1. The Four Ancient Civilizations: Ancient Babylon, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, and Ancient India
Five Dynasties: Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou
Five Dynasties Gong En Gong, Bagong, Sui Gong, Fu Gong, You Gong
Six Dynasties Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen
Six schools of Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Famous scholars, legalists, moralists
Six departments of Rites, Households, Officials, War, Punishments, and Works
Six calendars: "Huangdi Calendar", "Zhuanxu Calendar", "Xia Calendar" ", "Yin Li", "Zhou Li", "Lu Li"
Six laws, rules, weights, balances, standards, ropes
Six ceremonial crowns, weddings, funerals, Sacrifice, drinking in the countryside, meeting each other
The six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics
The six arts of style, elegance, chant, fu, comparison, and xing
The Eight Banners are bordered with yellow, yellow, white, white, red, red, blue, and blue
The ten evils are treason, treason, treason, evil rebellion, and no Tao, great disrespect, unfilial piety, disharmony, unrighteousness, civil strife
Three religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism
Nine-stream Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Famous School, Mohism , strategist, miscellaneous family, farmer
Four great inventions: papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass
Four beauties: Xi Shi, Luo Yan: Wang Zhaojun, Guan Yue: Diao Chan , Shame Flower: Yang Yuhuan
Top Ten Famous Physicians from Qinyue (Warring States Period), Hua Tuo (Late Han Dynasty), Zhang Zhongjing (Late Han Dynasty), Sun Simiao (Tang Dynasty), Liu Hejian (Jin Dynasty), Li Dongheng [Jin Dynasty], Zhang Zihe [Jin Dynasty], Zhu Danxi [Yuan Dynasty], Li Shizhen [Ming Dynasty], Wang Kentang [Ming Dynasty]
The top ten fierce generals in Chinese history Xiang Yu [Qin], Huo Qubing [Western Han Dynasty] 〗, Yingbu〖Western Han〗Lü Bu〖Three Kingdoms〗, Ma Chao〖Three Kingdoms〗, Ran Min〖Southern and Northern Dynasties〗, Hu Luguang〖Southern and Northern Dynasties·Northern Qi〗, Shi Wansui〖Sui〗, Yang Zaixing〖Southern Song Dynasty〗, Li Wenzhong〖Ming〗
Famous generals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties〖Four Fierce〗Luo Shixin·Laihur·Shang Shitu·Xin Wenli,〖Eight Hammers〗Li Yuanba·Pei Yuanqing·Qin Yong·Liang Shitai,〖Thirteen Heroes〗Li Yuanba·Yuwen Chengdu·Pei Yuanqing·Xiongkuohai · Wu Yunzhao · Wu Tianxi · Luo Cheng · Yang Lin · Wei Wentong · Yang Yichen · Qin Yong · Liang Shitai · Qin Qiong + Wei Chigong
Famous generals Shizhetian Rangju rángjū〖Spring and Autumn〗, Sun Wu〖Spring and Autumn〗, Wu Qi〖Warring States〗 , Leyi [Warring States], Bai Qi [Warring States], Zhang Liang [Early Han], Han Xin [Early Han], Zhuge Liang [Three Kingdoms], Li Jing [Early Tang], Li Jiji [Early Tang]
The Twelve Emperors of the Qing Dynasty Taizu [武] Gao Emperor Tianming [Nurhaci], Emperor Taizong Wen Tiancong [Huang Taiji], Emperor Shizuzhang Shunzhi [Fu Lin], Emperor Shengzuren Kangxi [Xuan Ye], Emperor Sejongxian·Yongzheng〖Yinzhen〗, Emperor Gaozongchun·Qianlong〖Hongli〗, Emperor Renzongrui·Jiaqing〖Yongyan〗, Emperor Xuanzongcheng·Daoguang〖Minning〗, Emperor Wenzongxian·Xianfeng〖奕萝〗, Mu Zong Emperor Yi·Tongzhi〖Zai Chun〗, Emperor Dezongjing·Guangxu〖Zaichun〗, Emperor Xun·Xuantong〖Puyi〗
The ten marshals of the founding of the People's Republic of China Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Chen Yi, Luo Ronghuan , Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, Ye Jianying
Su Yu, Chen Geng, Xu Haidong, Luo Ruiqing, Xu Guangda, Xiao Jinguang, Huang Kecheng, Tan Zheng, Wang Shusheng, Zhang Yunyi
II,
< p>1. In 308 AD, the Huns Liu Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, and his country was named Han. At the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms, in 316 AD, the Han army launched a large-scale attack on Chang'an, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty. Emperor Min of Jin went shirtless and rode a sheep cart out of the city to ask for surrender. The Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed. The following year, Sima Rui (rui), the nephew of King Sima Yue of the East China Sea, officially proclaimed himself emperor in the south of Jianye and became Emperor Yuan of Jin. He established the Eastern Jin Dynasty and appointed Wang Dao as prime minister. He and his wife were both in charge of the government. In fact, "the king and the horse, ** "The king and the horse dominate the world", Sima Rui was also dissatisfied with the situation of "the king and the horse dominate the world", and eventually died of depression and illness.2. Sixteen Kingdoms: Starting from the Later Han Dynasty of Liu Yuan, some ethnic groups in the north established many countries, known as the "Sixteen Kingdoms" in history. The south was ruled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin Dynasty existed side by side for more than a hundred years.
