and the present; Take justice as the direction together.
End the past: up to now: I didn't mean it.
I will also be impressed by svengu: today's articles: commonly used means elegance, but also refers to culture or literati.
3. Flexible use of parts of speech
First, adjectives as nouns
A group of smart people are smart people.
Young people, old people.
B, adjectives as verbs
Peng Qi's wound is considered an equal lie.
C, nouns as verbs
Left and right surround of video tape
Drink one cup after another
D. numerals as verbs
It is the same to know that a dead life is a virtual birthday.
4. Polysemy
Sit by the water.
He also ordered Wu to be stationed next to the temple, his place.
Where the method of using troops is the first in the country, the second in the country.
The rest of the ship is progressing slowly.
So, if you are pregnant, you will feel good about it.
Those who cheat horses are not only profitable, but also achieve thousands of miles.
If you are poor, you can't get a book to read.
This person can be seen, and not bending is also inviting.
There are mountains here, and the forest is high with bamboo.
The situation is short-lived, and the longer the last period, the better.
Lazy people can't fix it, and evasive people are afraid of others' learning and progress.
It is a story that has been repaired and slandered, and it is a story that has been praised and destroyed.
The situation is short and short, the last period is complete, and
If you don't expect to repair the past, you can always count on it and ask for more happiness.
It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the time limit has passed.
5, the use of function words
Therefore, pregnancy is also a reason.
Therefore, it is enough to be extremely audio-visual and entertaining.
I know it's so far away from the children that I won't say anything.
Looking up at the universe and overlooking the prosperity of the category.
I didn't know that old age was coming, so I used it between subject and predicate to cancel the independence of sentences.
And its tired verbs.
Every time I look at the auxiliary words of past people's feelings.
Third, understanding and analysis.
1, structural context
(A) Syria banquet grand occasion
(1) account number-time, place, person and thing
(2) Write about landscapes-mountains, forests, bamboo, water and climate;
(3) Grand occasion-running water, swimming.
(4) Feeling-believe in cola.
(B) hair life sentiment
(1) The way to treat people.
Talking in a room
Dynamic degradation
(2) Express feelings
Shorten adaptation, and finally end.
A matter of life and death.
(3) the gist of the Ming sequence
(1) Deny the nihilistic outlook on life-"The dead life is a false birth, and Peng Qi's grief is an illusion."
(2) Writing motivation-"People who look back will feel gentle"
2. Understanding of key sentences
"I am very happy about this. It has become a thing of the past between pitches. I still have to enjoy it, and the situation will be short and short, and I will be exhausted. "
"I'm glad for it" refers to what I liked before, that is, what I was "happy" before; "Between pitching and pitching, it is a past tense", saying that its former happiness has instantly become a past tense; "I can't help it" is a double negative, which means I can't help it; "Circumstances are short and short, and all shall be well, jack shall have Jill", which means that no matter the length of life, death is inevitable after all.
The whole sentence is a compound sentence with a progressive relationship ... still ... not to mention ... ".
First, this sentence is related to Lanting Party. Nowadays, people are "happy with what they meet, temporarily satisfied with themselves, self-sufficient soon, and never know that old age is coming" and "tired of what they have". Emotion moves with the times, and emotion is two attitudes; The second is to introduce "life and death", which is the discussion center of the whole paper, with "short and short feelings, eventually exhausted"
"A dead life is a false birthday, and Peng Qi is a mistake."
The View of Life and Death and the Sorrow of Peng Qi are Zhuang Zhou's views on human life and death. "The only way is to die, and the only way is to die." "The world is nothing more than late autumn, although Mount Tai is small; Mo Shou is a martyr and Peng Zu is a martyr. " Zhuangzi believes that there is no absolute boundary between life and death, long life and short life, but they are relative. This book is good, but he exaggerates the theory of relativity so much that he denies the difference between life and death and thinks that life and death are the same. Peng Zu, who is 800 years old, is no different from those who died young, which is obviously absurd. In the third paragraph, Confucius' view of life and death is also great, and the absurdity of Zhuangzi's view of life and death and Peng Qizhi's sadness is explained by the exclamation that the ancients, present people and future generations were born for impermanence.
3. Writing characteristics
(1) The perfect combination of narration, description, lyricism and discussion.
The first paragraph is narrative and description, and the second and third paragraphs are discussion and lyricism. First describe the meeting of Lanting, describe the landscape, then turn from joy to sadness, discuss life and death, and express feelings. Writing practice is natural.
(2) Use the topic and aim high.
The Preface to Lanting Collection is a poetry collection for feasting, and the author shows his view on life and death by prefacing it. And criticized the nihilistic tendency of advocating metaphysics at that time. Make this article ambitious and extraordinary.
Fourth, supplementary expansion.
1, supplementary explanation
(1) "Life and death are more important": Zhuangzi. "De Chongfu": "Zhong Ni said:' Life and death are also big, and we cannot change with it; Although heaven and earth fall, they will not fall; Judge whether there is no mistake and don't move with things, but also change things and keep their Sect. "Tao is the master of all things and will not change with external things (including human life and death).
(2) "Life and death" and "Peng Qi" are not Zhuangzi's original words. Zhuangzi's original words were: "Don't you regret knowing your husband and dying?" "Mo Shou died, Peng Zu died." (See Zhuangzi. Homogeneous object theory)
(3) the origin-this article has a "take it for granted". In ancient China, there was an elegant custom of singing poems while drinking. At the source of the river, the current is shallow and small, and only glass can float. Xunzi. Zi Dao: "The river of the past originated in Emei Mountain, and its source can be traced back." Then use this metaphor to describe the beginning of things. For example, the ballads in Chu Ci can be regarded as the source of China's five-character poems.
2. Knowledge expansion
(1) Wang Dao, a famous player in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is Wang Xizhi's uncle. Liu Yuxi's poem "Wuyi Xiang" said: "In the old days, Xieyan Wang flew into the homes of ordinary people." Wang refers to Wang Dao's family. Book of Jin The Biography of Wang Xizhi said: "Jian made his protege seek guidance from his son-in-law (Wang Dao) and instructed him to visit his children in the East Wing. When his apprentice came back, Chi Jian said, "The Wangs are few but good. However, once I listened to it, I became salty and reserved. I'm the only one eating in the East Bed, but I can't smell it. "Jian Yue:' This is a good husband and evil!' Visiting it is also a good thing. So I married my wife. "Later, because the son-in-law called' East Bed', it was also called' belly'.
(2) After Preface to Lanting, Li Shimin loved Wang Xizhi's calligraphy. After trying every means to get the "Lanting Preface" post, I couldn't put it down and often "read it every day". During the ten years of Zhenguan, Feng Chengsu, Yu Shinan, Yan Suiliang and others were asked to copy and expand ten books as a reward for their recent ministers. After his death, his original works were brought into Zhaoling as funerary objects. So what we are seeing now is the first-class products of the Tang Dynasty. Feng Chengsu's copy is the most realistic and influential in the Tang Dynasty. It is also called "Dragon Book" because it is printed with the title "Dragon" of Li Xian, Tang Zhongzong.
(3) Read Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting after class and compare the similarities and differences between the two prefaces.
2004.3.23
I hope it helps you.