Su Shi
Su Shi (1037-1101), also named Zizhan and Hezhong, also known as "Dongpo Jushi", was a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meizhou, Sichuan). He was a famous writer, calligrapher and painter in the Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty). He, his father Su Xun, and his younger brother Su Zhe are both famous for their literature, and they are known as the "Three Sus" in the world; they are as famous as the "Three Cao Fathers and Sons" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi) in the late Han Dynasty. Su Shi, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Che, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong of the Song Dynasty are collectively known as the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". Together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang, they are known as the calligraphers who best represent the achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, and are collectively known as the "Four Calligraphers of the Song Dynasty".
His father Su Xun is the "Su Laoquan" mentioned in the "Three Character Classic" who "begins to get angry at the age of twenty-seven". Although Su Xun got angry late, he worked very hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled studying with his father when he was young, and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's diligent study, it would have been impossible for Su Shi to receive a good tutor at a young age, and it would have been even less possible for Su Shi to have "learned the classics and history well enough to write thousands of words a day" when he was still young. Everyone.
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi, who was twenty-one years old, left Sichuan for the first time in Beijing to take part in the imperial examination. In the following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with his article "On the Perfection of Honesty and Honesty in Punishments and Rewards", and was awarded a high school Jinshi.
In the sixth year of Jiayou's reign, Su Shi took the high school examination, which is commonly known as the "three-year Beijing inspection". He entered the third class and was awarded the title of judge of Dali and the judge of Fengxiang Prefecture. Later, when his father died of illness in Bianjing, Ding You returned home to support the funeral. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the court after serving, and was still granted his post.
Su Shi has not been in the capital for several years, and great changes have taken place in the court. After Shenzong ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the reform. Many of Su Shi's mentors, including Ouyang Xiu, his mentor who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing due to disagreements with the new king Anshi on the implementation of the new law. The old rain in the government and the field has withered, and what Su Shi sees in his eyes is no longer the "peaceful world" he saw when he was twenty.
Su Shi saw the harm caused by the new law to ordinary people on his way back to Beijing, so he disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi's approach. He believed that the new law was not convenient for the people, so he wrote a letter to oppose it. One result of this was that, like his mentors and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not tolerated by the court. So Su Shi asked for a post and was transferred to Hangzhou Tongpan.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term was completed, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as magistrate.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi encountered the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss about it. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), less than three months after Su Shi arrived in Huzhou, he was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems that satirized the new law and "slandered the emperor and prime minister in writing". This is known as the "Wutai Poetry Case" in history.
Su Shi spent 103 days in jail and was almost on the verge of being beheaded. Fortunately, the Northern Song Dynasty made a national policy not to kill ministers during the reign of Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, so Su Shi escaped the disaster.
After being released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to deputy envoy of Huangzhou Tuanlian (equivalent to the deputy captain of the modern civil self-defense forces). This position was quite humble. At this time, Su Shi had become discouraged after going to prison. In his spare time, he led his family to reclaim wasteland and farm to help make ends meet. It was at this time that he gave himself the nickname "Dongpo Lay Scholar".
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou to take office. Due to the long journey and exhaustion from the journey, Su Shi's infant died unfortunately. The road to Ruzhou was far away, and the travel expenses had been exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, but to live in Changzhou first, which was later approved. When he was about to return south to Changzhou, Shenzong died.
Zhezong ascended the throne, Empress Dowager Gao took over the government, the New Party forces collapsed, and Sima Guang was re-elected as prime minister. Su Shi was summoned back to the court that year as a doctor in the Ministry of Rites. In the first half of the morning, he was promoted to Jusheren. Three months later, he was promoted to Shusheren, and soon he was promoted to Hanlin bachelor.
As the saying goes: "It's not easy to be a Beijing official." When Su Shi saw that the emerging forces were desperately suppressing the figures in Wang Anshi's group and abolishing the new law, he believed that they were just the same as the so-called "royal party" and once again proposed to the emperor Advice.
Su Shi could neither be tolerated by the new party nor forgiven by the old party, so he once again asked for external transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou to serve as the governor after an absence of sixteen years. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredging the West Lake and using the excavated mud to build a dam next to the West Lake, which is also the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived very comfortably in Hangzhou, comparing himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuanyou, he was recalled to the court. But soon he was exiled to Yingzhou due to political differences. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), the new party came to power again. On the charge of "ridiculing the previous dynasty", he was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and then demoted to Danzhou (now Dan County, Hainan Province) Biejia and Changhuajun resettlement. When Huizong came to the throne, he transferred Lianzhou resettlement, Shuzhou Tuanlian deputy envoy, and Yongzhou resettlement. In the third year of Yuanfu (1101), a general amnesty was granted, and he was reinstated as Chaofeng Lang. On his way back to the north, he died in Changzhou, and his posthumous title was Wenzhong. He died at the age of sixty-six.
Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements
Su Shi's literary views are in the same vein as Ouyang Xiu, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thought emphasizes "doing something for something", advocating nature, getting rid of constraints, "creating new ideas in laws and regulations, and expressing wonderful principles in boldness". He believes that compositions should reach the artistic realm of "like flowing clouds and flowing water, with no definite quality at first, but always doing what they should do and always stopping at what they must do. Natural literature and science, full of gestures" ("A Letter of Thanks to Minshi"). Su Shi's prose writings are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is easy and smooth, bold and free. Shi Dehong's "Postscript to Dongpo (Left and Right Yun) Chi Lu" said: "The writing is as smooth as the quality of water, spreading out and spreading, so its waves will naturally become written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu are both called "Ou Su", and they are "Ou Su". One of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Su Shi was committed to promoting underachievers, and Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, etc. all came from his disciples.
There are about 4,000 Su poems in existence. His poems are broad in content and diverse in style. They are mainly bold and unrestrained, with powerful writing, endless changes, and romanticism, which opened up a new path for the development of Song poetry. . Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "Su Shi's poems have opened up a realm unprecedented in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, and they are all inspired by the writing." Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry Talk" said: "Take text as poetry , starting from Changli, to Dongpo, he became more and more eloquent, opened up new perspectives, and became a grand view of the generation... Especially those who are unreachable, they are born with a strong pen, as refreshing as a sad pear, and they can be cut quickly. There is a hidden secret that must be reached, and it is not difficult to reveal it. This is why Su Shi became a great poet after Li and Du, but he is not as good as Li and Du."
Su Shi has more than 340 poems in existence, breaking through the list of poems dedicated to love between men and women. The narrow theme of separation and separation has broad social content. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese poetry. He expanded the spirit of the Northern Song Dynasty's poetry innovation movement to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional Ci style since the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and created the Bold Ci School that stood side by side with the Graceful School. He expanded the subject matter of Ci and enriched the artistic conception of Ci. It broke through the boundaries of poetry in Shizhuang and made a significant contribution to the innovation and development of poetry. His famous works include "Nian Nujiao", "Shui Diao Ge Tou", etc. He pioneered the bold style of poetry and was known as "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's "Preface to Xin Jiaxuan's Poems" said: "The words reach the east slope, and they are upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at running and regular script, and is the same as Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, and Cai Xiang. Also known as the "Four Families of the Song Dynasty". He studied famous masters of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and gained influence from Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became his own family. Zi said: "I can't create my own calligraphy"; another said: "I come up with new ideas and do not follow the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, he was very good at using the pen, but he was not as good as the boss who gradually approached nature"; another said: "When he arrived in Huangzhou Later, his strokes were extremely powerful. "In his later years, he had the momentum of overseas turbulence, and his knowledge, broadmindedness, and knowledge were outstanding, and he experienced many ups and downs in his life. His calligraphy style is full of ups and downs, innocent and vast. You can imagine his calligraphy by looking at it. As a person. At that time, his brothers and nephews You, Mai, and Guo, and his friends Wang Dingguo and Zhao Lingju all learned from him; later historical celebrities such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan, and Zhang Zhidong in the Qing Dynasty also learned from him. They all learned from him, which shows his great influence. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "Those who are good at calligraphy in this dynasty should naturally recommend (Su) as the first.
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Su Shi painted ink bamboo from Wen Tong (i.e. Wen and Ke), which was simpler and more vigorous than Wen, and had the potential to dance. Mi Fu said that he “painted ink bamboo from the ground Go all the way to the top. I asked: Why not divide it section by section? Said: When the bamboo is growing, why does it grow section by section? "He is also good at making old trees and strange rocks. Mi Fu also said: "When he makes dead wood branches, they curl up without any reason; the stones are hard and cracked, and they are also strange and strange without any reason, just like the depression in his chest. "It can be seen that his paintings are very imaginative and far-reaching. He has outstanding opinions on calligraphy and painting, and his influence on painting is even more far-reaching. For example, he attaches great importance to spiritual resemblance, advocates that there is emotion outside the painting, and the painting must have sustenance, opposes similarity in form, opposes the constraints of routine, and advocates "poetry and painting". "Original uniformity, natural craftsmanship and freshness", and clearly proposed the concept of "literati painting", etc., which laid the theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". Existing writings include "Huangzhou Cold Food Poems" and "Chibi Fu" ", "An Essay on Appreciation to Civil Teachers" and "Ji Dao Wen on Honoring Huang", etc. The surviving paintings include "Scroll of Ancient Trees and Strange Rocks"; and the "Scroll of Bamboo and Stone of Xiaoxiang" discovered in recent years is also his work.
