There are many popular versions about Zhang Fei's tomb. Some people say it is in Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province, where Zhang Fei was born. Some people call it Yunyang county in Chongqing; Others say that Zhang Fei's tomb is in Han Huanhou Ancestral Hall, the west street of the ancient city where he worked in Langzhong. Where is Zhang Fei's tomb? The day before yesterday, Liu Xiancheng, deputy director of Langzhong Famous City Research Association, said that Zhang Fei was buried in Langzhong and his head was buried in Yunyang. In this regard, Shen Bojun, a professor at Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences and a cultural expert of the Three Kingdoms, believes that Zhang Fei's statement that Yunyang was buried in Langzhong should be uncontroversial.
Surprisingly, Liu Xiancheng said that Zhang Fei is actually a "Confucian general" who can speak and fight. His paintings and calligraphy were very famous at that time, and they were the representatives of the popular "eight-part essay" in the Three Kingdoms period.
What's going on here? Is there anything wrong with the reckless image of Zhang Fei depicted in history books? Uncover the truth, let's restore a real Zhang Fei.
Is Zhang Fei a handsome guy who can "visit" Roots?
The statue of Zhang Fei is strange, and the people give the emperor treatment.
In front of the main hall of Huanhou Ancestral Hall in Langzhong, there are "Zhang Ba Snake Spear" and "War Drum". According to legend, this is the treasure of the town temple here. In Zhangfei Temple, the image of Zhang Fei is amazing: a 4.5-meter-high statue of Zhang Fei and a tattooed emperor. Zhang Fei sat gracefully in a yellow robe and a crown. In front of the statue, there are civil servants riding horses and military commander Zhang Bao, which further sets off Zhang Fei's majesty.
When did the tattoo of Emperor Zhang Fei first appear? Now it's impossible to prove it. In people's impression, Zhang Fei is an illiterate military commander. But why did Zhang Fei become the "emperor" of Langzhong Zhangfei Temple?
Liu Xiancheng, deputy director of Langzhong Famous City Research Association, analyzed that Liu Chan's pursuit of Zhang Fei was "Huan Hou", and Langzhong people could not tell the princes. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Jiaqing wrote on the local stage, praising Zhang Fei for being safe and sound. Emperor Jiaqing named Zhang Fei as "Emperor Hou Dida", which may be the reason why Langzhong people shaped Zhang Fei into an emperor.
A spear makes a pen. Zhang Fei is a calligrapher.
In people's eyes, Zhang Fei must be a brave soldier. In fact, Zhang Fei's ability is not limited to this. According to some historical records, such as The Records of the Three Kingdoms, he can also write poems and draw pictures. What is even more surprising is that he is also a good calligrapher. Achievements: In those days, Zhang Fei defeated the famous Cao Cao Zhang He. he is filled with a wild ecstatic happiness. He immediately wrote two lines of official script in Bameng Mountain with stone instead of paper and Zhang Ba snake spear as a pen to show merit, encourage scholars and humiliate Cao Jun.
In the 1980s, sctv had a TV advertisement. The mighty and brave Zhang Fei waved the Zhang Ba spear in his hand and sang, "Take a sip of Meng Shan wine and fight alone.". He also sang the story of the decisive battle between Zhang Fei and Zhang He. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Bameng Mountain, 70 miles northeast of the county seat, is a mile away from the corner, and is often shrouded in haze, hence its name." The canal is surrounded on three sides, from north to east and then to south. There is a path up the hill, only enough for one person to ride. There are cliffs in the south, and it is dangerous in the mountains.
Legend has it that after Cao Cao's famous soldier Zhang He was defeated by Zhang Fei, he was complacent and used his eight spears to carve two lines of official script on the rock wall of Bameng Mountain: "General Han flew up and led a fine army, and ten thousand people fought to the death. The thief broke into the Ba Meng for the first time and was immediately inscribed. " That is, the "Eight Meng Cliffs" known by later generations, also known as "Zhang Fei's immediate inscription".
So, where is the stone tablet "Immediately" written by Zhang Fei?
When it comes to Zhang Fei's appearance, the images in film and television dramas are not as good as those of beautiful women. However, in 2004, the cultural relics department found a stone head on Zhang Feiying Mountain in Jianyang, Sichuan, which made some experts and scholars have a new view on the appearance of Zhang Fei, a famous scholar in the Three Kingdoms period.
It is said that this stone statue is about four meters high and more than three meters wide. According to local legend, it was specially carved by craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty to commemorate Zhang Fei, the "Five Tigers General Army" in Zhang Fei's stockade. And "Zhang Fei" is kind-hearted, with long ears, thick lips and no beard on his face, which is quite different from the image of Zhang Fei in Jisheng and people's minds. The Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology once measured and identified the portrait and found that it was really built in the Tang Dynasty. As for whether it is Zhang Fei or not, although archaeologists have not given an answer, the discovery of this stone statue has forced people to re-examine Zhang Fei's true face. Strangely enough, in 2000, Liu Bei's "big ears, big shoulders, hands knee-high", Guan Yu's "handsome beard" and "handsome appearance" were all described in detail, but Zhang Fei's appearance was not mentioned at all. Because of this, Luo Guanzhong has more room to play. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he exaggerated the image of Zhang Fei, saying that Zhang Fei was "eight feet long, with leopard head, leopard eyes, unshaven beard and thunderous voice." Tuotuo is another Zhong Kui. In the play, Zhang Fei is not only a leopard head and a tiger beard, but also gives Zhang Fei a black face, which is entirely out of the need of artistic creation.
