Dear friends, hello everyone! Welcome to Nanjing Confucius Temple. Confucius Temple is located on the Qinhuai River in the south of the city, with superior geographical position and convenient transportation. It is a historical relic and tourist attraction that Nanjing people are proud of, and it is a bustling place where emerging cultures, businesses, tourist centers and temple cities are integrated.
Confucius Temple, also known as Confucius Temple and Confucius Temple, is a place dedicated to Confucius, a famous great educator and thinker in China. Confucius was revered as Confucius in ancient times, so his temple was commonly called "Confucius Temple". Because of the orthodox position of Confucianism, its founder Confucius was highly respected by rulers and scholars in feudal society, and there were more than one Confucius temple dedicated to him all over the country, in some places. Confucius Temple, as a place for feudal scholars to sacrifice, is mostly equipped with educational facilities (such as Gong Xue and Gong Yuan), that is, the so-called temple is attached to the school, usually in front of or on the side of Gong Xue.
Historically, there were three Confucius temples in Nanjing, one in the present municipal government compound and the other in the Chaotian Palace. What we are going to visit now is the third and most famous place. Song Jingyao moved from Chaotian Palace in the first year (1034). At the beginning, it was Jiankang Fu Xue, Qing Ji Road Xue Xue in Yuan Dynasty, Guo Xue in early Ming Dynasty, and then Yingtianfu Xue Xue. In Qing Dynasty, it moved out of Fu Xue and changed to Jiangning and Shangyuan County Xue Xue. Xianfeng was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in Tongzhi (1869). It was burned by the Japanese in the Anti-Japanese War. The existing Confucius Temple was rebuilt in the early 1980s. It uses the front temple and the back school, with the Confucius Temple in front and Gong Xue in the back. The Gong Yuan set up behind is arranged on the left side of Gong Xue. Therefore, the relatively complete pattern of Nanjing Confucius Temple includes three parts, namely Confucius Temple, Gong Xue and Gong Yuan. The north-south central axis with Dacheng Hall as the center, the main buildings on both sides and the Jiangnan Gongyuan Exhibition Hall with Mingyuan Building as the center have become the most important tourist attractions in the Confucius Temple area.
Because of its long history and convenient water transportation, the Confucius Temple area has become a famous "beautiful place" and the settlement of ancient Nanjing celebrities before the appearance of Confucius Temple. Therefore, in addition to the above-mentioned main attractions, there are Wu's former residence, ancient Taoyedu, Cuiyuan, Centennial Store Street, Wendeqiao, former residence, Wuyi Lane, Meixianglou and other attractions.
Now we have stood at the starting point of the central axis of Confucius Temple-Confucius Temple Square. Looking around, there are Chi Pan, Zhaobi and Fangmu in the south, Juxing Court, Kuiguang Pavilion and business district on the east and west sides, Dacheng Hall as the main building on the central axis, and East and West cities on the east and west sides of Confucius Temple in the north, which forms a unique atmosphere that distinguishes Confucius Temple area from other cities, that is, the temple-city integrated pattern formed in history.
Please look at the river in front of the square. It is called Qinhuai River, the mother river of Nanjing people, with a total length of 1 10 km, which gave birth to the early Nanjing civilization. The section that flows through the square is part of the Inner Qinhuai River. When the temple was built, it was transformed into a pan pool, named after the water flowing through the Confucius Temple in Qufu. A red wall on the south bank, built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1575), is 1 10 meters long and magnificent, which is the highest in China. Zhaobi plays the role of shielding and decoration, and is the beginning of the whole Confucius Temple complex. The stone fence on the north bank of Chi Pan was built by Zheng De (15 14) in Ming Dynasty. After vicissitudes of life, it became the only best preserved sketch of ancient buildings in the Confucius Temple complex, which was repaired before the Anti-Japanese War. At this time, tourists rest on the railing and watch the beautiful scenery of Qinhuai.