Su Shi was a rare literary and artistic genius in Chinese history who reached the pinnacle of achievements in poetry, prose, calligraphy, and painting in the Song Dynasty, which was full of talented people. Chronology of Su Shi's life
The first year of Tiansheng of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty - the eighth year of Jiayou (1023-1064)
1036 Su Shi was born
1054 Married Wang Fu
1057 Successful Jinshi; mourning of mother; filial piety (1057.4-1059.6)
1059 Family went to Kyoto
1061 Judge Ren Fengxiang
The first year of Emperor Yingzong's reign - the fourth year (1064-1068)
1064 Served in the History Museum
1065 Wife mourned
1066 Father mourned; filial piety (1066.4-2068.7 )
The first year of Shenzong Xining - the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1068-1086)
1068 Married Wang Runzhi
1069 Returned to Beijing; worked in the History Museum
1071 Appointed as Supervisor; Appointed as General Magistrate of Hangzhou
1074 Appointed as Prefect of Mizhou
1076 Appointed as Prefect of Xuzhou
1079 Appointed as Prefect of Huzhou; jailed
1080 Relegated to Huangzhou
1084 Changzhou
1085 Go to Dengzhou; serve as prefect of Dengzhou; go to Kyoto; serve as Zhongshusheren
Zhezong (1086-1100), the Empress Dowager was in power during the Yuanyou period (1085-1093)
1086 Use Hanlin scholars to make imperial edicts
1089 Served as the governor of Hangzhou and the commander of the Western Zhejiang Military Region
1091 Served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel; went to Kyoto; served as the Grand Administrator of Yingzhou
1092 Served as the Grand Administrator of Yangzhou; ;Commander of Hebei Military Region
1094 Go to Huizhou and be demoted; exiled to Huizhou
1097 Go to Hainan; exiled to Danzhou, Hainan
Huizong (1101-1126) Empress Dowager ruled ( 1100)
1101 Return to the north; go to Changzhou; die
1126 Death of the Northern Song Dynasty
Su Shi’s three wives
Su Shi’s marriage His wife's name is Wang Fu, who is from Qingshen, Meizhou, Sichuan. She is young and beautiful, knowledgeable and courteous. She married Su Shi at the age of 16. She can be called Su Shi's right-hand assistant, and she has the story of "listening to what is said behind the scenes". Su Shi was a broad-minded person and relatively negligent in his dealings with others, so Wang Fu listened quietly behind the screen and informed Su Shi of his suggestions. Wang Fu died of illness after living with Su Shi for eleven years. Su Shi followed his father Su Xun's words and "buried her next to your mother's tomb" and personally planted 30,000 pine trees on the hilltop where Wang Fu was buried to express his condolences. Another ten years later, Su Shi wrote "Jiangchengzi·Remembering Dreams" for Wang Fu, which is known as the best mourning poem in history: "Life and death are uncertain in ten years." If you don’t think about it, you will never forget it. Thousands of miles of lonely tomb, nowhere to say desolation. Even if we meet each other, we should not know each other, our faces are covered with dust and our temples are like frost. At night, the dream returns home suddenly.
Xiaoxuan window, dressing up. They looked at each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears. It is expected that the place where the heart is broken every year, on a bright moonlit night, there will be short pine hills.
Su Shi's second wife was Wang Runzhi, Wang Fu's cousin, and she married Su Shi in the third year after Wang Fu's death. She is eleven years younger than Su Shi. She has admired Su Shi since she was a child. She has a gentle nature and relies on Su Shi everywhere. Wang Runzhi accompanied Su Shi through the most important 25 years of his life. He experienced the Wutai Poetry Case and was demoted to Huangzhou. He shared the ups and downs of Su Shi's career with him. Twenty-five years later, Wang Runzhi also died before Su Shi. Su Shi suffered from a broken liver and intestines, and wrote a memorial: "I said home, and walked back to Qiuyuan. There were many people who abandoned me first. Who welcomed my door, and who gave me fields? What can I do now? My eyes are dry with tears. Traveling to the funeral I am so kind to my country. I only have the same acupuncture point, so I am so sorry!" A hundred days after his wife's death, he asked his friend, the great painter Li Longmian, to draw ten portraits of Arhats, and then asked the monks to chant sutras for her. When he was reborn in the Paradise, he dedicated these ten Buddha statues that could be handed down to the world to his wife's deceased soul. After Su Shi's death, Su Che buried him and Wang Runzhi together, fulfilling the wish of "only the same acupoint" in the memorial text.
