Another way of saying it by Chen.
Zuo Zhuan convinces people with reason, while Warring States Policy threatens people with power. In the Spring and Autumn Period, although the royal family of Zhou Dynasty declined, rites and music remained the core of social life. According to the statistics of Old Xiaoyu's Thorn in the Spring and Autumn Period, there are 75 quotations from the Book of Songs in Zuo Zhuan, such as Zuo Zhuan? In the section of "Chu Ling enjoys seclusion" in Zhao A.D., Uncle Xiang quoted "Duke of Zhou, praise and destroy it" in the Book of Songs to clarify the truth that being strong without virtue will perish. These extensive quotations have formed the characteristics of the "left" way of speaking. Travelers quote a lot of classics such as The Book of Songs, borrow moral ethics from them, convince people with reason, control people with emotion, and finally convince people with reason to achieve the diplomatic purpose of pedestrians. And "war" is obviously different. During the Warring States period, the society was in turmoil. Many strategists come from the folk, and the rites and music of the Western Zhou Dynasty, represented by poetry, are getting farther and farther away from them. Therefore, the rhetoric of war embodies the characteristics of multi-purpose parallelism and threatening momentum. For example, when Su Qin lobbied Wang Wei, he said, "Today I stole the king's pawn, with 200,000 warriors, 200,000 heads and 100,000 disciples; Take six hundred cars and ride five thousand horses; I listened to the ministers, but I want to work for Qin! So, Zhao Wang's envoy in our city made a stupid plan and made a clear promise, which was signed by the king. " This statement can be described as exaggerated and imposing. By boasting about Wei's strength, it reflects the stupidity of Wang Wei's idea of dealing with Qin, so as to achieve the goal of six countries in Lian Heng. It can be seen that the rhetoric that constitutes "war" is a lot of exaggeration and parallelism. Strategists completely abandoned etiquette and began to state the reality naked, using the situation to force people to achieve their diplomatic goals.
Their class position pages are different: the differences in the rhetoric of pedestrians in Zuozhuan and Warring States Policy essentially reflect the differences in the class positions of pedestrians in Zuozhuan and counselors in Warring States Policy. The Zhou Dynasty lasted for 800 years, relying on a complete class order, which was based on the Jing Tian system, with the patriarchal clan system as its content, the ritual system as its representation and link, and the eldest son inheritance system and the large-scale petty clan system as its core. Finally, a relatively stable class sequence of Zhou Tianzi-vassal-Qing Dafu-scholar-slave was formed. However, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty could not foresee that there was a fundamental loophole in this class sequence maintained by consanguinity: with the alienation of consanguinity, once the power between the big and small clans was unbalanced, this order could no longer be maintained, and the rupture of consanguinity was reflected in the process of large-scale decline and gradual decentralization of power. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Emperor of Zhou declined, and his power was gradually devolved to princes and doctors belonging to small clans. The pedestrian on the left belongs to the great doctor who serves the prince. These high-ranking officials, who were born in noble families, received a good education in rites and music since childhood, and were loyal to the patriarchal clan system, naturally showed the characteristics of being smooth and tactful in their words, and serving others with virtue. For example, in three years, the king, the messenger of the Zhou royal family, faced arrogance and won the Central Plains. In fact, the king of Chu, who coveted Zhou's room, skillfully used the title of "being in Germany but not in Ding", indicating that although Zhou's royal family declined, it has not yet reached the point of extinction. Zhou Ding speaks orthodoxy, so we can't ask the weight, which blows the arrogance of the king of Chu. It is not difficult to see that this solemn and euphemistic language originated from the demands of the Qing nobles, who, in a sense, were eager to maintain the ruling order of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Once in the Warring States period, the situation changed greatly. The distinction between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, represented by the three points of Jin and Tian Dynasties, profoundly reflects the difference between the Warring States Period and the Spring and Autumn Period, which lies in the further decentralization of power to the scholar class and even the civilian class. During the Warring States period, most of the military strategists contending with a hundred schools of thought were members of the literati class. Scholars belong to a group of people marginalized by nobles in the feudal sequence of the Western Zhou Dynasty. With the gradual alienation of blood, it is impossible to separate the second son or illegitimate child of