Shunling stone carving is tall, vivid, unusually vigorous and beautifully made, which can be described as the crown of Tang Ling stone carving. There are 34 stone carvings in the park, most of which are placed in front of the mausoleum. There are 13 stone statues and 3 stone sheep at the south gate of the inner city. Outside the south gate of the inner city, there is a pair of walking lions, Tianlu.
There are a pair of squatting lions in the east, west and north gate of Waicheng, and three pairs of stone horses outside the north gate are now incomplete.
The stone carving is carved from a whole piece of bluestone, with vivid image and vivid posture. The wired carving patterns around the stone base, especially the Tianlu and the lion walking in front of the mausoleum, are exquisite, magnificent and huge. They are all carved from a whole stone, with delicate carving and vigorous magnolia bark. They are rare works of art with high artistic appreciation value and are known as the crown of Tang Ling's stone carvings.
huabiao
According to documents, the original China watches were made of wood, which was used by ancient emperors to accept loyalty.
The Chinese watch signs used in tombs began in the Warring States period, and the Chinese watches placed in front of tombs began in the Southern Dynasties. Its significance lies in that, as a symbol of the mausoleum, it embodies the emperor's modesty and understanding of the people's feelings, and at the same time sets off the momentum of the mausoleum more spectacular.
Shunling Huabiao is located in the north of Rutaique, the south-central part of Qilin and the southernmost side of Shinto.
Hua Biao consists of three parts: stone base, column body and column top. Through exploration, it is known that only the top of the huabiao column and the cornerstone of the huabiao stone base are left in Donghua Table. The cornerstone of the Huabiao Stone Block is about 7 meters northwest of the existing Huabiao Top, and the underground depth is 1.2 meters. In the process of exploration, there are also fragments of columns, one of which is engraved with lines. There is no surplus wealth on the ground on the west side, and the unexplored situation is unknown. The top height of the existing Huabiao column on the east side is1.8m.. At the top of the column is a treasure placed on an octagonal table covered with lotus flowers. A circular tenon was chiseled in the middle of the table, which was originally placed on the column. The column top of Shunling Huabiao is the best preserved column top found at present.
Shi Tianlu
Tianlu stood proudly, calm and powerful. There are wings on both sides of the shoulders and front legs, and scrolls are engraved on the wings. Strong limbs, long tail mopping the floor. Hanshu called this beast "an arrogant person". Guo Pu quoted Zhang Ji as saying, "Deer are like deer. If a person is punished and born in the imperial court, the Lord will not touch him. " There are many stone carvings in Tangling, and the shape carved in Shunling is the largest and most vivid. Shunling Tianlu *** 1 pair is located on both sides of Shinto in front of the mausoleum.
Tianlu is a Swiss beast, which looks like a deer and is a kind of "Tianlu". Also known as "unicorn" because of its long horns. The body is like a cow, full of horseshoes, and the vertical tail is connected to the seat and wings. This is an imaginary deer deformation, which may be engraved with the auspicious meaning of Lu (deer). Some scholars think that deer is an auspicious animal. If you become a cow, you will be loyal, kind, diligent and not lazy. Put on horseshoes and let them travel thousands of miles every day and 800 miles at night; With wings, it can fly anywhere, so Tianlu is the most ideal beast to protect the cemetery. The two Tianlu stone carvings in Shunling are round carvings. The height is 4.5m, the bottom is 4.2m, the width is 1.9m ... The volume is large, and several people can be accommodated under the abdomen. The figure is tall, the structure is exaggerated, and the carving of the head and wings is more exquisite, which fully shows the personality and expression of the deer. The wings are carved into cirrus relief, gorgeous and full of vitality. Tianlu's figures are connected with the pedestal, and huge stones exceeding the overall volume must be selected when making them, which fully shows the creative spirit and carving skills of the sculptors in the Tang Dynasty.
Walk the stone lion
Before the Tang dynasty, Tianlu and exorcism were mainly listed in front of the mausoleum, carved with the tiger as the prototype. After the Han dynasty, this kind of beast has the characteristics of tiger and lion, and the lion composition is more and more. Shishi completely replaced Tianlu, Exorcism and Shi Hu in the stone carving of tombs, which began in the dry tombs of Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian and was followed in the stone carving of tombs in later dynasties.
