The strange official name "Walking in the South Study Room" can often be seen in the reading materials of Qing history and the films and TV works of Qing Palace. The South Study Room was the place where the Imperial Palace Hanlin waited on the emperor to study and do confidential work in the Qing Dynasty. "Go to the south study room" is the title of Hanlin who is on duty in the south study room. The so-called "going" refers to having an official position and being sent to other institutions to handle affairs; Then, taking the south study means that there used to be an academician who was sent to the south study to be on duty. The official title of the Hanlin who entered the south study room is called "Hanlin in the south study room", also called "Go in the south study room".
The South Study Room was established by the Kangxi Dynasty. It was the imperial confidential secretariat established by Emperor Kangxi to strengthen the imperial power and consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty. It is also his study room for reading and studying, and it is also the "important place for the Qing Dynasty to win over Han and Confucianism" headed by him. South study is located in the southwest corner of Gan Qing Palace, where Emperor Kangxi listened to politics. It's an unremarkable row of houses.
Walking in the south study is a close official of Emperor Kangxi, who is particularly prominent among the ministers of the Qing court. According to historical records, Emperor Kangxi once said when planning to set up the south study room: "I read and write from time to time, and there are no knowledgeable people in the room, so the theory can't cope." Now I want to choose two members in Hanlin, who are always around and pay attention to literature and meaning. "According to Donghua Record, in October of the 16th year of Kangxi (1677)," Nan study room was set up, with Zhang Ying as a bachelor lecturer and Gao Shiqi as a consultant ". In fact, Emperor Kangxi set up the South Study Room not only to "pay attention to the meaning of the text", but to hand over the right to draft an Amnesty order to the South Study Room. Zhang Ying into the south of the study, kangxi is busy with government affairs and military affairs, Zhang Ying to attend school. "There are many hands when making patents. Zhao Wei's "The Continuation of Xiao Ting" contains that "the imperial edict of Kangxi was drafted by him (South Study Room), so the power of Gaojiang Village (Shi Qi) was once". As Gao Shiqi was the trusted minister of Emperor Kangxi, in charge of confidential information, courtiers visited Gaofu in succession, and even Gao Shiqi "returned to the first place every time, and Jiuqing was full of shoulders". Besides Zhang and Gao, there are many famous scholars in the early Qing Dynasty, such as Wang Shizhen, Cha, Zhu Yizun, Shen Quan, He Chao and Dai Zi.
In the Kangxi era, the political status of the South Study Room was extremely important. Zhen Wu's Collection of Yang Jizhai in the Qing Dynasty once mentioned the important position of the South Study Room in the central government: "Zhang Shu voted for the main cabinet, and the military secret was the main discussion room. If there is a special imperial edict, the South Study Room will take care of the grass in the forest of Han Qing Gongnan Study Room. " The Chronicles of Heaven written by Zhenjun in the Qing Dynasty also mentioned the important duties of the Southern Study Room: "Or drafting imperial edicts, consulting the ordinary government, or visiting people to live in seclusion ..." Before the establishment of the Southern Study Room, the main central authorities were the meeting of Manchu nobles and the cabinet of the highest official department in charge of national government affairs. At this time, the imperial power is not very concentrated. In order to meet the needs of the whole Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi set up the South Study Room of the Central Confidential Secretariat to seize the power of the Congress and the Cabinet and strengthen the imperial power. The status and position of the South Study Room shows that it has become a more important institution alongside the National Assembly and the Cabinet, and it is an important tool for Emperor Kangxi to strengthen the imperial power.
Because the south study room is a confidential secretarial institution, it is confidential. The history book says "distinguish clearly, don't take part in the dark". If there is a small passbook that has been reported to Emperor Kangxi in various places, it should be handed over to the South Study Room to "manage the leader of the palace newspaper and achieve the order of Meimei". "The sacred driving (Emperor Kangxi) is outside, and there is no one in the south study room, which is extremely secret." Walking in the south study is also "cautious and cautious", with extra care.
The south study room is an important part of the highly developed centralization of authority in Qing Dynasty, and it is the predecessor of the military department established in Yongzheng period. Zhao Yi, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, said: "Fashion has no military department, and written imperial edicts belong to the minister of the southern study room." In fact, some characteristics of the military department, such as prominent position but no decision-making power and confidentiality, are already available in the south study. The South Study Room was also an "important place for storing talents" for Emperor Kangxi to win over Han scholars. There are two characteristics of going to the south study room: first, the vast majority of them are Han Chinese, which is a concrete embodiment of the Qing Dynasty's policy of easing the ethnic contradictions between Manchu and Han and eliminating the anti-Qing consciousness of Han scholars to serve the Qing Dynasty; Second, outstanding talents and scholars in classics, literature, calligraphy, painting and natural science. Wang Shizhen, who entered Zhinan's study, was a great poet, Zhu Yizun and Wang Shizhen were also called Wang Zhu, Fang Bao was the founder of Tongcheng School, Shen Quan was proficient in art, Dai Zi was a brilliant astronomer, and so on.