the title from the fief, and gradually become a civilian aristocrat, that is, a scholar. Taxi drivers have no political and economic status, so they can only stand in troubled times and seek fame through their own efforts. Many of them chose to lobby the princes everywhere with their own golden words, so the strategists of the Warring States period came into being. We take Su Qin, one of the representative figures, as an example to illustrate the reasons for the formation of the rhetoric style of strategists. Su Qin was a Korean in the Warring States period, and he was born in a peasant family, that is, the civilian class. With the political reform in the Warring States period, the Jingtian system collapsed and Shiqing Stone Road was broken. The peasant class finally broke through the shackles of minefields and had the opportunity to get rich by virtue of their own abilities. In Su Qin's Talking about Qin with Lian Heng, "An once said that people are masters, but they can't show their wealth and beauty. What about Qing Xiang's respect? " It reflects the psychology that strategists in the Warring States generally have to lobby governors for fame and fortune. Excluded from the aristocratic class without the shadow of ancestral and clan fiefs, the soldiers and civilians must rely on exaggerated rhetoric, aggressive language and plain and concrete metaphors to impress rulers and worship officials, which essentially reflects the urgent desire of the emerging landlord class to gain economic and political status and completely overthrow the old class sequence. For example, "Yan Ce II": "Zhao cut the swallow, and the Su Dynasty Yan called it": "Today, I came to Yishui, and the clam exposed, and the snipe pecked its meat, and the clam closed and clamped its beak. The snipe said, "If it doesn't rain today, there will be dead mussels tomorrow." A clam is also called a snipe:' If you don't come out today, you will die tomorrow. The two refused to give up. Fishermen get what they want and birds eat it. Today, Zhao cut Yan, Yan and Zhao supported each other for a long time, in order to harm the public and fear the benefits of fishermen. Here, Su Qin's brother cleverly dissuaded Zhao from attacking Yan by taking the fable of "the snipe and the clam contend" as an example. Imagine, if you still quote the classics at this time, affirm the intimacy of the prince of Zhao, discourage the prince of Zhao from doing the battle of roommates, but * * * defend the Zhou royal family with him. I'm afraid the army of the prince of Zhao has long been run over by Su Dai's body. To sum up, the differences between Zuo and Zhan in pedestrian rhetoric reflect the differences between Qing Dafu and scholars, Shi Lu and selecting talents and appointing talents, and declining landlords and emerging landlords. These people who made great achievements through their own efforts eventually replaced the old nobles and became new landlords. The class sequence of the Western Zhou Dynasty was completely broken, and after great social turmoil, a stable new class sequence was re-formed, that is, the feudal class sequence of "landlord-yeoman" since the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, the rhetoric of pedestrian in Left and War is essentially different in class position. The great difference between the prosaic rhetoric in Left and War essentially reflects the transformation of China society from slavery to feudalism.
Second, what Chen said is different.
On the comparison of rhetorical styles between Warring States Policy and Zuo Zhuan, each generation has its own incisive and exquisite opinions and opinions. Only two or three of them are involved here for reference.
Comparing the Warring States Policy with Zuo Zhuan, taking Qin Shi as an example, as Mr. Jiang said, the content of Zuo Zhuan has its own truth, which can be proved by letters; Mr. Zhang Wen believes that Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy are different in their forms of expression, while Zuo Zhuan, which takes candlelight as an example, is more literary, and the rhetoric of candlelight is more calm and easy to understand, clear-cut, clear-cut, well-organized, thorough and logical.
In Zuo Zhuan, the command word of candle-Wu Zhi is only one paragraph: "If it is good for you to destroy Zheng, dare to bother the deacon." Yue is far away, and you know it's difficult. Why use Zheng Wu to accompany your neighbors? Neighbors are thick, gentlemen are thin. If you give up Zheng as the host and travel with him, * * * will be exhausted and you will be harmless. And your taste was given by Jin Jun. Xu Jun was anxious and flawed, so he made a version that you know at night. Fujin, why bother? If you want to seal the east and seal the west, how can you get it if you don't lack Qin? Whether it is good for Kim or not, only you can find out. " [4]
In Zuo Zhuan, there are not many magnificent descriptions of the king's brave words. Every sentence is easy to understand, and every word is simple and reasonable, which makes the king of Qin clearly understand the interests of Qin and Zheng. Compared with before, the benefits of withdrawing troops and exchanging luggage far outweigh the "contempt for the country."
