Reading can be used for recreation, decoration and talent development. Reading is fun, which is common in solitude and retirement. Reading is the decoration and is mostly used for heart-to-heart. Reading for the purpose of increasing talents mainly lies in judging and handling things.
Spending too much time studying is lazy, spending too much time decorating is melodramatic, and everything is pedantic according to the provisions of books. Reading makes people perfect, but it needs to be supplemented by experience, because natural talents are like natural trees, which need to be pruned by later learning, while the truth in books is often general and irrelevant if it is not limited by experience.
Reading should not only refute the author, but also not easily believe what is said in the book and take it for granted, not to find conversation material. But to weigh the weight and think seriously. Some books can be tasted, some books can be swallowed, and a few books must be chewed and digested. In other words, some books only need to be read in part, some can be skimmed, and a few must be read through. When reading, you should concentrate on it and be diligent. Some books can also be read on behalf of others and abstracted as needed, but this is only limited to works with less important themes and low quality.
Ye Shengtao
As soon as a child enters school, it is called reading. Originally, Putonghua has the goal of training thinking and language, but it is a tool subject, just holding a book to read, not to mention it. The science and social studies classes just read a book. What is this? A cat, a fly, a historic site and a public security bureau are all practical things that can be directly contacted. Why not let children touch it directly, but write these things in a notebook so that they can only touch some words? In this way, words become an obstacle to wisdom. However, quite a few teachers said there, "How can these subjects be taught without books?" Parents who are eager for their children also say, "I go to school just to read these books!" " "They completely forget that words are just a tool, and even admit that reading is the ultimate goal.
Ye Lingfeng
Scholars, with the ambition of "opening books is beneficial", evaluate the value of each word in the book and decide whether to accept it or not. This is shopping, not reading. The nouveau riche and the pot-bellied Jia, in order to decorate the facade, will sit in the book city all night and be enemies of books. A true book lover can't put books down, but it's not for learning. He regards books as friends and reading as the same fun as chatting with friends.
Zhenbanqiao
Zheng Banqiao was a famous writer and painter in Qing Dynasty. He said: "There is nothing to learn where I draw bamboo, and there are more middle ears than paper windows and powder walls."
What he means is that learning must be "sketching" and "learning from the classics". Emphasize that reading focuses on seeking meaning. He also advocated that it is not necessary to be "all-rounder" in reading, but to "learn half and leave half". The so-called "learning seven out of ten should be thrown away, and each spirit and each seedling should be explored separately." To advocate reading, we must grasp the key points, distinguish between primary and secondary, and use them for me.
bright red
Zhu was a master of Neo-Confucianism and a famous educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. He spent most of his life studying and teaching, and put forward many incisive opinions. Shortly after his death, his disciples summed up his reading experience as "Zhu Reading Method"
First, step by step. Zhu said: "The method of reading is not expensive but refined." In other words, there must be a reading order, and after reading one book, read another. As far as reading is concerned, you should read word by word, paragraph by paragraph and in order. If you don't understand what you read first, you can't read what follows. This way, it will not be eaten raw or eaten indiscriminately. Zhu further pointed out that reading should be from easy to difficult, from shallow to deep, from near to far, neither urgent nor slow. "The so-called urgent, the effect is urgent; The so-called can't be slow, work can't be slow. " This is to tell students not to rush for success, nor to slack off, but to make appropriate progress in order to be effective.
Second, be familiar with Jing En. He thinks that some people are not effective in reading because they don't work hard enough on the words "proficiency" and "precision". He also criticized the tendency to read too much, and repeatedly said, "Don't read too much, be good at reading. If you look at one board and half a board today, then focus on the first half. "
Third, swim with an open mind. Zhu once criticized two common problems at that time: first, "subjective and private will", that is, speculating the truth in the book with his own ideas and distorting the original intention of the ancients. The second is the "ancestor theory", that is, the previously accepted views refused to give up, thus refusing to accept new views.
In order to correct these two bad problems, Zhu advocated that reading must be open-minded, thoughtful and carefully understand the author's original intention. Zhu stressed that reading should be patient, that is, chewing repeatedly and deeply understanding the main idea of the article.
Fourth, I have observed. Wei advocates "poor reading, being in the body." What do you mean by "split body"? Is to get information and practice it. From the perspective of reading methods, Zhu stressed that reading must be linked with oneself and practice, and it is desirable to turn the learned theory into action.
Fifth, hold tight and push hard. "Make great efforts" has two meanings: First, seize the time, "I forgot to eat when I was hungry, and I forgot to drink when I was thirsty." Second, be refreshed. We should be resolute, decisive and brave. "If you hold up the water boat, you can't slow down."