Wende Bridge in the west of Chi Pan is now a white marble bridge. It was named after Confucianism advocated the morality of articles. Because the direction of the bridge is consistent with the meridian, every time around the day of the lunar calendar 1 15, the bright moon is in the sky. Looking down from the railing, you can see that the bridge shadows on both sides of the bridge divide the bright moon in the river into two and a half months, which is called "Wende divides the moon". Wu wrote about it in The Scholars. If you have a chance, you may wish to come to Wende Bridge on the lunar calendar 1 1.5.
A group of Huizhou architecture in Wuyi Lane, south of Wendeqiao is called "Wang Gu Jia Ju". Xie Wang, a famous family in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, had a great influence, especially the poem Wuyi Xiang written by Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty, which made Wuyi Xiang and Xie Wang's former residence famous. Now it is the "Nanjing Six Dynasties Historical and Cultural Exhibition Hall". You can go in and have a look if you have time.
Now we can see that the newly rebuilt Tianxia Wen Shu Square is on the north side of the stone fence, indicating that it is the cultural center of the world. Three doors and four pillars, quite spectacular. In ancient times, it was the place where emperors made pilgrimages and made pilgrimages, corresponding to the Xingxingmen at the back. In the middle, Gaomen Square is the imperial road that the emperor had the honor to come to, and the left and right sides are for the king of the county to go in and out, so ordinary officials and subjects can't pass through, so it is generally closed with wooden fences.
Juxing Court, on the west side of the square in front of the temple, has a hexagonal cornice, which is simple and elegant and looks like a two-story structure. Actually, it's only one floor. The museum is named after the gathering of stars. Please look at the east again. The small courtyard standing by the water is Kuiguang Pavilion, with three floors and six sides, facing Qinhuai and unique scenery. In ancient times, there was a saying that it was "Zhu Wen's fault". Kuixing, that is, Kuixing, is a symbol of literary prosperity and a symbol of the champion in the imperial examination era, so Kuixing was regarded as a god by students of all ages. Kuiguang Pavilion and Juxing Court are opposite to each other in the east and west, echoing each other from a distance and merging into one.
The stone gate in the north of the square in front of the temple is the first gate of the Confucius Temple-Lingxing Gate, which has six pillars and three gates. It is simple and beautiful, and the middle lintel is engraved with the seal script of "Lingxingmen". Xing is the "satellites in satellites" in ancient astronomy. The reason why it is called its name is to express the meaning that all scholars in the world gather here to study. Brick carvings inlaid with peony patterns between the three doors are exquisite and beautiful. The top of the stone pillar is marked with a cloud disk, which means "Hua Biao". This is the instrument door for the emperor to worship the hole.
Walking through the gate, we came to Dacheng Gate of Dacheng Hall.
Dachengmen, also known as Jiymen, is the main entrance of Confucius Temple, with respectful doors on both sides. In feudal times, only officials could enter and exit through Dacheng Gate, and ordinary scholars could only enter and exit through side doors. Entering the door, there are four ancient monuments on the left and right trees respectively; In the east, there are the Saint Monument and the Fourth Monument in the second year of Yuan to Shun (133 1), and in the west, there are the remains of the Confucius Temple Monument in the second year of Qi Yongming (484) when the municipal government moved to the south. Take Confucius' Seeking Rites and Monuments as a Book.
Eight of the twelve disciples of Confucius, namely Min Loss, Ran Geng, Ran Qiu, Duanmu Ci, ran yong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan and Zhong You, are all carved out of white marble, which is very pious and lifelike.
Looking forward, the platform in front of Dacheng Hall is Danyong, commonly known as the terrace. Height 1.4m, east-west width 2 1.8m and north-south length14.0m.. Surrounded by stone fences and 24 Yuntou watchtowers, there are stone lanterns at the two corners in front. This terrace is used for offering sacrifices and singing and dancing. The statue of Confucius in the center of the terrace is particularly eye-catching. Made of bronze, it is 4.18m long and weighs 2.37 tons. It is beautifully made, lifelike and plump, with a kind and deep face. The unique wisdom of great thinkers is revealed in the brow, leaving a very deep impression on people. On both sides of the terrace, there were originally two temples, which were places where 72 sages of Confucius were worshipped and where sacrificial ceremonies, rituals and dance equipment were stored. Now it has been reduced to two small halls and changed into a stele gallery. There are more than 30 famous calligraphers Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi and Mo Bao in Wu Zhongqi for visitors to watch.