This paper compares Su Qin's rhetoric content with the martial arts of candlelight, and shows the rhetorical style characteristics of Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy. Because of this, predecessors often compare the two and analyze their characteristics and their respective reasons.
"The Warring States Policy" is an important work that records the politics of China in ancient times during the Warring States Period, and it is also a collection of rhetoric of planners in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Su Qin is an important figure in the Warring States Policy, which records eight articles describing Su Qin's remarks: Su Qin Lian Heng talks about Qin, Su Qin talks about Chu, Su Qin talks about Li Dui, Su Qin talks about Yan and Su Qin talks about Chu River. Therefore, taking Su Qin as an example to analyze the pedestrian rhetoric in Warring States Policy has certain universality and particularity, and it has also become the discussion object chosen by most predecessors.
Mr. Jiang Yin said that the content of the Warring States Policy is "strong words to seize gifts, clever words to make color". Mr. Lao Jiang's words did not mean to belittle the subtle rhetoric in The Warring States Policy. On the contrary, it is through these two derogatory idioms that he vividly depicts his rhetorical beauty and wisdom. That is to say, it seems to be "sophistry" and "witty remarks", but in fact each sentence reflects their rigorous thinking logic. For example, Su Qin talks about Chu: "Qin harms chinese odyssey, while Chu is weak, while Chu is weak and strong, which is incompatible. Therefore, it is better to be alone with Qin for the sake of Wang. If the king disobeys his relatives, Qin will join two armies: one will leave Wuguan; An army went down to central Guizhou. If so, it would be embarrassing. I heard that it is not chaotic, nor is it; If you get sick and then worry, it's common. Therefore, I hope that the king will count early. " [5] Su Qin pointed out many unfavorable results of Lian Heng's involvement in Qin, and pointed out many advantages of combining vertical forces against Qin, pointing out that only combining vertical forces is the only way out. Su Qin first flattered the power of Chu, indicating that such a powerful country does not need to serve Qin, but should be served by other countries. After trying to play up the bright future of the alliance, Su Qin concentrated on attacking the disadvantages of Lian Heng's strategy, which made Chu deeply feel that Lian Heng's strategy was bad, and the alliance was indeed the only choice. This is a typical example of Su Qin's rhetorical logic. One "disadvantage" and the other "advantage" are the combination of Lian Heng and Su Qin. Another example is "Su Qin talks about Zhao": "Today, the Qin generals will attack Qi, but they cannot be the same. The land of Han and Wei dynasties will be on the road, and this road is too dangerous for my father. Cars and horses will not be allowed to move in parallel, and hundreds of people will not be able to cross it. Although Qin wants to go deeper, the wolf cares, fearing that the discussion between Korea and Wei will follow. Therefore, it is obvious that Qin can't harm Qi if he dares to jump high and dare not enter. My husband doesn't know that Qin can't resist me, but he wants to do things in the west. This is the plan of his ministers. Today, the name of Qin has no ministers, but a powerful country. I firmly hope that the king will leave less plans. " [6] also shows Su Qin's strict logic, and skillfully persuaded Qi Xuanwang by pushing and pulling.
I want to write some opinions of Mr. Xiong Xianguang. Mr. Xiong Xianguang said in Selected Studies of Warring States Policy that the rhetoric content of Warring States Policy is vivid, expressive, clear and easy to understand.
First of all, vivid image means that the Warring States policy makes good use of metaphors and fables. Mr. Wang believes that fables often describe a certain situation of natural creatures, so that people can get universal enlightenment and lessons from its connection with human real life. For example, although today's generals and Mo Xie must be staffed, they cannot be laid off. The arrow is strong and golden, but the disadvantage cannot be killed far away. Another example is: "The decline of horses comes first; Meng Ben is tired, and the woman wins. Husband and wife, women, strong in the strong, are not wise to Miracle and Meng Ben. What is this? Borrow the future. " [7] The above are the fables and metaphors quoted by Su Qin when he suggested the emperor. Illustrate some abstract truths through fables. This style is obvious in Warring States Policy.