3. Southern and Northern Dynasties: In 420 AD, General Liu Yu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty ascended the throne, and the country was named "Song". He ruled the south. Emperor Gong of Jin abdicated, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was destroyed. The following year, Liu Yu poisoned Emperor Gong of Jin and started a massacre. The precedent of abdication". The Northern Wei Dynasty in the north destroyed several small countries in the north, ended the division of the Sixteen Kingdoms, and unified the north in 439 AD.
The Song Dynasty in the south and the Wei Dynasty in the north ruled the world separately and stood side by side for more than a hundred years. This period was historically called the "Southern and Northern Dynasties".
4. The scientific giant Zu Chongzhi was an outstanding mathematician, astronomer and mechanical manufacturer during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The "Da Ming Calendar" he created determined that a year is 365.2428 days (only 50 seconds different from that determined by modern science), opening up a new era in the history of calendars; Zu Chongzhi was the first scientist in the world to calculate the value of pi to more than 7 digits; Zu Chongzhi and his son also solved the calculation of the volume of a sphere, which later generations called "Zu's principle". Died in 500 AD at the age of 72.
5. Battle of Feishui: During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty attacked the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His vanguard was defeated by the Jin army, and the Qin and Jin armies faced each other across the Feishui River. The Jin army asked the Qin army to retreat in order to cross the river to decide the outcome. When the Qin army retreated, someone in the Qin army shouted: The Qin army was defeated, the Qin army was in chaos, and the Jin army took advantage of the victory to attack and won a great victory. Those who were lucky enough to escape abandoned their helmets and armor, and even heard the "rumbling of the wind and cranes (li)" and thought it was the arrival of the Jin army. This is the famous "Battle of Feishui" in history.
6. Gu Kaizhi: An outstanding representative of painting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was an early painting theorist in my country and his representative work is "Luo Shen Fu Tu".
7. In 581 AD, Yang Jian destroyed the Northern Zhou Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. His country was named Sui and he became Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. He established his capital in Chang'an. After Yang Jian ascended the throne, he stabilized the regime with "frugality" and "killing corrupt officials", and then carried out a series of reforms. Among them, the greatest achievement was the abolition of the nine-rank Zhongzheng system since Cao Wei and the creation of the imperial examination system. In 587 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty sent his troops southward, eliminated the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, the "Chen Dynasty", unified China, and ended the 270 years of division (Eastern Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties).
8. In 604 AD, Yang Jian’s second son Yang Guang seized the throne and became Emperor Yang (yang) of the Sui Dynasty. In 617 AD, Li Yuan, who stayed in Taiyuan, Jinyang, rebelled against the Sui Dynasty, invaded Chang'an, and established himself as the king. You are the emperor. In March 618 AD, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was killed in Jiangdu by General Youtunwei "Yu Wenji". In May, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong of the Sui Dynasty in Chang'an and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named Tang, and Jianyuan Wude was the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty fell.