At the end of the terrace is Dacheng Hall, the majestic main hall of Confucius Temple, which is 16.22 meters high and 27 meters wide. 3 meters deep, 27.9 meters. It is an antique building, located at the top of the mountain, with double eaves. Under the eaves of the facade, there is a blue vertical plaque that reads "Dacheng Hall". Confucius is a "great sage", and "Dacheng" should refer to Confucius. The word "Dacheng" originated from the Book of Rites and is the highest realm of learning. See also Mencius Zhang Wan. "Confucius, a saint. Confucius called it a masterpiece. " "Kiss on the Roof" contains an exquisite sculpture of "Double Dragon Playing with Beads", which is the first in China. Covering the roof with small blue tiles presents a light and beautiful trend, which is obviously different from the grand trend of using yellow glazed tiles on the roof of Confucius Temple in the north. More easygoing and more secular, which is one of the manifestations that Nanjing Confucius Temple is closer to popular culture, or the so-called "when in Rome, do as the Romans do". The whole building has double eaves and staggered arches, which is magnificent; There are seven pagodas in the hall, and 26 imitation wooden columns stand around the hall corridor; There are 16 Nagato fans before and after, and the algae wells in the inner hall are elegant and solemn. In the center of the temple is the largest portrait of Confucius in China, 6.5 meters high and 3.5 meters wide. /kloc-four of the 0/2 students, namely Mencius, Kong Ji, Zeng Shen and Yan Hui, are displayed in front of the portrait. There are also ancient musical instruments, such as lyre, lyre, pan, chime, guzheng, drum and so on. There are 38 mosaic murals hanging around the wall, which reflect the life story of Confucius and are called "Confucius Monument". They are famous stones from Zhejiang, Fujian, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Qinghai, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces (regions), such as inner jade, chicken blood jelly, Shoushan stone, emerald green, Zhoucun jelly, and precious stones such as gold, jewelry and Luo Wei. Each painting is 2.5m high and1.3m wide. There are 408 figures in the painting, which are natural and lifelike. These 38 murals are the day of the sacred mark, the preface, the wish of Nishan, the jade book of Qilin, the two dragons and five elders, the sacred ceremony of Jun Tian, the ceremony of learning beans, the official of the vocational committee, the naming of Rong, the ceremony of asking questions, the ceremony of Qi Wenshao and Yan Ying, the withdrawal of poetry books, the gathering of the valley, the return to the field and the thanks. Asked Chen, interested, refused to eat in Chen, closed in Zixi, wrote songs in the hills, saluted in the apricot altar, knelt down to meet the red rainbow, got the forest of the West, dreamed of drinking two couplets, returned home from abroad, and worshipped Lu. It embodies the brilliant model image of Confucius' "eternal model", just like the couplet in the temple "prepare for the four seasons, heaven, earth, god, sun and moon, which are in harmony with their virtues; Teach me to be a teacher with Tang forever. " The truth is that "morality, heaven, earth and Taoism run through ancient and modern times, and the six classics are deleted to hang the constitution for future generations." & ltbr & gt
Go out from the north gate of Dacheng Hall and enter Gong Xue District via Dongshi.
The East City and the West City were changed from the East-West Corridor that used to pass in and out of Gong Xue. They were used as places where ships distributed goods on the Qinhuai River. Now they have become the most distinctive places for arts and crafts, cultural goods and cultural activities in Confucius Temple area.