Zhang Fei has two daughters, both of whom are married to Liu Chan. To be a queen, in ancient times, when the beauty of empresses was emphasized, at least the appearance should be good. Therefore, some scholars think that their father Zhang Fei himself is not much different. However, due to the lack of official records, this is Zhang Fei's true face, whether in the Three Kingdoms or in Jianyang, Zhang Feiying? This is a mystery to be solved.
history
Zhang Fei likes to draw beauties and write cursive scripts.
Many years ago, Deng Tuo said in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "China calligraphers are not limited to literati, but also many military commanders, such as Yue Fei and Zhang Fei." A reader read it and wrote to ask, "Zhang Fei is eight feet long, with a leopard head, leopard eyes and a tiger beard." His voice is like thunder, and his voice is like a running horse. Changbanpo roared. "For this problem, Deng Tuo cited several records about Zhang Fei's calligraphy in ancient books to prove it.
The record of Zhang Fei's calligraphy was first seen in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when people lived in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He wrote: "Zhang Feichu worshipped the new pavilion and claimed to be a craftsman, smelting Chishan iron and making knives. Ming: New Pavilion Hou, Shu Jiang. After being killed, I gave this knife to Wu. " This painting is Zhang Fei's calligraphy.
Volume 28 records the story of Bameng Mountain in Shunqing county. Liu Jixing believes that the author of The Record of the Sword was a philologist in Ming Dynasty, while Cao Xue was a politician in Sichuan. This man had both cultural and political status at that time, and his record should be credible.
The inscription of the new pavilion Hou Dao was written by Zhao Yiqing in Qing Dynasty, and the quotation in Sichuan Scenic Spots also said: "There is Shi Yun at the foot of Bama Mountain. Zhang Fei, a general of the Han Dynasty, killed ten thousand people, broke the thief's head and joints, and immediately put down the stone. Cover Zhang Fei's book. " .
There is also a record of Zhang Fei's calligraphy in the Ming Dynasty: "Fuling has Zhang Fei's seal cutting. He writes skillfully, and books are everywhere. Zhang Shiyun: Heroes in the world only care about Yuzhou, and fools don't care about heaven. Mountains and rivers are divided into three countries; The universe is famous for its eight spears. Jiang Temple is often Yan Jianpei; Look at Diao Dou's silver hook. Rao Zhuge Qinchuan explained that this person was left to Liu Ye. " . "Sophie's book industry" means that this inscription was written by Zhang Fei.
When Lu You was young, he had a great wish to "mount a horse and attack Hu Kuang, dismount and draw up a military book". I didn't expect Zhang Fei to do it for him as early as the Three Kingdoms period. Yuan Zhen's "Wu Shi" draft "Notes on the Three Kingdoms" said: "Guan Hou satirizes Zuo Jia, but riding a horse is better." Although the tastes of the military and civilians are different, the tastes of the ancients are more than enough. It's hard to imagine a man
In ancient times, calligraphy and painting were often separated. Zhang Fei not only has excellent calligraphy works, but also loves painting, especially beauty. According to the Chronicle of Yu Fang compiled by Zhuo Erchang in Ming Dynasty: "Zhang Fei likes to draw beautiful women and is good at cursive writing." Zhang Fei's original calligraphy still exists in the world, but Zhang Fei's original painting has not been found, which is also a small regret in history.
"Geophysical exploration" confirmed that there should be no dispute that Zhang Fei was buried in Langzhong.
The outline of Zhang Fei's tomb.
There has always been a saying that Zhang buried Langzhong and Yunyang buried his head, but when this statement was put forward is unknown. Professor Shen Bojun, a cultural expert from Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, said that according to historical records, Zhang Fei stayed in Langzhong for seven years. After being killed, his head was taken to Yunyang by his subordinates and buried by Yunyang people, but his body had no reason to be taken away. Comprehensive burial system of ancient officials. There should be no dispute that Zhang was buried in Langzhong.
Zheng Yongde, director of the Langzhong Municipal Bureau of Cultural Management, agreed that the body was buried in the tomb of Zhang Fei in Langzhong and the head was buried in the tomb of Zhang Fei in Fenghuang Mountain, Yunyang County, Chongqing. He also hoped that two local "Qin Jin good friends" of Zhang Fei Temple would combine Zhang Fei's head and body as soon as possible, so that Zhang Fei's body and head could be integrated.
Zheng Yongde said that experts used "geophysical exploration technology" to conduct an all-round "geophysical exploration" of Zhang Fei's cemetery. After detection, according to the data of geomagnetic field reflection, the general outline of cemetery structure is outlined. Preliminary judgment: the tombs in the cemetery have structures such as the entrance to the tomb, the entrance to the tomb, the left and right ear chambers, and the tomb. At the same time, two obvious "reactions" were found, and the "disturbance" phenomenon at the entrance of the tomb was determined, which confirmed the traces left by a group of people digging the tomb more than 40 years ago. Another "disturbing" point is in the northeast corner of the tomb, which has an early "disturbing" phenomenon.
Zheng Yongde said that Zhang Fei's tomb has attracted much attention in past dynasties. Modern geophysical technology has proved that all the original features of Zhang Fei's tomb still exist except two "disturbing" points, which fully proves that Zhang Fei's tomb is complete.