South School can concentrate these talents, which reflects the great talent of Emperor Kangxi to unify China. His criteria for choosing the south study room are: "choose words and talents, make up for them with excellent quality" and "only regard the Excellence of learning as an official position". Cha Shen Xing was selected because he was a famous poet, and he was "banned for his name"; Gao Shiqi was born in poverty, and once praised words for living. First, he was recommended to the imperial palace as a document of Zhan fu, and then he was added as a cabinet book title to Zhinan study; He Chao was recommended by Li Guangdi, governor of Zhili, as "a hundred schools of classics and history" and entered Zhinan's study. He was imprisoned by the Ministry of Punishment for the case of Nanshan Collection, but he was selected into the Literature of Sages Knowing Treasures (Kangxi).
Emperor Kangxi chose the way of walking in the south study, either by himself or by consulting others. Such as brinton's choice, "called into the son of heaven, to know. Naturally, after four consultations, there was no difference between the two, so I was selected. When selecting Wang Shizhen, Emperor Kangxi asked a college student, "Who is the most knowledgeable and good at poetry in this world? "Yi Shizhen. Yes After asking Feng Pu, Chen Tingjing and Brinton, they all said so. ..... into the straight south study. " Fang Bao got excellent grades and passed the exam. "Yankee Zhai Conglu" said: "The sage called Fang Bao to try southern learning, but he has not tried for a long time." Even if he had become a traveler in the southern study, Emperor Kangxi would ask him for advice from time to time in order to "learn from him". As can be seen from the above example, Emperor Kangxi used the standard of selecting talents and appointing people, and he was strict and cautious in selecting talents and appointing people. He attached great importance to Han scholars.
In order to consolidate their rule, Manchu rulers must accept the Han culture which is much more advanced than their own. One of the purposes of Emperor Kangxi's establishment of the South Study Room was to learn Chinese culture from Han scholars, including language and writing, hundreds of classics, calligraphy and painting, astronomy and geography, mathematical geometry, laws and regulations, and ruling experience of past dynasties. Walking in the south study room should be ordered to talk about the history of chanting, review articles, copy classics, and compile chapters and poems. Emperor Kangxi is diligent and studious. With the help of walking in the south study room, he read a lot of classics, history, literature and natural science books, became familiar with the Chinese culture, and became a rare and versatile monarch in the history of China. He envied the walk in the south study, which helped him a lot. He once said, "Only when you are curious can you know how to learn."
Walking in the south study is different from ordinary court officials. Although he was in a high position, he was only a tool for Emperor Kangxi to strengthen his imperial power. He was Nunnery of Bandu, so it was very hard. For example, after Emperor Kangxi selected Brinton and Gao Shiqi, he ordered them to move from the outer city to the inner city for the convenience of summoning. Among them, Zhang Ying was given to live in Xi 'anmen of the Forbidden City, and often "entered at dusk, retired or recalled, dropped out of school and went to the palace gate". Gao Shiqi "entered the court with five drums, and at dusk, Gai dared not leave for a moment". The report said, "When the emperor goes to the south study room, the worshippers will go out. If someone calls in, they will go in. If you don't scream, just wait for the emperor to go. " Bandu "stood with his hands down, and over time, his blood bet and his fingers swelled." If he writes in a book, he will sit at the table all day, and his legs can't bend and stretch. " A southern study room was ordered to walk and copy the whole Hua Yan Jing. He was so tired that he complained, "It hurts to stand while serving, and it hurts to copy and write. This kind of pain is unknown to foreign courts. "
The function and function of the southern study room in Qing Dynasty were not static, but changed greatly with the change of political situation and the needs of the Qing emperor. Generally speaking, in the Kangxi dynasty, the south study room was not only the study room and classroom of Emperor Kangxi, but also his confidential secretariat and an important tool for strengthening his imperial power. After the Kangxi Dynasty, the Yongzheng Dynasty set up the Ministry of War, and the South Study Room gradually lost its role as the central confidential secretariat, becoming a literary attendant specializing in painting and calligraphy for the emperor's reading and recreation.
As can be seen from the above, going to the south study room is actually not an official position, but a part-time job, and your friend's great-grandfather's official position in the household department is full-time. I don't know his position. The official positions of the ministries in the Qing Dynasty are as follows: Shangshu (from the first level), Left and Right Assistant Ministers (from the second level), Langzhong (from the fifth level), Yuanwailang (from the fifth level), Principal Affairs (from the sixth level), Hall Principal Affairs, Division Affairs, Pen Paste, and Seven-level Small Classic Officials. Among them, Shangshu, from his position, is equivalent to the current minister of various ministries and commissions in the State Council, and his rank is equivalent to that of State Councilor. Others can be compared.