Both painting and sculpture mainly use shape, color, quality, as well as point, line, surface, body and other modeling methods to form a certain artistic image. The former is expressed on a two-dimensional plane, while the latter is shaped in a three-dimensional space. Modeling is their most important aesthetic feature.
Due to different expression methods, there are many types of paintings, and realism and expression are the two most important methods. Realistic painting directly imitates the images of nature and real things, often using realistic means to achieve specific concrete effects; expressive painting focuses on emphasizing the subjective spirit, and often uses exaggeration, deformation, symbolism, abstraction and other techniques to directly express the subject's emotional experience and aesthetic needs, and achieve The creation of artistic images. For example, the characteristic of Chinese painting is not only that its tools and materials (brushes, rice paper, and ink) are very specific, but more importantly, it attaches great importance to expressing the inner spirit of the subject, emphasizing "writing the spirit with form" and "having both spirit and form." "The pursuit of charm, conveyance and artistic conception is not to study the material characteristics of images in the objective world, but to touch the image of the painting for the needs of the soul, to implicitly and profoundly express the spiritual quality of the subject, thus forming the unique aesthetic connotation of Chinese painting .
Sculpture is highly general and symbolic in shaping artistic images. It uses a material form to create a visible and touchable three-dimensional artistic image in a three-dimensional space. Its aesthetic characteristics are obtained in space, and the surrounding environment related to the sculpture is also an organic part of the sculpture. Generally speaking, sculptures are mainly expressed in two ways: one is clearly presented, and the other is implicitly suggested. For example, modernist sculptures often achieve novel artistic effects through abstraction and suggestion.
(2) Architecture
Architecture is a symbolic visual art. It “generally can only use things in the external environment to imply the meaning transplanted into it. ”, “Create a work whose external shape can only imply meaning in a symbolic way”①.
Architecture fully embodies the organic combination of functionality and aesthetics, technology and art. Although various buildings have different forms and uses, they generally embody the principles of "practicality, solidity, and beauty" emphasized by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, and always strive to display various basic Forms of natural forces, human spirit and intelligence. That is to say, while the building has practical functions (can be used for people to live in, etc.), it also has certain aesthetic functional characteristics. Through physical structure, spatial combination, decorative techniques, etc., it forms a rhythmic abstract formal beauty to stimulate people's aesthetic associations during the viewing process, thereby creating various specific aesthetic experiences. For example, the ancient Chinese palaces are square, rigorous and symmetrical, making people feel neat and solemn; the Gothic churches, with their spires and majestic towers, give people a sense of soaring upward. The Temple of Heaven in Beijing, the Pyramids of Egypt, Notre Dame Cathedral in France, the Sydney Opera House in Australia, etc. all use abstract shapes with unique styles to give people unique aesthetic feelings and inspiration.
With the increasing awareness of contemporary human beings about the ecological environment, the harmony between architecture and the environment has increasingly become an urgent need for mankind. Blue skies, green spaces, water surfaces, and tree shades have made people’s vision of architecture Aesthetics expanded to a larger scope.
The beauty of this artistic conception is the overall aesthetic intention of all Chinese calligraphy art and the soul of calligraphy art. Performing art is an art that uses people's singing, playing, or human body movements and expressions to shape images, convey emotions, and express life. Performing arts usually include dance, music, folk arts, acrobatics, magic, etc. (1) Music Music expresses the emotional state of the subject through organized music. Its basic components include rhythm, melody, timbre, harmony, tone and intensity, etc., which constitute an extremely rich musical form. Beethoven once praised "music as a revelation more noble than all wisdom and philosophy", while Heine emphasized that "music may be the last artistic language". The aesthetic characteristics of music are mainly reflected in: First, music is the art of sound. Sound (including human voices and the sounds of various musical instruments, etc.) is the material material on which music depends. It can not only directly express the subject's own feelings, but also evoke the strong inner feelings of others. Music uses sound to shape images and express thoughts and emotions. In music, sounds that are high or low, fast or long, strong or soft, all have the aesthetic appeal to inspire corresponding feelings and emotions.
Second, music is the art of time. With the presentation and passage of time, music expresses the continuation, change and flow of life emotions or things, summoning the subject's aesthetic experience in a certain time process. The human psychological world, spiritual activities and emotional experiences are carried out in the dynamic process of time. Therefore, in the process of time, dynamic and procedural music can fully express the subject's complex psychological activity process. In this way, the appreciation of music requires a certain agility in the subject's perception and understanding. It is difficult for those with slow reactions to capture the music image in the time process.
Third, music is the art of expression. The famous Russian composer Stravinsky once said: "Music is emotion. Without emotion, there is no music." Music itself is the materialized form and transmission medium of emotion, and has the aesthetic charm of "moving people with emotion". Music does not need to rely on some kind of intermediary link like other arts, but can directly act on the subject's mind through hearing and directly convey the artist's inner thoughts and emotions. It has other arts in expressing and expressing the rich, delicate and complex emotions of human beings. It has an incomparable effect, so it is suitable for expressing the ups and downs of the subject's emotions, causing people to experience certain feelings and emotions, and even causing physiological changes and reactions in the human body.
Fourthly, music also has uncertain characteristics. Musical language is not a fixed and univocal vocabulary. Its expression of emotions is not as clear and conceptual as written language, but has a certain degree of ambiguity and broadness. This feature not only leaves a broad space for imagination and re-creation for the music creation subject and the receiving subject, but also puts forward specific requirements for the creating subject and the receiving subject, that is, they must have a good musical feeling, a certain degree of music aesthetic experience and imagination. force. For example, the effect of music appreciation not only depends on the level, quality and sound equipment of music creation and performers, but also is related to the personal experience, comprehension ability and psychological state of the subject. Similarly, due to the uncertainty of the expression of emotions in music, it can be more widely and directly felt by different ethnic groups in the world, and it has become a special bridge for spiritual, cultural, ideological and emotional exchanges among various ethnic groups. (2) Dance
Dance is an art form in which the human body performs continuous movements according to a certain rhythm. It originated from the productive labor of ancient humans and was combined with music and poetry. It is one of the earliest art forms in human history.
As an art that expresses the beauty of the human body, dance uses refined, organized and beautified human body movements and postures as a means of expression to convey human aesthetic emotions and express the aesthetic attributes of life. In dance, human body movements continue and change over time along with music, which not only infects the emotions of the appreciator (receiver) and gives aesthetic pleasure, but also creates an atmosphere for direct emotional catharsis, inspiring dance The viewer's emotions enable them to obtain entertaining spiritual satisfaction from rhythm and movement. The aesthetic characteristics of dance are firstly lyrical and expressive.
The core of the dramatic conflict is the conflict of character and will with social significance between typical characters. Characters with different personalities and wills constitute various contradictions and conflicts in a specific dramatic plot. They advance along the plot development path, causing the audience (receiving subject) to have emotions of shock, pity, or fear during the changes in the plot. , and then obtain a high degree of aesthetic enjoyment and aesthetic education.
Third, drama has the intuitive nature of public performance. It uses actors to play other people or other things, and completes the performance of events with complete plots and conflicts on the spot in front of the audience (receiving subject), creating a character image, making the audience feel like "when they are happy, they want to sing and dance, when they are sad, they want to cry and want to complain" "When you are angry, you want to kill, you are angry, and you are full of interest." The aesthetic experience.