Second, applied propaganda refers to the gorgeous and imposing strategic words in the Warring States Policy. For example, Zhang Yikun said that "the muscles are plump and powerful, the bones are strong and the qi is fierce [8]", and Zhu also said that "the male god [9]". In his speech, he used a lot of antithetical sentences to exaggerate the atmosphere and content. For example, "The Kingdom of the King has Pakistan, Shu and Hanzhong in the west, Hugou and Ma Dai in the north, Wushan and Guizhou in the south, and food and trust in the east. Rich and beautiful land, rich people, thousands of chariots and thousands of miles of fields, rich accumulation and convenient terrain. This is called Tianfu, and it is also a country in the world. With the sage of the king, the public of the gentry, the use of cycling and the teaching of the art of war, we can merge the princes, swallow the world and rule for the emperor. May Wang take less photos, please play its role "[10]. This very famous passage, grouped in four words, is magnificent and rich in content, praising the richness and advantages of Qin State.
In addition, Mr. Wang believes that the content of the speech is rich in historical events. A lesson from the past is a lesson from the future. In "The Warring States Policy", Su Qin often made use of history, then expounded a certain point of view, was persuaded by the other side, and gained trust from it. Such as: "Yesterday, Shennong cut down to make up for it, Huangdi cut down zhuolu and birds Chiyou, Yaodu cut down three seedlings, Yu cut down * * * workers, Tang cut down summer, cut down worship, and cut down weeks to compete for the world" [1 1]
Finally, it is clear and popular. Here, Jia expressed what he called "loyalty and sincerity" incisively and vividly. Such a touching article has never been seen in Zuo Zhuan, but there are many such words in the Warring States Policy.
San Chen said that the attitude is different.
Mr. Jiang Yin believes: "Zuo Zhuan's words are sincere and polite, and the strategy of the Warring States is eloquent." Let's look at Chen Shuo in Zuo Zhuan. There are many wonderful words recorded in Zuo Zhuan, which are characterized by wit, elegance and calmness, and their sharp edges are hidden under the polite appearance. Even if the enemy countries are at war, they are gentle when they meet. In the thirty-two and thirty-three years of Xi Gong, he was defeated in the battle of vegetables and was completely annihilated. He is angry inside, but he is still polite in the face of the enemy. "Jun, don't bother drum, so that blame on the qin dynasty; If a widowed gentleman kills him, he will die and be immortal. If you avoid doing good, you will be given three years. " [ 12]
In her research paper "About < lt; /SPAN>。 The article "Pedestrians and Their Rhetoric Features" in Zuo Zhuan wrote that the artistic feature of "pedestrians" in the Spring and Autumn Period was "modesty and euphemism, combining rigidity and softness", showing a relaxed, restrained, calm, elegant and polite "gentleman" style. For example, in the article "Wang v.", Lu returned to the army for three years to observe the teacher in Zhoujiang, and the Zhou royal family was frightened and sent the king to comfort him. He looked down on the Zhou royal family. At that time, the power of Chu was in full swing in the Central Plains, while the royal family of Zhou declined and was likely to be replaced by Chu. Under this aggressive momentum, Wang did not give a positive answer, but slowly responded from the side, cleverly taking the topic "Being in Germany but not in Ding" as an example, which showed that although Zhou De was small, he did not die, which hit the arrogance. Such rhetoric exists not only in general diplomatic occasions, but also in the beauty of modesty and euphemism even when the two armies meet. For example, in the article "The Battle of Chengpu, Chu Jin", in the face of the unreasonable challenge of Yu Zi, the commander-in-chief of the Chu army, Jin Wengong made Luan Zhi reply: "Those who dare to bother doctors are named as the second or third sons, and they are forbidden to ride and respect their affairs." [13] It's more like the mutual encouragement between the monarch and the minister, and more like the dialogue made by the current opponents? Another example is the article The Battle of Qi and Jin. On the eve of the war, in a conversation between Qi Hou and Jin people, Qi Hou's attitude was extremely tough, and Jin did not show weakness. However, the rhetoric of both sides is euphemistic and humble, trying to show elegance and serenity, which makes it hard to believe that this is a life-and-death battle. Third, in the book "The Ring of Candles", Qin Jin besieged Zheng, and the situation was extremely critical. Candle was ordered to put aside personal feelings and interests and shoulder the heavy responsibility of Zheng's life and death. This paper explains the disadvantages of helping Qin with gold and the advantages of "leaving Zheng as the main force" to withdraw troops, and profoundly warns Qin not to forget the pain of crossing the river and kicking down the bridge with gold. From this point of view, although Zuozhuan is famous for its delicate and graceful style, it is neither subtle nor exaggerated. No matter what you remember, it can be simple and lasting. In the words of Liu Zhiji, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, who commented on the plain rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan, it can be summarized as "the beauty of his prose and the richness and profundity of his language." [ 14]