The idea that the ancient tombs in China take stone lions as portal animals mainly comes from the influence of Buddhism in West Asia, Central Asia and ancient India. Lions are found in Africa and West Asia. With the opening of the Silk Road and the communication between East and West, lions began to be transported to China. In the Tang Dynasty, the communication between China and the West became more frequent. These countries present lions as precious tributes to China. With the arrival of lions, myths and legends about lions and worship beliefs spread to the East, especially the unique position of lions in Buddhism. With the prosperity of Buddhism, the lion culture also spread, and gradually people put it in front of the mausoleum to guard the gate, rather than ward off evil spirits.
Shunling has a pair of stone lions crouching in the east, west and north gate, and a pair of stone lions walking in the south gate. The shape of the stone lion changes greatly. Nanmen Shishi is influenced by western Asia in its shape and is a representative of realistic Shishi. Lions lying in the east, west and north gate are Buddhist stone carving forms since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, with some Indian styles.
Walking the lion along the mountain is a round carving. A male and a female, the two lions are 20 meters apart, and both are walking postures. In modeling, they made a moderate exaggeration, highlighting the heroic qualities of lions. Because the stone lion itself is carved roundly, after more than 1000 years of wind and rain erosion and sun weathering, the stone lion is more rounded and spectacular, unconventional and full of vitality.
The lion walking along the mountain is the most majestic, with a height of 3. 15m, a length of 3.2m, a width of 1.45m and a weight of more than 40 tons. Tall, fierce in shape, powerful in four claws, like striding slowly, with a wide mouth half open, which makes people feel that the lion shakes the mountain and subdues the roar of all animals. In particular, the protruding pectoral muscles and forward legs and feet are well-proportioned and rich in texture, which is one of the largest and most representative stone carvings in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty.
stone
There are three pairs of stone sitting lions in Lingdong, Lingxi and Lingbei, which are the same as the standing lion and Kirin. The overall height of the lion sitting is about 3 meters, the chest width is 1. 10 meters, and the seat height is 0.5 meters, which is the largest among the stone lion sitting in the past dynasties. The heroic image of the lion is strongly exaggerated, which shows the grand style of stone carving art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The six sitting lions have the same tone, but different images: the mane of the sitting lions in the west and the north is spiral, the cheeks are swollen, the upper lip is curled, the tongue is hooked, the wrist and toe tendons are uneven, and the claws are deeply trapped in the crevices. Lions sitting in the east and south are full of manes, with wide mouths and long eyes, and their tails are bent and then thrown on their backs. It is a vigorous and powerful Xu Yuansheng.
The lion sculpture in the mausoleum symbolizes the ceremonial guards of the tomb owner before his death, and the unicorn sculpture symbolizes the eagle's truth, which is the general meaning of the imperial mausoleum, but the form of stone carving in Shunling is not the same. The double lions facing north and south are juxtaposed along the road, and the double unicorns stand opposite each other across the road. The female lion and the male unicorn are on the west side, and the male lion and the female unicorn are on the east side, which constitutes the staggered array and the opening and closing of the momentum. The three pairs of lions sitting in the east, west and north have different images and postures. This makes the Shunling stone carving group with uneven levels in the unified tone reflect the symmetrical, balanced and changeable artistic law.
A stone statue placed in front of the tomb
There are fourteen existing stone statues in Shunling (of which the stone statues on the east side in front of the tomb are replicas). In front of the tomb is a stone man with a height of 2.98 meters, a width of 0.85 meters and a thickness of 0.4 meters. The statue and the seat are integrated and placed at the bottom of the stone. It is estimated that it is connected with tenon and stone foundation. The stone foundation is1.25m long,1.25m wide and 0.1.05m thick, and it is semi-buried.
