In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism (which originated in the Song Dynasty and was the development of Confucianism) occupied the mainstream in the ideological circle. It advocates "preserving the natural principles and eliminating human desires", but in the later period, Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism gradually became rigid, which imprisoned people's thoughts and showed obstacles to social development. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, a new school began to flourish, occupying the mainstream of the ideological circle of the Ming Dynasty, which was the theory of mind. The theory of mind originated in the early Ming Dynasty, but it was concentrated in Mr. Yangming-Wang Shouren in the middle of the Ming Dynasty.
"Wang Shouren, the word" Ann, Yuyao people. Father Hua, the word Dehui, was the first scholar in Chenghua for seventeen years. Authorized revision. Hongzhizhong, tired of official bachelor's degree, less Zhan. China has a degree and speaks for the longest time. Xiaozong cares very much. "
(1) was born in an official family, his father was the top scholar, and he studied under Zhu Xue. However, when Wang Shouren was a child, he showed that he was not bound by Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism. He often puts forward some ideas that teachers feel contrary to tradition, makes some unusual moves and is determined to be a saint. After the age of eighteen, he began to read Zhu's books, put Zhu's theory into practice, and learned something by himself. According to what his predecessors learned, he spent several days and nights in front of bamboo. But this did not bring him a thorough understanding of Tao, but made him cold. Ten years later, Wang Shouren's "self-study of Yi Cheung is not enough to know the truth, seeking teachers and friends in the world, and he has not met many times, so he is puzzled. When I was studying in Song Guangzong, one day I said, "I am respectful, and I have ambitions. This is the basis and method of reading. "It's a pity that the discussion the day before was extensive, but I didn't study in order, so there should be no income. In its order, I thought I was gradually immersed in it, but physically, my heart split in two. I have been depressed for a long time, and my old illness has revived. I am divided into sages and sages. " This is Yangming's quest for the knowledge of sages along Zhu's road, but the result is still "physics is my heart, and the final judgment is two", so "there are points for benefiting sages". Since then, I have had doubts about Zhu and started my own pursuit of Tao.
(2) When Wang Shouren was in middle age, he lived in Guizhou, which was extremely desolate at that time. At this stage, he put forward the idea of "reasoning in the heart", perfected his theory of conscience, developed and applied the concept of "unity of knowledge and action", got rid of the bondage of Zhu's "killing human desires" and created his own world. After that, he taught and preached while practicing in person. He doesn't abandon his disciples, he doesn't criticize them, he treats the rich and the poor equally, and he has given everything he has learned for decades. He answers questions with an open mind, constantly reviews his own shortcomings, has no opinions of the portal, and does not engage in academic disputes. In this way, Yangming's mind spread. Wang Shouren is not only a great philosopher, but also an outstanding strategist, politician and writer. He practiced martial arts and put down the rebellions in Wang Ning and Fujian, which is not shown here for the time being. Historical materials say that Wang Shouren is very sensitive to nature. When I was seventeen years old, I paid tribute to Lou Liang in Shangrao, and I also wrote Zhu's "Finger on Things". Go home, stay up all day, read the Five Classics, and be unsmiling. Go back to Jiuhua and build a room in Yangming Cave. The two schools that overflowed had no income for several years. Change the dragon field, barren without books, and get old news every day. When you suddenly realize the knowledge of things, you should seek your own heart, not everything, and say with a sigh, "Tao is right." I believe it. It is teaching, so conscience is the main thing. It is said that after the second sons of Song, Zhou and Cheng, it was only when the Lu family was in Xiangshan, simple and generous, that it was possible to receive Meng Chuan. Zhu's "notes" and "or questions" are all uncertain theories in middle age. Scholars suddenly followed, and there was a cloud of "Yangming learning" in the world.
(3) When it comes to the causes of Yangming's theory of mind, it is very different from the previous figures of mind (Baisha had never been an official before Wang Shouren because the imperial examination was not smooth, and wanted to create a new knowledge to make a name for himself). The reason for its emergence lies in the dogmatic style of study, that is, the theoretical pressure formed by Zhu's dogmatic research. From this point of view, Wang Shouren's breakthrough and consciousness are even greater, and the influence of Yangming's mind is incomparable to that of previous mind studies.
After Wang Shouren's death, the theory of mind spread rapidly, and there were many disciples and various people who made great contributions in history. In the imperial court, his descendants formed a force, they had a conscience and dared to speak out; In the ideological circle, his descendants will carry forward the theory of mind and nature and lead the atmosphere.
