Lintan, called Taozhou in ancient times, is located on the northeast edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, in the south of Gansu Province and in the east of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, with the coordinates of 13 52' east longitude and 34 1'-13 52' north latitude. It borders Min County in the east, Kangle and Weiyuan counties in the north, and zhuoni Flower Arrangement. The total area of the county is 1557.68 square kilometers, with the maximum distance of 6 kilometers from east to west and 83 kilometers from north to south. Lintan County is high in the west and low in the east, and most areas belong to high mountains and hills. The Taohe River, Yemu River and Yangsha River basins are deeply cut and the peaks overlap. Baishishan, Lianhua Mountain and Daling Mountain are the main peaks, with an elevation of 2,29-3,926 meters, with an average elevation of 2,825 meters. The climate is extremely cold and arid, with an average annual temperature of 3.2℃, precipitation of 518 mm and a frost-free period of 65 days. Drought, hail, frost, floods and other disasters are frequent. Basic introduction Chinese name: Lintan alias: Lintan administrative district category: county area: 1557.68 square kilometers, historical evolution, geographical advantages, Taozhou charm, Taozhou Acropolis, Taohe inkstone, basic introduction, development history, production materials, art appreciation, unique functions, production technology, origin of inkstone, historical evolution Lintan has a long history and is changeable. Humans have lived here since the Yangshao culture period (about 5 BC). Summer belongs to Yongzhou, Shang and Zhou belong to Qiang people, and Lintao County, Longxi County, Qin Wei. Han Nai is called Lintao County, which is under the jurisdiction of Longxi County, Liangzhou Secretariat Department. Taoyang, Houhe are the two cities. In the fifth year of Emperor Yuankang of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 295), Taoyang County was established. In February of the first year of Baoding (561), Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties established Taozhou, followed by Taoyang County and Fantan County. In the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tugu Hun entered the house. In the 11th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (591), Pantan County was changed to Lintan County. Because there is a pond not far from the north wall of the county, it is deep and green all year round, and it is so far, so it was renamed Lintan County. In the first year of Tang Tianbao (742), it was still called Lintao, and then it fell into Tubo, where wars were frequent. The Song Dynasty was occupied by the Maosi Luo regime, and Taozhou was called Lintao City. Shaoxing was occupied by Jin in 1134, and it is still called Taozhou, which belongs to Lintao Road. Yuan and Ming dynasties are still called Taozhou. In the 12th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1379), he was promoted to the command and envoy department of Taozhou Weijun. In the 13th year of Qing Qianlong (1748), Taozhou Hall was changed. In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), it was renamed Lintan County. In the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), the Commissioner's Office moved from Lintao to Min County, and Lintan County was under the jurisdiction of the first district. In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Zhuoni Administrative Bureau was established, which broke away from Lintan. On September 11th, 1949, Lintan was liberated, and it belonged to Min County. In May 195, it was returned to Linxia area. On June 11, 1953, the county resident moved from the new city to the old city. On November 21st of the same year, Lintan County was placed under the jurisdiction of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Region. Geographical advantages Lintan is located at the crossroads of "controlling Fanrong in the west and covering Huanglong in the east" and "delivering babies in the south and reaching Shiling in the north". Since ancient times, due to wars, reclamation and other reasons, many ethnic groups have lived together in Taozhou. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang moved 35, landless peasants from Beijing (Nanjing) to various health centers in order to recuperate and consolidate the frontier, and a large number of residents from Yingtianfu (Nanjing), Fengyang, Anhui and Dingyuan, Jiangsu moved to Lintan. In addition, some soldiers who left Taozhou after Mu Ying's western expedition in the Ming Dynasty made a large number of Han people flow into Lintan, becoming the main body of Lintan population, together with Tibetan indigenous peoples and Hui people who flowed in during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In the historical process of thousands of years, people of all ethnic groups have integrated with each other, United as one, traded with each other and developed various industries, forming a "tea-horse exchange" in which merchants gathered and the economy and trade flourished during the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, creating a splendid multi-ethnic culture. According to historical records, most of the Han people in Taozhou migrated from Jianghuai area. Mr. Gu Jiegang, a famous historian and folklorist, visited Tan, Zhuoni and other places from 1937 to 1938. He wrote in the Northwest Investigation Diary: "The Han Hui people here asked about their origins, and they could not leave Nanjing, Xuzhou and Fengyang. Gaiming came here in the early Ming Dynasty because of the war, so he occupied the land as an indigenous people." From the Western Han Dynasty to the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, two major migrations and stationing of troops showed that the Jianghuai people who came to Taozhou far away from their native land had advanced production technology, traditional culture and dress customs, so the local people still retained the legacy of Jianghuai, and its outstanding characteristics were reflected in the clothes of Han women. Taozhou Acropolis, a new town in Lintan