The stone man wears a small crown, with a broken crown, an obvious front hairline, curved eyebrows, frowning and glaring. The upper part must have wings, the lower part must be stout, and the facial muscles are strong. She is wearing a stand-up collar coat, with a wide belt around her waist, two sleeves hanging down her knees, each with five creases, a mop skirt, a straight back, broken feet, double handles, left and right hands and five bamboo sheaths. There are twelve stone statues on both sides of the south gate of the inner city, three of which are headless and incomplete, and the other nine are complete. The statue and the seat are carved from a whole stone and embedded in the stone trough seat. The image is 2.25m high, 0.75m wide, 0.75m thick, 0.75m long and 0.5m wide. Twelve stone statues have different faces, wearing small crowns on their heads, with low front and high back, and obvious hairline. The hairline at the back is shaped like a "human", with Fiona Fang on the face, ears attached to the cheeks, individual eyebrows bent, almond eyes, wings on the nose, some thick beards, and some without short necks. Wearing mop skirts, showing their feet, and some of them are disabled. The hand column sword is on the chest, outside the left hand and inside the right hand. The scabbard of this sword has four knots and two thorns.
Shi Hu
According to an old legend, there was a monster named Wang Xiang who ate the brains of the dead, but Wang Xiang was afraid of tigers and cypresses. Therefore, cypress trees were planted on the emperor's mausoleum, and Shihu was listed as a town to ward off evil spirits.
Shunling Shi Hu is located on both sides of Yang's tomb, with four tigers arranged on both sides of the tomb, with Shi Hu in the west and Shi Hu in the east (it was excavated in 2006 and arranged after restoration). Shi Hu sculpture in Shunling is located between tigers and lions, which was obviously listed when the tomb was built, and it has the style before the Tang Dynasty. Shihu Lake is1.55m high,1.45m long and 0.7m wide. The front legs are upright and the rear legs are bent. The left front leg of Shi Hu in the north is damaged, and the stone base is buried underground. Shi Hu's sculptures are vivid and magnificent, inheriting the tradition of stone carving in the Southern Dynasties, but their shapes are more realistic and their styles are closer to realism.
bharal
There are four stone sheep in front of Yang's tomb in the inner city.
Stone sheep in the east and south, with the head west and the tail east. The image is1.48m high,1.44m long and 0.68m wide. The stone sheep on the north side is a replica.
Two sheep in the west, head east and tail west. Shiyang in the west and south is 1.35m high, 1.35m long and 0.68m wide. Shiyang in the west and north is1.45m high,1.5m long and 0.68m wide. Three stone sheep crouched on a stone base, their limbs bent. The statue and pedestal are carved from a whole stone, and the stone pedestal is buried underground.
The heads of the three stone sheep are slightly raised, and the horns are horns, which are coiled from top to inside. Drum eyes, small nostrils, shut up. The body is thick and round, the tail is small, the front hoof kneels on the ground, and the back hoof is bent. This kind of sheep is fierce, but loyal and docile to its owner. Put it in front of the tomb to ward off evil spirits. Its artistic value is not as good as the stone carvings in the outer cities.
Zhangma
In the Tang Dynasty, except for the tomb sacrifice of Emperor Li Yuan, stone horses were placed in all tombs from Zhaoling, and stone horses were also placed in Shunling.
No war horse remains were found on either side of Shunling Shinto, but there are four stone horses in the north gate (Xuanwu Gate), two of which were rearranged after archaeological excavation in 2006. The original complete stone horse statue is1.86m high, 2.6m long and 0.86m wide. The seat is 2.28 meters long and 0.9 meters wide. Statues and seats are carved from a whole stone. The stone horse's head is small, its ears are broken and its mouth is rough. Decorate the reins, and the mane hangs on both sides of the neck. Backrest with saddle and pedal. Round hips. The limbs and hooves are thick, and the thick tail is connected with the stone seat. There are traces of horse control, and horse control has been lost; The original stone horse, with limbs, is 2.5m long, 0.82m wide and1.15m high. Small head, disabled ears and rough mouth. Decorate the reins and hang the mane on the left side of the neck. Backrest with saddle and pedal. Round hips. There are 12 front chest and rear hip ornaments.
Shunling monument
There are at least two stone tablets in Shunling in history. One is that when Yang was buried in September of the first year of Xianheng, the official monument was erected. Tang Gaozong wrote an inscription. Then I don't know where the monument was scattered. Today, its shape, specifications and inscriptions are unknown.
The other is the Shunling Monument made in the second year of Chang 'an (702), which is called "the Empress Monument of the Great Zhou Dynasty" in history. At this time, Yang has been dead for 32 years. The inscription was written by Wu Sansi and Li, with more than 4,000 words. The inscription has a square font and is also a seal script. Powerful, every word is one inch and five points bigger. The word 16 newly created by Wu Zetian was also used.