Let's look at the Warring States policy. Guo Yuheng said in the History of Ancient Chinese Literature that the counselor's exposition in the Warring States Policy was "swift, hearty, outspoken and eloquent". Wang Jue even called it "the most eloquent" [15]. Taking Lv Zhonglian's One-step Empress Qin as an example, Lv Zhonglian argued against Qin, but believed that Yan Yuan advised the prince of Zhao to "be the Empress Qin", and the two held their own opinions and were incompatible. Yuan Xinyan's reason for the Qin emperor was "afraid of it", while Lu Zhonglian came straight to the point and explained, "I want the Qin king to cook Liang Wang!" It is inconsistent with the historical facts that Yin and Zeng "died of ghosts" and "died of Hubei". In the past, Lu and Zou countries resolutely refused to recognize the fact that the king of Qi claimed to be the son of heaven, and the king of Qi could not make him yield, so he proposed: "If you want to make it normal, it is better to be the minister of Sanjin and the servant of Zou Lu. Lu Zhonglian's remarks were merciless. Finally, he warned Xin that "Qin Huang" could only make Liang Wang unable to show mercy, and Xin could not "spoil" himself. Lu Zhonglian's impassioned and eloquent remarks are very convincing, which makes Xin "dare not repeat the mistakes of Qin Wang". Another example is the article "Su Qin and Lian Heng Talk about Qin", in which Su Qin emphasized the advantages of "Lian Heng" with a lot of exaggeration and exaggeration. Chi argued according to reason, with great momentum, and made four sentences in a row: "People are worried from top to bottom, and the people have nothing to say", "Scholars contend, monarchies are in chaos, and everything begins to be in chaos", which exaggerated the drawbacks of today's political arena and highlighted "Lian Heng Thought", thus showing the fierce policy debate in the Warring States Period.
Although the rhetoric of pedestrians in Zuo Zhuan and the argument of counselors in Warring States Policy present different styles, they are closely related. It can be said that it is the plain rhetoric in Zuo Zhuan that started the "swift and vigorous style of writing" in the Warring States Period [16] and directly influenced the "gorgeous rhetoric and magnificent style of writing" in the Warring States Policy [16]. In the final analysis, the formation of their different styles has its profound political background and ideological and moral reasons. Gu made a comparison between the different customs in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, courtesy and faith were respected, and the seven countries did not speak courtesy and faith. During the Spring and Autumn Period, King Zhou lived in Judah, but the Seven Kingdoms never talked about King Zhou. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the sacrifices were still strict, and the seven countries were re-employed. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the clan of surnames was still being discussed, and the seven countries did not mention anything about it. There are banquets and poems in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the seven countries don't smell them. During the Spring and Autumn Period, I still told stories, but the Seven Kingdoms didn't. The state has no fixed friends, and the scholars have no fixed masters. 133 years changes. " 【 18 】 It can be seen that the rites and music collapsed during the Warring States period, and the scholar's style also changed greatly.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family declined, and the era of "rites and music following the emperor" has become a thing of the past. The society has entered a turbulent era, and various contradictions are developing rapidly and intertwined. In this context, big countries have been fighting for hegemony. Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu and wuyue rose one after another, and fierce wars were waged among the vassal states for hegemony. In order to win political and military struggles, rulers of various countries often send people who are good at rhetoric to carry out diplomatic activities. In particular, the "pedestrians" of some small and weak countries or defeated countries often run between princes and convince each other with their superb diplomatic skills, especially superb diplomatic rhetoric. Therefore, they should not only explain the full truth, but also speak euphemistically and seriously, making people speechless, thus producing the art and skills of language use.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the idea of loyalty and loyalty was still the traditional concept that played a leading role in pedestrians at that time. They believe in Confucianism. In Zuo Zhuan, people often quote poems from The Book of Songs to express benevolence and righteousness. Character is closely related to the political standard (etiquette) of the times, showing obvious ethical and moral tendencies. In Zuo Zhuan, there have been many records of pedestrians writing poems and expressing their aspirations, which shows that poetry was widely used in diplomatic occasions at that time. For example, in the second year of Lv Chenggong, when refuting the harsh and unreasonable conditions put forward by the Jin people, Bin (Guo Zuo) cited the words "filial sons are always eager to learn" and "I am in Xinjiang, I am a mother in Nandong" and "I am politically superior, and the white deer is the Tao" in the Book of Songs to illustrate each other's rudeness. It seems very relaxed, but in fact, there is no problem. This shows that Binmei people are familiar with the Book of Songs.