Sixth, respect and ambition. The so-called respect and persistence means that reading must be single-minded, attentive, ambitious and tenacious. This is also the most basic spirit of Zhu's reading method.
Zou Taofen
Zou Taofen was a famous journalist, political commentator and publisher in modern times. When reading, always read first. If you like it very much, just mark the topic, then read it for the first time and then read it for the third time. In most relationships, I watch them whenever I have time. In this way, the books he has read have formed a pagoda with the largest foundation and a wide range of browsing, and then the more he goes up, the less books he has, and the more he reads. Zou Taofen vividly summed up this reading method as "Pagoda Reading Method".
Pagoda reading method combines browsing and intensive reading when reading a book, and removes its essence and dross in the process of reading, avoiding general efforts and wasting unnecessary reading time. Combination of learning and thinking. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." This sentence summarizes the dialectical relationship between "learning" and "thinking" Only by combining the two closely can we gain insights through comparative analysis, induction and synthesis of thinking activities such as "removing the rough and selecting the fine, removing the false and retaining the true, and from the outside to the inside".
Lu Xun's "Skipping Reading" Method
Mr. Lu Xun said: "If you only look at the place when you are in doubt, and you can't understand it for a long time, then jump over and move on, so that you can understand the place ahead." This method is the further development of Tao Yuanming's reading method of "not asking for a very good solution". Its advantage is that it can save time, improve reading speed and focus on the overall understanding of the original text and the most important content.
Lao She's "Impression" Method
Lao She said, "I seem to only seek a little inspiration when reading. A good impression is a good book, so there is no time for careful analysis. Impressive' is sometimes not the whole book, but the paragraph that interests me the most; Because this passage made me feel good about the whole book; In fact, the beauty of this paragraph is enough to ruin all the beauty, but I don't care; There is a saying that I like for two days and am grateful. "
Hua's "thickness" method
Hua advocates that the first step in reading is "from thin to thick" In other words, reading should be down-to-earth, and every concept and theorem should be thorough and clear. In this way, a thin book becomes "thicker" because of a lot of content, that is, after the step of "from thin to thick", there is a more important step, that is, on the basis of the first step, analyze and summarize, grasp the essence, grasp the whole, and achieve mastery. After such a careful analysis, you will feel that there are not many things to remember. This is a process of "from coarse to fine" to really improve efficiency.
Einstein's three-step reading method of "whole, divided and combined"
The so-called total is to form an overall impression of the book first. On the basis of browsing the preface, postscript, editing and other general things, read the table of contents carefully and get a general understanding of the structure, system, clue content and main points of the book.
The so-called "score" means reading the full text page by page on the basis of overall understanding, rather than word by word. In skimming, we should pay special attention to the key points in the book and the contents closely related to our own needs.
The so-called combination is to sort out and systematize the impressions obtained from reading the whole book, so that the viewpoints and materials can be organically combined. After careful thinking and synthesis, the internal relations of the whole book are clarified in order to achieve the purpose of summing up, deepening and improving.
Jack London's "Hungry Wolf" Reading Method
Jack London, an American writer, has been tempered by hardships and cherished reading opportunities. When he came across a book, he didn't use a sleigh to pry open its lock secretly, and then stole some contents. Instead, he is like a hungry wolf, putting his teeth into the throat of the book, sucking its blood violently, swallowing its meat and biting its bones! Until all the fibers and muscles in that book became a part of him.
Mao Mu's "Interesting" Reading Method
Mao Mu, an English writer, put forward the idea of "reading for fun", saying, "I don't recommend that you read another book before reading one. Personally, it is more reasonable to read five or six books at the same time. Because we can't keep the same mood every day, even in one day, we may not have the same enthusiasm for a book. "
Yang Zhenning's "Infiltration" Reading Method
Professor Yang Zhenning believes that since knowledge permeates and expands each other, the method of mastering knowledge should also be adapted to it. When we concentrate on studying a course or delving into a subject, if we consciously extend the tentacles of wisdom to the adjacent knowledge fields, it will inevitably produce a different artistic conception. As a link in the familiar knowledge chain, unexpected new discoveries are likely to be made. For those books of related majors, if time and energy permit, you might as well read them. It doesn't matter if you don't understand them for a while. Some valuable revelations may come from semi-communication. Infiltration learning will broaden our horizons, activate our thinking and greatly improve learning efficiency.