Gong Xue was a place to train talents in feudal times, with different levels, such as county school, official school (road school, state school, etc.). ) and Chinese studies are adjacent to the Confucius Temple to show the orthodox position of Confucianism in building the country and cultivating self-cultivation. Gong Xue includes Mingde Hall, Respect Pavilion, Jingyi Pavilion, Chongsheng Temple and Qingyun Tower. The entrance to Gong Xue is the Mingde Hall, which is full of ancient customs. It is a place where scholars concentrate on listening to lecturers preaching holy teachings and imperial edicts (ethics and decrees) after the first day of each month and the Asahi, so as to cultivate students' thoughts of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism. As for the name of Mingde Hall, some tourists may ask: There is only "Minglun Hall" among the Confucius Temple buildings in various places. Why is Nanjing Confucius Temple an exception, called "Mingde Hall"? Indeed, in the Confucius Temple in Nanjing, the original name of Mingde Hall was "Mingluntang", but when the Yuan Army was about to conquer Nanjing, Wen Tianxiang, a national hero and prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, personally wrote a calligraphy to show his indomitable determination to die, changing "Mingluntang" into "Mingdetang" to show his ambition to serve the country and the people, so it has been preserved ever since. The Zunjing Pavilion behind Mingdetang was built in the middle of Ming Dynasty, with a height of three stories, 18.7 meters, resting on the top of the T-shaped roof with double eaves and extraordinary weather. It used to be a lecture hall for storing Confucian classics and teaching instructions, and now it is a folk custom exhibition hall. Standing side by side with Zunjing Pavilion are Chongsheng Temple and Qingyun Building, and Zunjing Academy is located behind Zunjing Pavilion. The shrine is dedicated to Confucius' parents and is now a pear garden; Qingyun Building was changed into a library in Qing Dynasty; Zunjing Academy is a lecture place, which is equivalent to the present classroom. The small highland behind Zunjing Pavilion is called Weishan, and there is a Jingyi Pavilion, which is found in all Confucius temples in the world. Beginning in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor's imperial title "Zun Yan" was set up in the pavilion as the motto of students and scholars. The so-called "respect for one" is the persistence of Confucianism.
After visiting Guan Xue, cross Gong Yuan West Street to the east, and then walk for dozens of meters, and you will find Jiangnan Gongyuan. During this time, I want to tell you something about Confucius Temple. In addition to the buildings of the Confucius Temple itself, there are more striking folk customs, characteristic markets and snacks in the Confucius Temple area. First of all, Nanjing people have the custom of Lantern Festival. During the Six Dynasties, Buddhism flourished and lanterns prevailed. Nanjing, as the capital of emperors, is brightly lit every Lantern Festival, ranking first in the country. In the Ming Dynasty, the lighting time was extended, and the eighth day of the first month was the Lantern Festival. 18 is the Lantern Festival, which is the longest in the history of China. At that time, Nanjing people almost "crossed the bridge and everyone watched the lanterns". The results were extremely grand in Qing Dynasty and modern times, especially in Confucius Temple area. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the support and organization of the government, in the first month of each year, the streets, shops and roofs of the river houses of Confucius Temple are covered with all kinds of colored lights. The crowds who came to watch it were endless, bustling and spectacular, and its scale, duration and colorful style were among the best in similar lantern festivals in China.
Secondly, in addition to cultural characteristics, the commercial culture of Confucius Temple is also relatively developed. First, the eastern and western cities on both sides of the Confucius Temple complex show the commercial value of culture with their rich cultural commodities such as arts and crafts, antiques, calligraphy and painting. Secondly, the Confucius Temple has a small commodity market, a flower, bird, insect and fish market, and an antique market, which reflects the leisure mentality and cultural taste of Nanjing people. Confucius Temple has become one of the commercial centers where modern commodities gather.
Thirdly, Confucius Temple is also the birthplace of Nanjing Four Seasons Tea. With the changes of various festivals and the formation of dietary customs, Qinhuai snacks in Confucius Temple also keep pace with the times, with all kinds of tea shops and vendors, becoming the oldest and most distinctive food culture tourist area in southeast China. The distance from Wende Bridge in Chi Pan to Wenyuan Bridge in Fiona Fang is about 100 meter, and there are dozens of flavor restaurants in the market. It can be said that salty, sweet and vegetarian tastes are different; East, west, north and south have their own merits. The most famous stores are Centennial Yongheyuan, Liu Fengju, Laozhengxing, Qifangge and Jiangyou Ji. There are hundreds of famous snacks, which greatly strengthen the regional characteristics of Confucius Temple.