Shunling Monument has stood for 854 years, with a height of about 6 meters and a width of 3.2 meters, and an inscription of four or five thousand words. Together with the monument head and pedestal, the overall height is about 10 meter, which exceeds the Monument to the Holy Year written by Emperor Gaozong of Ganling and the Monument Without Words written by Wu Zetian. This is unique in the tombs of royalty and national interests in the Tang Dynasty. Unfortunately, this peerless monument was built during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. After the Qing dynasty, people found fragments from the river bank, 8 pieces handed down from generation to generation, with characters of *** 18 lines and 46 characters. This is the famous "Shunling Monument", a stone carving treasure highly praised by calligraphers. Today, people can only appreciate the elegance of Shunling Monument from the fragments collected by Xianyang Museum. There is a site outside the south gate, surrounded by broken bricks, which should be the ruins after the monument destroyed the pavilion.
The new characters created by Wu Zetian used in the Shunling Monument are from April of the first year of Yongchang (689) to June of the first year of Zaichu (690), which was inspired or drafted by her and presided over by Wu. Only the word "qi" has been used so far. Although some people think that the characters in Shunling stele contain ideas such as superstition, retro and ignorance, they are regarded as Chinese characters. According to documents, Wu Sansi was buried with Yang. The tombstone of Wusansi Town was unearthed near Shunling, and the inscription reads "Now accompany Shunling", but the tomb of Wusansi is still unknown. According to records, after the death of Wu Zetian, the Wu Dynasty ended, and Li regained control of state power, Cheng Si's tomb was dug up and thrown into the coffin to vent his anger. It is possible that Wu Sansi's tomb suffered the same result. At first, it was thought that the tomb on the east side of the two ancient tombs in the southwest of Yang Tomb was Wu Sansi's tomb. 1984, Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology (Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology) conducted a rescue archaeological excavation of this tomb, and confirmed it as the tomb of Princess Xiangyang and Ma Doudan, Li Yuan's youngest daughter.
The birthday tomb of Princess Ma Dou in Xiangyang and the tomb of Su Jun on the west side are not buried with Yang, but in the same place before Yang. The birthday tombs of Princess Xiangyang and Fumadou are the only double burial tombs in the architectural history of China Mausoleum, which have high research value. More than 250 cultural relics have been unearthed. The color painting on the tomb wall is vivid, the powder is simple and light, and the color is applied to the burned ink marks, with different shades and full three-dimensional sense. The line drawing is full of movement, which fully embodies the painting skills in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Stone carvings, figure modeling and winding techniques, leaves and monster patterns unearthed from the tomb mouth are as smooth as clouds, with white lines on a black background and full lines dancing in a certain standard. The stars and the moon at the top of the tomb are inlaid with shells, pearls, agates, jade, crystals, amber and turquoise, which are very spectacular. Su Jun's tomb, the west side of Princess Xiangyang's tomb and Ma Dou's tomb were stolen many times in the early years. The bottom diameter of sealing soil is about 30m, and the height is about10m. 1960 was excavated as a slope tomb with seven wells and two rooms. The pyramid-shaped mound faces south and is 73 meters long. The third and fourth patios, the fifth and sixth patios and the front room are domes. Murals are painted in the tombs, tunnels and front and back rooms, including dragons, white tigers, sacrificial ceremonies, attendants, halberds and astrology. 335 pottery figurines such as etiquette, horse riding and prostitute music were unearthed; A few pieces of ceramics; Gold-plated copper locks, keys, gold-plated door ornaments, iron shops; On the same side of the epitaph (Zhi Yi), the words "Epitaph of Su Jun in Late Tang Dynasty" were stamped.
A tombstone of Wusansi Town 1 Fang has been unearthed near Shunling, and there is a book engraved with "Accompany Shunling Now". There are two mounds in the southwest of the cemetery, east and west side by side. In the west, an unearthed seal script and Su Fujun's epitaph were covered; A collapsed building was unearthed in Dongyou 1984. In the Tang Dynasty, Guanglugong and the Ministry of Industry made Shangshu hold the memorial of Jingzhou, and Wei Shangzhu, Xin 'an Gong and Zhou Dou Fujun cemetery records.