Yu's "Afraid of Friends" Reading Method
Yu, an essayist, said: "We should pay attention to finding friends who are higher than ourselves and make reading a friendly and enterprising activity that requires a lot of brain power. Try to reduce the reading level that is basically the same as your current level, and be willing to accept the shaping of yourself by good books. There may be different grades of books on our shelves, which are suitable for intensive reading. They should not be books that we can look down and look up, but books that we need to look up. "
Su Shi's reading method
What is Su Shi's personality charm? It lies in his spiritual strength and shocking innovation ability. He has made great achievements in the fields of poetry, poetry, prose, calligraphy and painting. Even in the method of reading, there are places worthy of special books. In Answer to Wang Yaozhi's Letter, I answered my nephew Wang Yao's questions about learning and introduced a reading method he advocated and practiced, which has a far-reaching influence from ancient times to the present.
Su Shi said in his letter: "A teenager is a scholar, and all books count. Books are like the sea, and department stores have everything. You can't have both, but each has his place. So I hope that scholars will make one intention at a time. " This means that young people read books, and every good book should be read several times. A good book is rich in content, just like an ocean of knowledge. When reading, people's consciousness points to one aspect, just like opening a window, which can't let all aspects of knowledge enter the field of vision. Read a book once, and only get information about the aspect that consciousness points to. Therefore, I hope that readers have only one goal every time they read.
I named this reading mode "mode reading", which is directional, concrete and repetitive. Because it is a pattern: the first reading with a goal, the second reading with a goal, the third reading with a goal, and the fourth reading with a goal ... Su Shi read Hanshu like this: the first time he learned "the way to govern the world", the second time he learned "the method of using troops", and the third time he learned characters and official system. After several times, he became familiar with many aspects of Hanshu.
Sue's reading method
Su, a famous mathematician, advocates reading more and intensive reading. When he is reading, he usually reads an overview for the first time, and gradually deepens his understanding for the second and third times. This is how he read A Dream of Red Mansions and The Journey to the West's Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He likes Liaozhai best, and I don't know how many times he has watched it repeatedly. At first, I didn't understand some places, and there was nowhere to look. He will continue reading and gradually deepen his understanding. It is the same for Sue to read math books. He always thinks and does exercises while reading. By the time he read it for the last time, all the topics had been written. In his opinion, you don't have to read too much, you must read it well, and you won't know the advantages and disadvantages and mistakes of this book until you read it well.
Tanaka kakuei's Reading Method of "Tearing Books"
Former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei lost the opportunity of systematic study after finishing high school because of his poor family in his early years. He pays great attention to reading methods in his work-study program. In order to exercise his memory, he recited the Concise English Dictionary and the Wide Linz Japanese Dictionary page by page, tearing off one page at a time and throwing it away after reciting it. This exercised his extraordinary memory.
Qin Mu advocated "cow chewing" and "whale swallowing"
Qin Mu, a famous contemporary writer, reads a lot of books, newspapers and magazines every day and accumulates extensive knowledge. Therefore, the works he wrote are like strung jewels of knowledge, shining with unique brilliance. Talking about reading, Qin Mu advocated eating cows and whales, that is, "chewing cows" and "swallowing whales".
What is "cow chewing"? He said: "The old cow ate grass during the day, and at eleven or twelve in the middle of the night, she moved her mouth and chewed what she swallowed during the day. You should also repeat what needs intensive reading many times, chew it very carefully, and then swallow it. Some books are generally swallowed at first, and then carefully studied section by section. In this way, indigestible things are easy to digest. " This is the intensive reading of "Niu Chew".
Then what is "whale swallowing"? He said that baleen whales are giants among whales and can swim like floating islands. But it feeds on small fish and shrimp in the sea. How do these gadgets fill its huge belly? It turns out that the baleen whale has been swimming with its big mouth open, and the small fish and shrimp flow into its mouth with the sea water. When it closed its mouth, seawater rushed out of its teeth, leaving a lot of small fish and shrimp on the sieve. With such a big bite, a whole ton of small fish and shrimp will enter the whale's stomach bag. People should learn how to eat whales while reading widely. If a person wants to learn something, he can only read intensively, not extensively. If you can't "swallow" tens of thousands of words every day, it will be difficult to enrich your knowledge. If you only rely on exquisite snacks and vitamin tablets to stay healthy, you can't be strong.
"Cattle chewing" and "whale swallowing" cannot be neglected. We not only have to "swallow a whale", but also read a lot of books extensively and study and taste a few classic works repeatedly. In this way, intensive reading and extensive reading can be organically combined.
Cao Yu's reading methods
Cao Yu, formerly known as Wan Jiabao. Hubei Qianjiang people. dramatist
He loved literature and art since he was a child, and began his drama career when he was in Nankai Middle School. After that, he was admitted to Tsinghua University, specializing in western language and literature. 1933 when I was about to graduate from college, I wrote my first novel, Thunderstorm by full-length play, which was a sensation. After graduation, she is a graduate student of Tsinghua Research Institute, specializing in drama research. Later, she was hired as a professor at Tianjin Women's Teachers College. 1934, he finished the play Sunrise.