It was very representative among scholars at that time. Heavy gifts run through the whole Zuo Zhuan. Rite is the moral and behavioral norm of patriarchal society, and its role has been emphasized unprecedentedly in Zuo Zhuan. Even if the two countries go to war, it is polite for the generals of the two countries to face each other on the battlefield. For pedestrians, the moral belief of propriety, justice and shame is clearly reflected in their diplomatic rhetoric, showing euphemism and implication, not
A modest and courteous gentleman.
During the Warring States period, the annexation of vassal States became more intense, and all vassal States wanted to "annex the world and take advantage of it". The state of Qin prospered because of its reform, and gradually encroached on the princes in an attempt to monopolize the world. In this situation, in addition to the use of force, diplomatic activities between vassal States also played an extremely important role. As a result, strategists came into being, and they were unprecedentedly active in the political and diplomatic arena with great influence. They are "angry and afraid, peaceful and peaceful." [19] With their golden words, they lobbied all over the world, saying, "Help the poor, turn the corner and survive." [20] The Warring States Policy pioneered the defense of power politics strategy through diplomatic rhetoric. The witty persuasion method, the vivid image of lobbyists and their wise humor can all be seen in Zuo Zhuan. The difference is that these strategists no longer talk about etiquette and loyalty in the Spring and Autumn Period, but pay attention to tactics and fraud. Rulers are "sacrificing comity, fighting hard, abandoning benevolence and righteousness, using deceit to bully the weak" [2 1] and those strategists are also "smart enough for the bad guys to use deception" [22] and the idea reflected in their arguments is "poison in food". [23] They confuse and incite people with fame and fortune, which is quite different from the idea that most pedestrians in Zuo Zhuan serve the country and the people, and their own interests have become the principle of the strategists in the Warring States period.
During the Warring States period, counselors were less fettered and most of them could speak freely. This is closely related to the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" on the ideological front Due to the different political and ideological backgrounds of the times and the different moral standards of the characters, Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy have formed obviously different debate styles: one is euphemistic and tortuous, the other is neither humble nor supercilious; A galloping, wanton Wang Yang. However, it is undeniable that the pedestrian rhetoric in Zuo Zhuan is related to the vertical and horizontal debate in Warring States Policy.
Zhang Xuecheng, a Qing man, once said: "The study of vertical and horizontal is based on the officials and pedestrians of the ancients. Throughout the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors from all over the world hired governors and sent special envoys to hide their secrets in order to achieve their goals. During the Warring States Period, I stretched out my hand to find out. I won't say that I want to make a fortune, but my words are full and vigorous, and pedestrians become strange. This is a great resignation. " [24] It can be said that this is the best explanation for the pedestrian rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan and the rhetoric style and causes of the strategist of Warring States Policy.
Fourthly, the differences of rhetoric styles.
The rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan is euphemistic and plain, but rich in connotation; The rhetoric of the Warring States Policy is relatively more eloquent and extroverted than the former. For example, Mr. Jiang Yin said in the article "Comparative Study on the Rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan and the Warring States Policy": "As far as rhetoric style is concerned, Zuo Zhuan is simple and elegant; The' Warring States Policy' is arrogant. " Mr. Zhang Hongsheng also mentioned in the same teleological article: "The rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy is different in language style." Regarding the respective characteristics and causes of the rhetorical styles of Zuo and Zhan, let's analyze them with some concrete examples.