9. Changes in Xuanwumen: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan had four sons: the third son Xuanba died early, the eldest son Prince Jiancheng, the second son Qin Wang Shimin, and the fourth son Qi Wang Yuanji. The eldest son Jiancheng and the fourth son Yuanji were afraid of Li Shimin's power, so they repeatedly planned to murder Li Shimin. In 626 AD, Li Shimin ambushed Xuanwumen and killed the prince Jiancheng and the king of Qi Yuanji. ", year name, "Zhenguan".
10. Fang Mou and Du Duan: refers to the two powerful prime ministers of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui. Fang Xuanling is good at strategy and Du Ruhui is able to decide important matters. The two of them cooperated tacitly and assisted each other. Tang Taizong, Tang Taizong regarded it as his own arm.
11. In 641 AD, Princess Wencheng married Songtsen Gampo of the Tubo (bo) dynasty, which contributed to strengthening the friendship between the Tibetan and Han peoples.
12. Xuanzang (zang) traveled to the West to seek Buddhist scriptures: In 627 AD, Chen Xuanzang traveled westward alone to seek Buddhist scriptures. After passing through 110 countries, he arrived at Tianzhu, the holy land of Buddhism. In 645 AD, he returned to Chang'an, which lasted 18 years, and brought back He is the author of more than 600 Buddhist scriptures and the author of "The Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty".
13. In May 649 AD, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty died of illness, and his ninth son Li Zhi (Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty) came to the throne. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he "Yan (yan) Wu Xiuwen" made the people live and work in peace and contentment, and the culture flourished. The national power was at its peak, and it was known as the "Government of Zhenguan" in history.
14. Empress Wu Zetian: In 655 AD, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty deposed the Queen Wang family and appointed Wu Zetian as the queen. From then on, the Wu family had monopolized the power of the inner palace. In 660 AD, Emperor Gaozong suffered from wind dizziness and could not see. , issued an edict to entrust Wu Zetian to assist in political affairs, and Wu Zetian stepped from participating in politics to ruling; in 674, Wu Zetian and Gaozong listened to politics in the same palace, and Li Xian was worshiped by the world, and was known as the "Two Saints" in the world. In 683 AD, Gaozong died, and Wu Zetian established his third son Li Xian The emperor was Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, and he was the empress dowager in charge of the government. The following year, Empress Wu deposed Zhongzong and changed the title of King of Luling. He established his fourth son Li Dan as emperor, who was Ruizhong. In 690 A.D., Wu Zetian ascended to Dabao under the "Supreme Heaven's instructions" and "obeying the opinions of all the people", changed the Tang Dynasty to "Zhou", and named himself the "Holy God Emperor". After Wu Zetian became emperor, he opened the imperial examination, hired people out of the rules, and rewarded Farming and mulberry, developing the economy, knowing people well and accepting their advice, during the half century he was in charge of the government, the society was stable and the economy developed, laying the foundation for the later "Kaiyuan Age".
15. Please enter the urn (weng): After Wu Zetian proclaimed herself emperor and put down Xu Jingye's rebellion, in order to get rid of the Tang Dynasty clan and ministers who opposed her, she told the people of the country to inform, and the informants could become officials. As a result, there appeared a group of people who made their fortune by informing. Among them, Suo Yuanli, Zhou Xing, and Lai Junchen were typical examples. The three handled the case with severe torture and cruel methods, killing many innocent people. Later, someone reported on Zhou Xing to rebel. Junchen "asked the emperor to put him in the urn" to punish him, and Zhou Xing was assassinated on his way to exile; Suo Yuanli was executed by Wu Zetian because he had harmed too many people and the people were too angry; Lai Junchen planned to kill Wu Sansi and Taiping, Wu Zetian's nephews who were powerful at the time. The princess was pre-empted by the latter and exposed, and was also executed by Wu Zetian.
16. Di Renjie was all over the world: Wu Zetian trusted and respected Di Renjie very much and relied on his decision-making in everything. He was honored as "the elder of the country". Di Renjie recommended many people to Wu Zetian, who later became famous officials in the Tang Dynasty. , including Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi, and the capable ministers who governed the world, all came from Di Renjie's sect, so they were called "Peach and Plum Counties All Over the World".