Su Shi's third wife was Wang Chaoyun, who was his concubine and was twenty-six years younger than Su Shi. When Su Shi was in the most difficult situation, Wang Chaoyun was always by his side. Wang Chaoyun was Su Shi's confidante. Su Shi wrote the most poems to Wang Chaoyun, calling her the "Goddess Vimalakirti". But unfortunately, Chaoyun died of illness before Su Shi eleven years after he was restored to health. After Chaoyun's death, Su Shi remained a widower and never married again. In accordance with Chaoyun's last wish, Su Shi buried his late wife in the pine forest under the Great Sacred Pagoda of Qi Zen Temple at the south foot of Gushan Mountain in West Lake, Huizhou, and built a Liuru Pavilion beside the tomb to commemorate her. The couplet he wrote was "Untimely, only Chaoyun can Know me; I play ancient tunes alone, and I miss you even more every time it rains." There is a famous allusion in this couplet: "Dongpo retired from the court one day and finished eating. He felt his belly and walked slowly. Gu said to the waiter: "What do you think of this?" A maid suddenly said: "It's all articles. ', Poe didn't think so. Another person said: 'A belly full of knowledge. ’ Poe laughed heartily. "Chaoyun Tomb has now become a scenic spot in Hainan.
Su Dongpo's death poem:
The heart is like a gray tree, and the body is like a boat without ties.
Wen Ru's life achievements, Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou
The poem was written impromptuly after seeing Li Gonglin's portrait of him two months before his death. >
Anecdotes about Su Shi
1. Su Shi "deceived" his teacher
Su Shi was admitted to Jinshi and wrote a great essay in the Spring and Autumn Period called "The Theory of Honesty and Honesty in Punishments and Rewards", in which There is a passage as follows:
In the time of Yao, Gaotao was a scholar and he was going to kill people. Gaotao said "kill three people", Yao said "forgive three people", so the world was afraid of Gaotao's tenacity in law enforcement. But Le Yao was very lenient in his punishment. Siyue said, "Gun can use it." Yao said, "No, Gun will order the tribe." Then he said, "Try it." Why did Yao not listen to Gao Tao's killing, but followed Siyue's decision to use Gun? But the meaning of the saint can also be seen.
The examiner Mei Sheng was shocked by Su Shi's article, but he was not sure about it. When Su Shi paid a visit to him, Mei asked about Yao He. The source of Gao Tao's dialogue. Su Shi smiled and replied: "Of course. "
In fact, the above allusion comes from the "Book of Rites" and happened to Zhou Gong. Su Shi remembered Yao during the exam, but he actually failed his teacher Mei Sheng, which shows his extraordinary skill.
2. Dongpo Pork
When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, he wrote the famous limerick "Ode to Pork": "Huangzhou has good pork, but the price is as good as dirt. The rich refuse to eat it, and the poor do not know how to cook it. Start the fire slowly and add less water. When the fire is sufficient, it will be beautiful. Get up and have a bowl every day, and you'll be so full that you don't care. "The "slow fire, less water, and when the fire is sufficient, it will become beautiful" is the famous Dongpo pork cooking method. Su Dongpo later served as the governor of Hangzhou, built Su dikes, and promoted water conservancy, and was deeply loved by the people. And this " "Dongpo Pork" also followed suit and became famous in Hangzhou, becoming a famous local dish.
3. Su Shi checked out
Su Shi lived in Changzhou in his later years, and he spent his last With a little savings, I bought a house and was preparing to move in. By chance, I heard an old woman crying very sadly.
He asked the old woman why she was crying. The old woman said that she had a house that had been passed down for hundreds of years and was sold by unscrupulous descendants, so she was crying sadly. After careful inquiry, it turned out that the house Su Shi bought was the ancestral house that the old woman said. So Su Shi said to her: "My former residence was sold by me. There is no need to feel deeply sad. Now I should give this house back to me." Su Shi immediately burned the deed of the house and only rented a house to live in. In July of this year, Tagu died in the rented house. (See "Liangxi Manzhi" by Fei Gun of the Song Dynasty)
Anecdotes
Reciting poems and attending banquets
When Su Shi was twenty years old, he went to the capital for scientific examination. There were six arrogant people who looked down upon him and decided to invite Su Shi to a banquet with the intention of teasing him. Su Shi went happily after accepting the invitation. Before taking the table and using chopsticks, everyone proposed a drinking order. The content of the drinking order must quote historical figures and events, so that you can eat a plate of food alone. The other five people roared with cheers. "I'll come first." The older one said, "Jiang Ziya fishes on the Weishui River!" After saying that, he took away a plate of fish. "Qin Shubao sells horses in Chang'an," the second man said proudly as he took away the horse meat. "Su Ziqing Beihu Muyang," the third one showed no sign of weakness