"Xu Jie, the word rises, Songjiang Huating people. Just born one year old, fell into a well and died three days later. When I was five years old, I fell into the mountains from my father's way, and my clothes were hanging on the tree. People are different. The third scholar in the second year of Jiajing. Award the editor of the Hanlin Academy and get married. Ding Fu was in a hurry and took it away to make up for the old officer. The order is short and white, and he is good at Rong Zhi. Smart, have the right to omit, Yin heavy. Reading is an ancient literary phrase, from Wang Shouren's disciples to the scholar-bureaucrat's room. "
(4) Jeff (1503 ~ 1583), Han nationality. Zi Zisheng,no. Shaohu,no. Cunzhai, was born in Huating County, Songjiang Prefecture, Ming Dynasty (now Songjiang District, Shanghai). He was good at poetry and calligraphy in his early years. In the second year of Jiajing (1523), it was edited by the Hanlin Academy. Later, due to Zhang Fujing's embarrassment, he was removed from his post as an official of Yanping Prefecture. Because of this setback, he devoted himself to Shangguan. Yanping is a thief. After taking office, he arrested more than 100 drama thieves. Clean up the backlog, release the wronged people, win fame and be promoted to Huangzhou Tongzhi. The Crown Prince married (studied) and made a toast to imperial academy. Later, he joined the history of the Ministry of Rites and served as a university student in Wenyuange, participating in the confidential affairs of the court. Zeng Mishu exposed Hou Qiuluan's crimes in Xianning, and was good at writing clear words (a style used to communicate with God, and Emperor Jiajing believed in God), which was trusted by Emperor Jiajing. At this time, Yan Song was in power, and he was careful with Yan Song for more than ten years. And he is good at catering to the will of the emperor, so he can settle down in his official position for a long time. In the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), he learned that the emperor had heard about the illegal acts of Yan Song and his son, so he ordered Zou Yinglong to participate in the dissolution, which eventually led to the dismissal of Yan Song and the detention of his son Yan Shifan. Xu Jie took the place of Yan Song as the record. During his tenure, Xu Jie took a fancy to Zhang and promoted him. It was because of this promotion that Zhang Cai was able to display his ambition and become a famous minister.
Wang Gen, formerly known as Wang Yin, is the sum of you. Xinzhai was praised by later generations as the best student in Wang Shouren. At the age of 38, he went to Jiangxi and studied under the then Governor of Jiangxi, Wang Shouren. At first, Wang Yangming thought he was arrogant, so he changed his name to "root", which means "static". He yearned for the way of being a saint since he was a child. After learning from him, he often argued with his teacher about "Tao". After Wang Yangming's death, he founded a famous school in Taizhou-Taizhou School (Wang Gen was from Taizhou). Taizhou School is the first real enlightenment school in the history of China. It carried forward Wang Shouren's thought of mind, opposed the bondage of human nature, and led the trend of ideological emancipation in the late Ming Dynasty. This school has a great influence and produced many elites, including,,, He, and so on. The most famous thinker is Li Zhi, who is called "one of the greatest thinkers in the history of China, the pioneer of ideological enlightenment and liberation".
Li Zhi was a thinker in China in the late Ming Dynasty. No. Zhuowu,No. Hongfu,No. Wenling lay man, Baiquan lay man, etc. Quanzhou Jinjiang (now Fujian) people. The original surname is Lin, whose name is Zai, and he is Hui. In the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), he changed his surname to Li. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, it was renamed to avoid Mu Zongzai (the same as "Hou"). His family has been a giant businessman for generations, but it gradually declined when he arrived at his grandparents' house. In thirty-five years, Jiajing served as an imperial edict in * * * City (now Huixian County, Henan Province), as a doctor in imperial academy, Nanjing in thirty-nine, as a doctor in imperial academy, Beijing in forty-three, and as a secretary of the department of rites in forty-five. Qin Long served as foreign minister in Nanjing punishments department for four years (1570), and served as magistrate in Yao' an, Yunnan for five years (1577). During this period, he witnessed the corruption and incompetence of the court and officials, and often had disputes with superiors. He experienced the pain of Japanese aggression, famine and poverty, and saw the difficulty of the embryonic development of capitalism. Driven by the new pro-democracy movement, he hoped to find a "Tao" different from Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. He came into contact with Wang Shouren's theory and studied Buddhism. After retirement, he mainly engaged in research, speech and writing. 1588 and 1590 published Chu Tan Ji and Burning Books respectively. The book sharply exposed the hypocrisy and selfishness of Taoism and was attacked and persecuted by Geng Dingxiang and others. The library was published in 1599 and was further persecuted. 1602, he was imprisoned on the charge of "dare to advocate indiscretion, mislead the world and slander the people". At the age of 76, Li Zhi was severely persecuted in prison and committed suicide. His works have been banned and burned many times, but they continue to spread all over the world.
Wang Yangming's theory of mind is a wonderful work in the history of China civilization and a treasure worthy of our pride. He blew the clarion call for the liberation of human nature and led the trend of ideological emancipation in the late Ming Dynasty. His thoughts have been circulating for a long time, and until modern times, there was still a theory of mind active in the ideological circle.