Look at the words recorded in Zuo Zhuan first. Liu Zhiji in Tang Dynasty commented on the pedestrian's words in Zuo Zhuan: "Looking for the words in Zuo Zhuan, following the orders of doctors, pedestrians should respond. Its style of writing is beautiful, its language is rich and abstruse, its ancient narrative twists and turns, and its modern narrative cycles. Its functions are thick and thin, and its significance is deep and shallow, which is expected. I believe that it is not a commercial initiative, but it comes from a certain moment, and it has become a single hand. " [25] This passage very accurately summarizes the style of pedestrian rhetoric in Zuo Zhuan, namely: concise, thoughtful, graceful and vivid.
For example, in the following thirty years, Xi Palace retired from Qin Shihuang: he came out at night. Seeing Qin Bo, he said,' Qin Jin surrounded Zheng, and Zheng knew his death. If Zheng's death is good for you, dare to disturb the deacon. Yue is far away, and you know its difficulty. How to use the dead Zheng to accompany the neighbors? Neighbors are thick, gentlemen are thin. If she thinks that the host and luggage are tired, you can do no harm. And your taste is given by Jin Jun; Xu Jun is in a hurry, and there are defects. Sooner or later, a version will be made, you know. Fujin, why bother? If you want to seal the east and seal the west, how can you get it if you don't lack Qin? If you are not in Qin, you will benefit from gold, but only you can ask for it. Qin Bo was overjoyed and made an appointment with Zheng Li. He also sent Qi, Sun and Sun to guard Zheng, and the State of Qin withdrew. "[26] joint attack zheng, candle tachileik zheng said Qin Bo. He specifically analyzed the interests of Qin, Jin and Zheng. Let's put aside the survival: "Zheng knows that he is dead." Qin can't elaborate on Zheng's death: "Zheng's death is to accompany his neighbors, who are thick and thin." Then it boils down to one point: Zheng is beneficial and harmless in Qin Bao: "If Zheng is the host and the luggage is exhausted, it will not harm you." Finally, make up for Jin's past ingratitude to Qin, so as to strengthen persuasiveness. The rhetoric deliberately ignores Zheng's interests and thinks about Qin everywhere. It is euphemistic and colorful, meticulous and thorough. Therefore, the heart that moved him not only withdrew his troops, but also left seven sons and generals to lead the army to help Zheng Zhenshou. The Jin people had to retreat, and the state of Zheng was preserved, which fully showed the weight of the words of candlelight. [27] At the same time, the language is concise and convincing, showing the distinctive features of pedestrian rhetoric in Zuo Zhuan, which is concise but can be compromised.
The rhetoric of Zuo Zhuan is famous for its beauty. As mentioned above: "It is expected that its functions are thick and thin, and its significance is deep and shallow. I believe that it is not a commercial initiative, but comes from an instant and is polished and polished. " During the Spring and Autumn Period, aristocratic culture was highly developed, and the social atmosphere of valuing ceremony and respecting culture prevailed. To respond fairly in diplomatic situations, it is necessary to show gentle manners and the cultural accomplishment of the host country, and pay attention to the aesthetic feeling of words. At that time, diplomatic rhetoric was very particular. Coupled with the limitation of the chronological style of Zuo Zhuan, historians had to modify the language rhetoric when describing it, so the literary talent was brilliant, which made the language of Zuo Zhuan appear elegant, simple and implicit.
Let's take a look at the words of the counselor in the Warring States Policy. Wang Jue commented in the Warring States Policy: "Debate is also the most eloquent." [28] The word "debate" well shows the main features of the counselor rhetoric in the Warring States Policy. The unhurried pedestrian rhetoric in Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period evolved into the lobbying rhetoric in the Warring States Period. Counselors' comments on princes, ministers' cynicism on monarchs, and difficulties in debating different opinions all reflect the rhetorical style of strategists in the Warring States Period.
The rhetoric of Warring States Policy is praised for its majestic beauty, eloquent pen and magnificent literary talent, which embodies the characteristics of the times at that time and marks the new level of narrative prose language application in the pre-Qin period. It also once again confirms the view that the times affect literary creation.
To sum up, Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy are both implicit and bold, and have high literary value. The two different rhetorical styles have their own merits, which also have a far-reaching impact on the literary history of later generations.