17. In 705 AD, Wu Zetian was seriously ill. Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi and others launched a coup, killing Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Zhongchang. Tang Zhongzong Li Xian was restored to power, and the country's name was restored to Tang. Wu Zetian died in November.
18. After Tang Zhongzong was restored to power, his wife, Empress Wei, took power. In 710 AD, Zhongzong died. Tang Ruizhong’s son Li Longji raised an army to kill Empress Wei and supported his father, Dai Ruizong, to return to power. Two years later, Ruizhong passed the throne to Li Longji, who was named "Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty". With the assistance of the prime ministers "Yao Chong and Song Jing", Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty maintained orderly administration and orderly disciplines, which once again led to the resurgence of "Dali under heaven", which is known as the "Kaiyuan Heyday" in history. Later, it was completely destroyed by the traitor Li Linfu (fu) and Yang Guozhong (Yang Yuhuan's brother).
19. In 713 AD, Emperor Gaozong’s daughter (born after Wu), Princess Taiping, rebelled and was sentenced to death by Xuanzong. All her accomplices and sons were killed, and his accomplice Dou Huaizhen was changed to "Poison". Wang Jin Changing his surname to "Li" as punishment. The eunuch Gao Lishi was promoted exceptionally because of his merits in punishing rebellion, and the prosperity of the eunuchs began.
20. In 718 AD, Japan sent an envoy to China and was received by the Emperor of Tang Dynasty. He was given a large number of court uniforms. The following year, the Emperor of Japan ordered that the entire country imitate Sui and Tang Dynasty clothing, which became the basis of kimono.
21. In 713 AD, Japanese student Abe Nakamaro came to China with the Tang Dynasty mission. He passed the Jinshi examination and served as an official in the Tang government. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named him Chao Heng. During the same period, Jianzhen, a monk from the Tang Dynasty, traveled eastward to Japan and introduced China's rich culture to Japan. The two envoys of Sino-Japanese friendship eventually died in a foreign country.
22. Li Bai and Du Fu are the most outstanding poets in history. Li Bai, also known as Taibai, is later known as the "Poetry Immortal" and is the greatest romantic poet after Qu Yuan; Du Fu, also known as Zimei , later generations called him: "The Saint of Poetry" and he was a great realist poet. In 744 AD, the two literary giants met in Luoyang, which became a historical legend. Wen Yiduo once compared the encounter between the two to the collision of the sun and the moon.
23. Anshi Rebellion: In the late period of Emperor Xuanzong's reign in the Tang Dynasty, Fan Yang Jiedushi An Lushan raised troops in Fan Yang and captured Luoyang in the name of crusade against Yang Guozhong. Lushan was killed by his son An Qingxu, and the Tang army took the opportunity to regain Chang'an and Luoyang. Soon An Lushan's subordinate Shi Siming re-captured Luoyang, also known as the Emperor of Dayan, and was later killed by his son Shi Chaoyi. This rebellion lasted for 8 years and was known as the "Anshi Rebellion" in history. It was also a turning point from prosperity to decline.
24. Yang Guifei, also known as Yuhuan, is one of the four beauties in ancient China. She was named a noble concubine by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in 745 AD and was deeply loved. An Lushan rebellion captured Tongguan. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled Chang'an with Concubine Yang and went to Mawei (wei) Station. The soldiers killed the traitor Prime Minister Yang Guozhong. Xuanzong was forced to hang Concubine Yang. He died at the age of 38.
25. Two famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty: Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan, later generations called them "Yan Jin Liu Gu" to describe their calligraphy style.
26. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, in 875 AD, Wang Xianzhi revolted and called himself "General Tianbu Jianjun". Huang Chao led the crowd to respond. In 880 AD, Huang Chao's rebel army captured Chang'an. Tang Xizong fled south, and Huang Chao proclaimed himself emperor. Change the number to Daqi. In 884 AD, Li Keyong and Zhu Quanzhong of Tang Dynasty defeated Huang Chao's rebel army. Huang Chao committed suicide in Langhu Valley. The uprising failed and the Tang Dynasty quickly declined.
27. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, after the melee between feudal lords and towns, the dictatorship of officials, crony disputes, and peasant uprisings, the Tang Dynasty was in a precarious state. It was destroyed by Zhu Quanzhong in 907 AD. The Tang Dynasty was founded by Li Yuan, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. The foundation of the Tang Dynasty in the past 300 years (618 to 907 AD) has withdrawn from the stage of history.
28. In the 53 years after the fall of the Tang Dynasty (907 to 960 AD), China successively experienced the replacement of three dynasties: the Later Liang, the Later Tang, the Later Jin, the Later Han, and the Later Wu. After 960 AD Zhao Kuangyin (yin), the Zhou "check" (position title equivalent to the commander of the royal forces) launched a mutiny in Chenqiaoyi. He "wore himself in yellow robes and shouted long live", seized the power of Zhou Dynasty, ascended the throne as emperor, established the Song Dynasty, and established the capital for Song Taizu. Kaifeng.
29. Li Yu (yu), the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, is a famous writer in history. His poems written by the Empress of the Kingdom are very good. The most famous ones are "When are the spring flowers and autumn moon" in "Yu Meiren"? How much do you know! There was an east wind in the small building last night, and the motherland cannot bear to look back in the bright moon. The carved railings and jade bricks are still there, but the beauty has changed. How much sorrow can you have? It's like a river of spring water flowing eastward. "
< p>30. Song Taizu released his military power with a glass of wine: In order to consolidate his dominance, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin "released his military power with a glass of wine" and removed the military power of the Forbidden Army generals Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi, and soon used the same method to remove the governors of the vassal towns. The degree of envoys strengthened the centralization of power.31. Kou Zhun resisted the Liao Dynasty: Kou Zhun was a famous prime minister in the Northern Song Dynasty. He served in the court during the Taizong period of the Song Dynasty, but was demoted for his uprightness. After Song Zhenzong came to the throne, he was appointed prime minister again. He made a great contribution to the Northern Song Dynasty's resistance to the Liao Dynasty. In 1004 AD, the Khitan went south to attack the Song Dynasty and reached Chanzhou. Kou Zhun strongly advocated Song Zhenzong's personal expedition to defeat the Khitan forward. The two sides negotiated a peace and established the "Chanzhou Alliance".
32. Wang Anshi: A famous politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the third year of Jiayou of the Song Dynasty (1058), Wang Anshi wrote a letter of tens of thousands of words to Song Renzong, called "Emperor Shang Renzong's Statement on Things", advocating reform, but was not adopted by Renzong; Song Shenzong came to the throne, Ren Shenzhi political affairs began to reform, and received a certain amount of support effectiveness. After Shenzong died of illness in 1085 AD, the conservative faction came to power and all new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi wrote a lot in his life and was one of the eight great prose writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties.
33. The Shame of Jingkang: In the first year of Jingkang (1126 AD), the Jin soldiers invaded the south again, captured Taiyuan, and approached Bianjing, the capital. Emperors Huizong and Qinzong were captured by the Jin people, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. "The Shame of Jingkang". In 1127 AD, King Huizong's ninth son, Kang Wang Zhaogou, ascended the throne in Lin'an (Nanjing) and proclaimed himself emperor as Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty began.
34. Yue Fei: A famous general in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1126 AD, the military career of the Wei Kingdom against the Jin Dynasty began. In 1140 AD, the Jin people betrayed their alliance and invaded the south. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun and others led the Song army to resist. In the battle of Yancheng, Yue Fei defeated the Jin Wushu "Guaizi Horse". ", defeated the Jin army, and when Yue Fei took advantage of the victory to pursue and regain the lost territory, he was recalled by the Song court. "Ten years of work were ruined in one day!".
35. In 1271 AD, Mongolia was founded, with the name Yuan. In 1276, it captured Lin'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured the 5-year-old Emperor Gongzong of the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, Lu Xiufu, the restoration power of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang and others successively supported two young emperors (Duanzong and Youzhu) and established a small court. The Yuan army pursued the little emperor relentlessly. After the failure of the Yashan naval battle, the desperate Southern Song Dynasty finally perished on March 19, 1279, when Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea and died carrying the little emperor who had just turned eight years old.