County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, has an ancient city wall surrounded by four mountains. There are Dashi Mountain (also called Duoshan), Triangle Stone Mountain and Phoenix Mountain in the north of the city, Yandun Mountain in the southwest of the city, Renshou Mountain (commonly known as Dunpo Mountain) in the southeast, Zipang Mountain (commonly known as Leizu Mountain and Dingjiashan) in the southeast and Honghua Mountain in the south, all of which are the residual veins of the middle branch of the westward inclined mountain. The city is built on the mountain, high in the northeast and low in the southwest; Nanmen River flows around the city from west to east. The circumference of the city wall is more than 4 meters. There are 25 pheasants. The east, south and west walls are straight, and the northeast, north and northwest are built along the ridge, winding on several peaks of Donglong Mountain. There are still several remains of beacon piers and abutments at each peak. The whole city is magnificent, just like a dragon coiled. This is the largest existing acropolis in China-Taozhou Acropolis. Taozhou Acropolis, 35 kilometers east of Lintan County. The city was first built in the fifth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (481), and was built by Wang Fu, the 14th biography of Tuguhun XI. Known as Honghe City in ancient times, it has a history of more than 1,6 years. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty, in order to stabilize the border areas, safeguard the people and develop the economy, a commercial passage was opened to the border areas and even foreign countries with Chang 'an as the center. In addition to the famous "Silk Road" at home and abroad, there is also a road to Tibet called "Tangfan Ancient Road". In the 15th year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (611), Princess Wencheng entered Tibet through this road when she married Tubo Zanbusong Zangambu. It has played a very important role in promoting Sino-Tibetan cultural exchanges and economic development. Now, the new town is the distribution center and transit station for the exchange of materials between the two places in those years, and it is also the post-horse station for the Tang and Fan envoys to and from. From the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Taozhou was occupied by Tubo. In the fifth year of Xining in northern Song Shenzong (172), after Wang Shao conquered Wushengguan, the Song Dynasty captured six states of Xihe River, and the Tibetan garrison commander Ghost Zhang joined forces with Xixia to attack the Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (183), Taozhou was attacked at one stroke, and the city was strengthened by the troops. In the first year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1131), Taozhou fell into the Jin Dynasty. Later, the Jin Dynasty once set up three monopoly markets here to carry out trade and promote economic development. In 1252, the first year of Li Zong Bao You in the Southern Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan invaded Dali (Yunnan) and stayed here for one month, setting up a dental account in the original site of the God Temple. Therefore, folklore called the original ghost chapter palace (that is, the original site of the God Temple) the "King of Tartars". In the twelfth year of Hongwu (1379), in the first month, the leaders of the eighteen clans in Taozhou launched a rebellion, and according to the neighboring seven stations, they competed with the Ming court. Zhu Yuanzhang sent Mu Ying, the general of the day, and Jin Chaoxing, the general who served the country, led various military forces in Beijing, Qin, Henan and Shandong to suppress, and sent Cao Guogong and Li Wenzhong to raise the military. The rebellion was quickly quelled. Zhu Yuanzhang was very happy when the good news arrived in Beijing. He personally issued an imperial edict saying, "Taozhou, the gateway of Xifan, built a city to defend it and choked its throat." According to this imperial edict, Li Wenzhong appointed Jin Chaoxing to build the Taozhou Acropolis on the basis of the original Honghe City with the strong assistance of the local Tibetan leader Nanxiu Festival. In view of the strategic needs of Taozhou, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Li Wenzhong and others to stay behind, so he left the sergeant in Jianghuai area to open up wasteland and farm in the local area, and served as a soldier in wartime. He usually defended the city for three points and wasteland for seven points, and then moved the family members of the Tunjun army to settle down one after another, so he stayed here for a long time and became a local permanent resident. In the next 6 years, Tibetan, Han and Hui people lived together, prospered, developed through labor, and developed together, creating a splendid and diverse history and culture in Taozhou. Taohe inkstone is produced in Taohe River in Lintan County, Gansu Province, China, hence its name. It has a history of more than 1, years. Taohe inkstone is made from deep water, which is very rare and is one of the precious inkstone materials. Taohe stone is fine and crystal-clear, with silky grain, like waves rolling and clouds surging, beautiful and moving. There are two kinds of Taoshi: Green Taoshi and Red Taoshi, among which Green Taoshi is the most expensive. Taoyan is suitable for carving large-area pictures. The carving techniques include relief, through carving, high relief, etc. Its carving is simple and clear. Development history Taoyan was famous all over the country in the Song Dynasty, and it has been mined for more than 9 years. According to legend, in the early Song Dynasty, someone quarried stones and made inkstones from the bottom of Taohe River near Lintan and Lintao. Later, due to the flooding of Taohe River, the river was diverted, and the quarrying place could not be found. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Xihu wrote in "guyan Bian": "Except for the two stones at the end, the greenstone in the north of Taohe River is the most valuable. It is as green as blue and moist as jade, and the ink does not reduce the rock at the end of the stream. However, the stone is at the bottom of the deep water of Lintao River, which is not caused by manpower, and it is priceless. Although it is passed down from the old, it has not been seen. There are several kinds of Taoyan stones made of materials. One is duck head green, also known as "green stone", with green color, wavy lines, firm and fine stone, and jade-like, which is the top grade of Taoshi. If the green grain is mixed with yellow marks, it is even more precious. Second, parrot green, dark green color, fine stone, with dark "ink spots" attractive. The third is willow green, which is green with vermilion spots and hard stone. Fourth, the light green pottery stone has the characteristics of slow water seepage. Taoyan is called "Taohe Stone inkstone" or "Taohe Green Stone" and is one of the four famous inkstones in China. Because the inkstone material is produced in Taohe River, and the source of Taohe River is in Taozhou in ancient times, it is named "Taohe inkstone" or "Taoyan" for short. Taoyan, made of the stone of Taohe River, has the advantages of quick ink development, fine ink research and no harm to the pen. Apart from the advantages of excellent stone quality and gorgeous color, the preciousness of Taoyan ink stone is also due to its various shapes and fine carving. Taoyan's inkstone style is dignified and heavy, simple and elegant, and it has a unique style different from other inkstones in technology. Filling the lines with proper thickness in black is a major feature of Taoyan which is different from other inkstones. Appreciating Art Zhao Xique, a famous connoisseur in the Song Dynasty, highly praised Taoyan in "The Collection of Qinglu in the Cave": "Except for the two stones, the green stone in Taohe River is the most precious in the north, green as blue and moist as jade, but the stone is at the bottom of the deep river, which is priceless." According to Zhuoni County Records, Taoyan has a history of more than 1,3 years. It is well-known at home and abroad for its high quality. It is also known as the three famous inkstones in China, together with Duanyan in Guangdong Province and Sheyan in Anhui Province (originally four famous inkstones, because Chengni inkstone in Shanxi Province has been lost). Taoyan is produced in zhuoni, Taohe River Basin, Gansu Province. Historically, Zhuoni was under the jurisdiction of Taozhou, hence the name Taoyan. Taoyan is deeply loved by literati because of its fine stone, hard quenching pen, no consumption of water, no deterioration after a long time, no cold and no ice, quick ink development, fine ink grinding and no damage to pens. Su Dongpo, a famous writer and calligrapher in the Song Dynasty, praised Taoyan for its "sharpness in washing, gold and iron in hair, elegance in cutting, firmness and compactness." Huang Tingjian, a famous poet and great calligrapher in Song Dynasty, praised Taoyan: "The green stone in Taohe River contains wind ripples, which can sharpen the pen as sharp as a cone". Mr. Zhao Puchu, a famous contemporary calligrapher and former vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, is even more fond of Taoyan. He praised Taozhou in his poems: "The wind is green and as strong as bronze. Wan Li, an old friend, is diligent, which is better than my nine-year storage in famine, and I have built inkstone fields in the northwest and southeast. Seiko wants to take the lead. Look at the place where the Mohai is turned over, and the wind and thunder are shocking. " Unique function The unique water-containing function and fresh-keeping function of Taoyan is another reason that literati like it very much. According to legend, in ancient times, a calligrapher specially kneaded a dough and placed it in the covered Taoyan to test the storage function of Taoyan. After more than a month, the dough was as soft as ever and its luster remained the same. Taoyan became more famous and spread far and wide. Taoyan is also called Green Stone, Duck Head Green and Ying Ge Green. Taoshi is mostly turquoise, including green, dark green, dark green, light green, grayish green, and brown and yellow. Among them, brown bloodstone, also known as Taohe purple stone, is the most precious, green stone is the top grade, followed by gray green Ying Ge green and light green willow green. Tao stone is firm and fine, elegant in color, elegant and exotic, and jade-like; Hair ink is slender, moisturizing and pen-friendly; The buckle is silent, and the water drops can be produced. Therefore, it is known as "Taozhou Shi Gui Shuang Zhao Bi, Duanxi Zhangzhou has no such color". Taoyan stones have different shapes. There are squares, circles, ellipses, arc scoops, and so on. Taoyan designs are more varied and everything is available. There are people's landscapes, flowers and plants, insects and birds, tree-lined trees, birds and animals, rare ancient coins, pastoral scenery and so on. Tao inkstones vary in size, some of which weigh hundreds of kilograms, and the small ones are only a few hundred grams. The production process of Taoyan is exquisite and complicated. It must go through more than ten procedures such as strict material selection, design and composition, carving and cutting, grinding and polishing. It usually takes two or three days to make an ordinary Taoyan, and it often takes months or even years to make a large Taoyan. Liu Aijun, a famous sculptor of Taoyan, made a "Thousand Dragons Playing in the Sea" inkstone, which took five years. The origin of inkstone is Taohe inkstone, which is produced in Taoyan Township, zhuoni City, Gansu Province. The stone of Taohe inkstone is taken from the local Lintao River, and the inkstone land is named Taohe inkstone. Because Taohe stone has been eroded by water for a long time, it is delicate in stone quality, meticulous in skin care, and it is not only polished, but also wet in breath. Taohe inkstone is one of the four famous inkstones in China, with fine and crystal texture, green color, and slightly black water-like patterns on the stone surface. It is rolling with waves, rolling clouds, varied and beautiful.