Ok, here we are at the ruins of Gongyuan in the south of the Yangtze River, which was built at 1 168. Jiangnan Gongyuan is a special place for inspection. At first, the scale was small, and it was only used for government and county school examinations. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the provincial examinations and general examinations were held here. After the expansion of Hiram's Hospital, it was not until the Qing Dynasty that it was officially named Jiangnan Hiram's Hospital, with an unprecedented scale. It formed a square whole from Yaojiaxiang in the east, Gong Xue and Confucius Temple in the west, Qinhuai River in the south and Jiankang Road in the north, with a total number of more than 20,000 people, which was second to none in the national Hiram's Hospital at that time. After the Republic of China, no one cared about Gongyuan, and only Mingyuan Building was preserved as a historical relic.
The Mingyuan Building we see now has three floors, square, cornices and windows on all sides. It was originally used to issue warnings and orders during the examination held in Hiram Hospital. Today, the stone tablets preserved in the archway downstairs during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China record the rise and fall of Gongyuan in Jiangnan in detail. In order to effectively preserve the imperial examination room in the feudal era, in the mid-1980s, the relevant departments set up the Jiangnan Palace Garden Exhibition Hall here, rebuilt some buildings named after the "thousand-character script" and displayed statues of students with different expressions for people to visit. At the same time, visitors can also experience the ancient interest of "being the first". Dear friends, don't you want to have a try?
After visiting the main attractions of Confucius Temple, we can probably summarize the characteristics of Confucius Temple as follows.
First, Confucius Temple is an activity place where temples and cities are integrated, which is its greatest feature, while Confucius Temple buildings and their cultural atmosphere in other cities are usually isolated from commercial civilization and market culture. In the Confucius Temple, on the one hand, there is a rigorous cultural atmosphere inside the wall; On the other hand, there are vibrant commercial civilizations outside the wall and on both sides of the Qinhuai River, including arts and crafts, small commodities, flowers and birds, modern shopping malls and wholesale centers, and popular cultures that discard their dross and take their essence, such as traditional folk customs-Qinhuai lanterns, Qinhuai snacks, Yunjin handicrafts and Nanjing White Bureau. , fully embodies the prosperity and uniqueness of Confucius Temple.
Gong Xue and Confucius Temple live in harmony with the market (East and West markets, etc.). ) and folk culture (Qinhuai folk customs, etc. ). Elegant Confucian culture is compatible with mass market culture and commercial culture, and develops together, forming Qinhuai culture with local characteristics.
Secondly, the layout of Confucius Temple has many of the best buildings in China. For example, the 1 10-meter-high zhaobi symbolizing the Qinhuai River, the mother river of Nanjing, is the largest zhaobi in China. Chi Pan is a section of Qinhuai River and a natural river, which is unique among all Confucius temples. Therefore, the influence of Qinhuai River in the historical evolution of Confucius Temple is very important. The name of Gong Xue Mingde Hall of Nanjing Confucius Temple is also rare in China. The "three treasures" of Dacheng Hall-portraits, statues and murals of Confucius' life story-are the best in China.
It is worth mentioning that, due to the uniqueness of the Confucius Temple in Nanjing, since the 1980s, the local government and the National Tourism Administration have developed and formed the Qinhuai scenic belt centered on the Confucius Temple. In Shili Qinhuai, which starts from Dongshuiguan in the east and ends at Xishuiguan in the west, the historical sites of Qinhuai, such as Zhanyuan, Bailuzhou, Zhonghuamen Castle, Taoyedu to Zhenhuai Bridge, have been excavated, which is the so-called "four points and one line", forming a comprehensive tourist area integrating landscapes, gardens, streets, river houses, halls and folk customs. Now it has an orderly layout, begun to take shape, unique scenery and beautiful scenery, and has become one of the 40 best tourist attractions in China. Based on this, the relevant departments have also opened up water upstream tourist routes and land upstream routes, which have become another "night pearl" to illuminate the sky of Nanjing after the "Hunan Road Lighting Night Market", making Nanjing more attractive at night.
Dear friends, the trip to Confucius Temple is over. Thank you for your support and cooperation.