After 1949, he served as vice chairman of Chinese Dramatists Association, chairman of Beijing Federation of Literary and Art Circles and National Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and president of Beijing People's Art Theatre. When I was young, I liked reading. Before I went to middle school, I had read A Dream of Red Mansions and greedily read Mo Bosang's short stories and Charlie Lamb's Shakespeare plays, especially Robinson Crusoe.
When I was in middle school, I read many excellent works and foreign literature and drama works since the May 4th Movement. I "didn't really take classes" in college, but spent all my time watching plays and novels, especially "I like Greek plays" and "I like Sophocles and euripides best".
In Tsinghua, he got the special permission from the school library to read books in the stacks, but he extensively and systematically dabbled in classic works from Laozi to Buddhism, from Christianity to Marxism-Leninism. He once said that Thunderstorm was written according to his own experience and imagination after reading it. Besides Thunderstorm and Sunrise, there are other scripts and works, such as Yuan Ye, Beijingers, and a collection of essays, Winter jasmine, etc.
Kangxi reading method
Kangxi (1654— 1722) was born in Michelle Ye and Aisingiorro, emperor of the Qing Dynasty. 1662 ——1722 Kangxi was in power.
As an emperor, Kangxi's spirit of loving books, being eager to learn and being tireless can also be called Tao. When I was young, I guarded my books and books. I'm very busy after I took office, and I'm still studying. I said to myself, "when I listen to politics, I just read classics in the palace, which makes me feel endless and enjoy it." He also said: "Reading a book is good for one book, and reading a book for one day is good for one day." I once said that I like reading since I was a child, and the more I grow up, the more I stick to it. I want to make friends with the ancients through books and words, and learn the wisdom of the ancient sages and sages for administrative affairs.
In his later years, he thought he had ruled the world for more than 50 years, but it was not too big. It was all given by books. Read a lot of books, including lyrics, phonology, calendar, temperament, natural science and so on. It is believed that the most useful knowledge is "the study of Confucian classics and the study of historical multiplication", while Confucian classics is "recording Emperor Wang Zhidao and caring about the art of governing the country", while historical multiplication is "related to the gains and losses of the previous generation, which is very beneficial to governing the country". Set up "officials at the banquet" and "officials of the day" to explain.
Be reasonable and get to the point. Although patrolling and hunting, it is still "talking about the sky" when it is cold and hot. Reading holds an attitude of not knowing is not knowing, and attaches importance to practice. "Always emphasize the rule of law, see the rule of law in practice, don't just talk about it." It is very significant to apply the knowledge of mathematics and physics to the management of Yongding River and Yellow River.
The library contains Ming History, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty, Pei Yunwen Fu, Kangxi Dictionary and so on.
Lenin's reading method
How does Lenin improve reading speed?
Lenin's reading speed and understanding depth are amazing. Once, an old Bolshevik saw Lenin leafing through a thick foreign language document and asked him how many times he had to recite a poem. Lenin replied: Just read it twice.
Lenin's strong memory is inseparable from his concentration in reading. When he started reading, he ignored everything around him. Once, his sisters played a practical joke and built an unstable triangular tower with six chairs behind him. As long as Lenin moves, the tower will collapse. However, Lenin, who was absorbed in reading, did not notice or move. It was not until half an hour later that he finished reading the chapter he was scheduled to read that he looked up and the wooden tower collapsed. ...
Engels' reading method
One of Engels' reading methods is to pay attention to reading the original text, and generally do not use second-hand and third-hand materials easily. 1On August 6th, 884, Georg Henrich Vollmar, a German social Democrat, wrote a letter to Engels, saying that a lady was interested in socialism and planned to study social sciences, but she didn't know which college to enter. Engels replied that this question is difficult to answer, because every science, especially economics, has been badly spoiled in universities. The key is to learn by yourself and master effective methods of self-study. Engels said in his letter: "Learn from truly classic books, not from the most unpopular German economics summary reading or its author's speech." "The most important thing is to seriously study the classical economics from the physiocratic school to Smith, Ricardo and their schools, as well as the works of utopian socialism Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen, as well as the works of Marx, and at the same time, we should constantly strive to draw our own opinions." In other words, we should read the original work systematically, because "studying the original work itself will not lead some brief reading materials and other second-hand materials astray." Judging from the bibliography he has read, although he has read many popular brochures, newspapers and periodicals, etc. , is the classic original that spends the most time and reads the most. He believes that reading the original works systematically is the correct reading method for research. In this way, we can understand the process of the emergence, development and perfection of a theory, not only comprehensively and systematically grasp the basic principles, but also grasp its development process and understand the whole picture of this theory.